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基本簡介

科迦(jia)寺是普(pu)蘭縣(xian)大(da)寺，歷史悠久，在(zai)當地享有(you)盛名，每年(nian)都有(you)阿里地區札達、噶爾(er)(er)等縣(xian)及(ji)境外尼(ni)泊爾(er)(er)的信徒(tu)前來(lai)朝(chao)拜。“文革”期間，寺院(yuan)文物(wu)、建(jian)筑(zhu)遭到(dao)嚴重破壞，部(bu)分建(jian)筑(zhu)被(bei)毀(hui)，殿內塑像、壁(bi)畫受(shou)損嚴重。20世紀(ji)80年(nian)代以后，對(dui)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)陸續(xu)進行維(wei)修(xiu)，修(xiu)復了瑪(ma)尼(ni)拉(la)康等建(jian)筑(zhu)。2001年(nian)6月25日，科迦(jia)寺作為(wei)(wei)公元(yuan)996年(nian)的古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)，被(bei)國務院(yuan)列為(wei)(wei)全國重點文物(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)。科迦(jia)寺主要建(jian)筑(zhu)為(wei)(wei)覺(jue)康和百柱殿，兩殿呈“L”形布置。覺(jue)康位(wei)于(yu)寺南(nan)部(bu)，面(mian)(mian)朝(chao)北；百柱殿位(wei)于(yu)寺西部(bu)，面(mian)(mian)朝(chao)東(dong)。兩殿前有(you)空間不大(da)的廣(guang)場，廣(guang)場中部(bu)有(you)水井、高(gao)大(da)的塔(ta)欽和香爐，廣(guang)場四周(zhou)的墻壁(bi)上(shang)建(jian)墻廊，置瑪(ma)尼(ni)筒(tong)，是該寺進行宗教活(huo)動、民間慶典(dian)活(huo)動的聚集地。寺廟建(jian)筑(zhu)周(zhou)圍還(huan)有(you)轉經道(dao)。

歷史傳說

覺康　即釋迦殿，是僧眾(zhong)聚集頌經的場所。覺康由廊(lang)院、門(men)廊(lang)和(he)殿身三(san)部分組成(cheng)。

廊(lang)(lang)院(yuan)、門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)體量(liang)較小，殿身體量(liang)巨大(da)。覺康外墻(qiang)均(jun)飾(shi)(shi)紅色(se)，頂部裝飾(shi)(shi)邊(bian)(bian)瑪(ma)草。整個殿堂外觀和(he)諧(xie)，氣勢莊嚴。①廊(lang)(lang)院(yuan)。位于(yu)覺康最南(nan)部，20世紀80年代末增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)。廊(lang)(lang)院(yuan)由后建(jian)(jian)回廊(lang)(lang)與(yu)大(da)殿門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)共同(tong)圍成(cheng)。廊(lang)(lang)院(yuan)北(bei)側墻(qiang)壁正中(zhong)設(she)(she)門(men)(men)，門(men)(men)兩(liang)側懸(xuan)挑斗(dou)拱，在門(men)(men)上方形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)凸出的(de)屋檐(yan)。這種建(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)(xing)(xing)式是衛藏地區的(de)常用手法。院(yuan)內(nei)東西兩(liang)側及門(men)(men)的(de)兩(liang)邊(bian)(bian)均(jun)為(wei)內(nei)廊(lang)(lang)，計6間，廊(lang)(lang)下設(she)(she)有(you)(you)藏床(chuang)和(he)卡墊，供人們休息。②門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)。由門(men)(men)外敞廊(lang)(lang)和(he)門(men)(men)內(nei)過(guo)廳(ting)組成(cheng)。敞廊(lang)(lang)的(de)柱、托木、梁等(deng)均(jun)有(you)(you)彩繪(hui)，顏色(se)以(yi)藍綠色(se)為(wei)主。條形(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)廳(ting)內(nei)無(wu)陳設(she)(she)。③殿身。平面呈多(duo)邊(bian)(bian)“亞”字(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，表示密宗的(de)曼陀羅。左右沿南(nan)北(bei)軸線對稱，前后不對稱，南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)30．5米，東西寬21． 9米。殿身大(da)門(men)(men)設(she)(she)于(yu)殿北(bei)墻(qiang)正中(zhong)，通(tong)高3米，寬2． 3米。大(da)門(men)(men)為(wei)對開(kai)4扇板門(men)(men)，上有(you)(you)門(men)(men)銜、門(men)(men)環、銅(tong)包葉等(deng)飾(shi)(shi)物(wu)。進入大(da)門(men)(men)是平面呈“凸”字(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)經堂，南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)25米，東西寬8．4米。扇面墻(qiang)呈“U”形(xing)(xing)(xing)，與(yu)三面邊(bian)(bian)墻(qiang)間形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)轉經通(tong)道。扇面墻(qiang)內(nei)側佛(fo)臺供塑像3尊，均(jun)立(li)像，戴(dai)冠，通(tong)身飾(shi)(shi)金。

