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基本簡介

科(ke)迦(jia)(jia)(jia)寺(si)(si)是(shi)普蘭縣(xian)大(da)(da)寺(si)(si)，歷史悠久，在(zai)當地享有(you)(you)盛(sheng)名，每年都有(you)(you)阿里地區札達(da)、噶爾等(deng)縣(xian)及境(jing)外尼泊爾的信徒前(qian)來朝拜。“文(wen)革”期間，寺(si)(si)院(yuan)文(wen)物(wu)、建筑遭到嚴重(zhong)破壞(huai)，部(bu)(bu)分建筑被毀(hui)，殿(dian)內(nei)塑像(xiang)、壁畫受(shou)損嚴重(zhong)。20世紀80年代以(yi)后，對古(gu)建筑陸續進行維修，修復了瑪尼拉康等(deng)建筑。2001年6月25日，科(ke)迦(jia)(jia)(jia)寺(si)(si)作為公元996年的古(gu)建筑，被國務院(yuan)列為全(quan)國重(zhong)點文(wen)物(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)(wei)。科(ke)迦(jia)(jia)(jia)寺(si)(si)主要建筑為覺(jue)康和百柱殿(dian)，兩殿(dian)呈“L”形(xing)布(bu)置。覺(jue)康位(wei)(wei)于寺(si)(si)南部(bu)(bu)，面朝北；百柱殿(dian)位(wei)(wei)于寺(si)(si)西部(bu)(bu)，面朝東。兩殿(dian)前(qian)有(you)(you)空間不大(da)(da)的廣(guang)場(chang)，廣(guang)場(chang)中部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)水(shui)井(jing)、高(gao)大(da)(da)的塔(ta)欽(qin)和香(xiang)爐(lu)，廣(guang)場(chang)四周(zhou)的墻(qiang)壁上建墻(qiang)廊(lang)，置瑪尼筒，是(shi)該寺(si)(si)進行宗教活動、民間慶典活動的聚集(ji)地。寺(si)(si)廟建筑周(zhou)圍還有(you)(you)轉經道。

歷史傳說

覺康　即釋迦殿，是僧眾聚(ju)集頌經的場所。覺康由廊院、門廊和殿身三(san)部分組成。

廊(lang)院(yuan)、門(men)(men)(men)廊(lang)體量較小(xiao)，殿身體量巨大(da)。覺康外墻(qiang)均(jun)飾(shi)紅(hong)色(se)，頂部裝飾(shi)邊(bian)(bian)瑪(ma)草(cao)。整(zheng)個(ge)殿堂(tang)外觀和(he)諧，氣(qi)勢(shi)莊(zhuang)嚴(yan)。①廊(lang)院(yuan)。位于覺康最南(nan)部，20世紀(ji)80年代(dai)末增建。廊(lang)院(yuan)由后建回(hui)廊(lang)與大(da)殿門(men)(men)(men)廊(lang)共(gong)同圍成(cheng)。廊(lang)院(yuan)北(bei)側(ce)墻(qiang)壁(bi)正中設(she)(she)門(men)(men)(men)，門(men)(men)(men)兩(liang)側(ce)懸挑斗拱，在門(men)(men)(men)上方形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)凸出的(de)屋(wu)檐。這種建筑形(xing)(xing)式是(shi)衛藏地(di)區的(de)常用(yong)手(shou)法。院(yuan)內東西兩(liang)側(ce)及門(men)(men)(men)的(de)兩(liang)邊(bian)(bian)均(jun)為內廊(lang)，計6間(jian)，廊(lang)下設(she)(she)有藏床和(he)卡墊，供人們休息(xi)。②門(men)(men)(men)廊(lang)。由門(men)(men)(men)外敞(chang)廊(lang)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)內過廳(ting)組(zu)成(cheng)。敞(chang)廊(lang)的(de)柱、托(tuo)木(mu)、梁等均(jun)有彩繪，顏色(se)以藍綠(lv)色(se)為主(zhu)。條(tiao)形(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)廳(ting)內無陳設(she)(she)。③殿身