兩側(ce)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)扇面(mian)(mian)墻上(shang)(shang)均(jun)繪(hui)有(you)壁(bi)畫，殿身兩側(ce)墻壁(bi)布(bu)滿直通屋(wu)頂的(de)(de)經(jing)書(shu)柜。自(zi)覺(jue)康東(dong)側(ce)的(de)(de)露(lu)天臺階可達二(er)層。二(er)層房(fang)屋(wu)大(da)(da)致(zhi)呈天井式布(bu)局，中央是露(lu)天庭(ting)院(yuan)，四周(zhou)環以裙(qun)房(fang)。底層天窗(chuang)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)方建有(you)進深2間(jian)、面(mian)(mian)闊3間(jian)的(de)(de)小(xiao)室(shi)。二(er)層北(bei)側(ce)、東(dong)西兩側(ce)各有(you)狹長形的(de)(de)小(xiao)室(shi)與(yu)中部6間(jian)大(da)(da)房(fang)相(xiang)通，南端(duan)有(you)小(xiao)室(shi)3間(jian)與(yu)敞廊相(xiang)通。從(cong)布(bu)局看，二(er)層是聽經(jing)、辯(bian)經(jing)的(de)(de)場所。

百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)　藏(zang)文(wen)(wen)名“嘎加拉康(kang)”。百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體量(liang)較大(da)(da)，系由(you)多(duo)(duo)座殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)和(he)生活用房(fang)組合而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)合建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。據記載(zai)，百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)科(ke)(ke)迦(jia)(jia)寺最早(zao)建(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)遺存構(gou)件、壁(bi)畫(hua)等尚能看出早(zao)期(qi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡，但(dan)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)后期(qi)改建(jian)(jian)較多(duo)(duo)。該(gai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已(yi)較少使用，僅二(er)層僧(seng)(seng)舍、伙房(fang)仍(reng)在使用，主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚會、頌經場(chang)所已(yi)移至覺康(kang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)。百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)科(ke)(ke)迦(jia)(jia)寺重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)，為(wei)該(gai)寺主殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外墻(qiang)為(wei)磚(zhuan)紅色，上部(bu)以厚重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)瑪草裝(zhuang)飾檐口(kou)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)呈多(duo)(duo)邊(bian)“亞”字(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，沿東(dong)西(xi)軸線基(ji)本(ben)(ben)對(dui)稱。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬33．5米(mi)(mi)，東(dong)西(xi)長41．9米(mi)(mi)。首層平面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局(ju)為(wei)早(zao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環(huan)以小殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)。①主殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)洞口(kou)高3．6米(mi)(mi)寬3．48米(mi)(mi)；門(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)檻圍成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)口(kou)高2．23米(mi)(mi)，寬1．59米(mi)(mi)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)楣(mei)雕刻(ke)(ke)精美(mei)，構(gou)造復(fu)雜(za)，是(shi)(shi)價值極高的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)藝(yi)術品。大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)門(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)楣(mei)均設多(duo)(duo)層裝(zhuang)飾，層層遞收，上部(bu)雕刻(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)花草、獸鳥、佛(fo)(fo)(fo)像、人物(wu)故事、佛(fo)(fo)(fo)龕(kan)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)等。門(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)楣(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)獅面(mian)(mian)(mian)及(ji)各種神龕(kan)表(biao)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)式(shi)、花紋圖案，反(fan)映出佛(fo)(fo)(fo)龕(kan)或窟(ku)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀，模仿(fang)了印度或尼(ni)泊爾的(de)(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。據歷(li)史(shi)記載(zai)，藏(zang)傳佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)后弘(hong)期(qi)，阿里(li)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)僧(seng)(seng)眾赴印度、尼(ni)泊爾留學時，帶(dai)回許(xu)多(duo)(duo)當地的(de)(de)(de)(de)工匠(jiang)進阿里(li)營(ying)建(jian)(jian)寺廟(miao)，該(gai)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)即是(shi)(shi)當時交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)物(wu)。②底層大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)心，東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)7柱(zhu)(zhu)，南(nan)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)4柱(zhu)(zhu)，共(gong)(gong)28柱(zhu)(zhu)，室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)東(dong)西(xi)長19．8米(mi)(mi)，南(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬13．2米(mi)(mi)。室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)為(wei)片石地面(mian)(mian)(mian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)原供(gong)(gong)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)像無存。天(tian)窗(chuang)后墻(qiang)上繪有(you)(you)(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)，題材(cai)為(wei)釋迦(jia)(jia)牟尼(ni)及(ji)兩弟(di)子(zi)、羅(luo)漢(han)及(ji)兩高僧(seng)(seng)。中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他壁(bi)畫(hua)為(wei)20世紀80年代重(zhong)(zhong)繪。③南(nan)側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)。藏(zang)文(wen)(wen)名“橋居(ju)拉康(kang)”，位于中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后腰部(bu)，北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)開門(men)(men)(men)(men)。室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)闊9．5米(mi)(mi)，進深(shen)7．6米(mi)(mi)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)3根(gen)，東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)4根(gen)，共(gong)(gong)用柱(zhu)(zhu)12根(gen)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)東(dong)墻(qiang)及(ji)南(nan)墻(qiang)下有(you)(you)(you)供(gong)(gong)臺。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)殘留有(you)(you)(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)，主繪結(jie)禪定印、跏趺坐佛(fo)(fo)(fo)及(ji)二(er)侍衛菩(pu)薩和(he)多(duo)(duo)位佛(fo)(fo)(fo)母，周(zhou)圍環(huan)以小像。在殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)角殘墻(qiang)上有(you)(you)(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)，壁(bi)畫(hua)風(feng)格(ge)(ge)與(yu)古格(ge)(ge)王國(guo)都城遺址、托林寺十分相(xiang)似。④北(bei)(bei)側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)。藏(zang)文(wen)(wen)名“桑吉拉康(kang)”。與(yu)南(nan)側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)對(dui)稱布置于中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)(bei)側(ce)后腰，空(kong)間尺度與(yu)南(nan)側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)(tang)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)一致，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)下有(you)(you)(you)供(gong)(gong)臺，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)無壁(bi)畫(hua)。

寺廟文物

科(ke)迦寺(si)依(yi)地勢建(jian)造(zao)，依(yi)山(shan)傍水，坐南(nan)朝(chao)北，南(nan)北高山(shan)環抱。整個(ge)寺(si)廟(miao)殿宇(yu)巍峨，各種大小經堂(tang)僧舍(she)、舍(she)利塔等相互映襯。寺(si)廟(miao)建(jian)筑藝術風(feng)格獨特(te)，建(jian)造(zao)工藝精良，可(ke)惜已有部分(fen)損(sun)毀(hui)；寺(si)內(nei)原收(shou)藏大藏經100余卷(juan)，只剩(sheng)下6卷(juan)真(zhen)品(pin)；殿內(nei)壁畫保存完好，風(feng)格鮮明(ming)獨特(te)，均(jun)為百年(nian)珍品(pin)。

2009年11月 總投資(zi)1500萬元的西藏阿里(li)科(ke)(ke)迦寺維(wei)修(xiu)保護工程一期(qi)(qi)工程近日全部(bu)完工。西藏阿里(li)地區文化局局長次仁扎西表示，即將(jiang)開始的二(er)期(qi)(qi)工程將(jiang)側重科(ke)(ke)迦寺周邊僧(seng)舍和(he)民居的保護，力爭使科(ke)(ke)迦寺及科(ke)(ke)迦村作(zuo)為一個文化整(zheng)體呈現(xian)在世人面前(qian)。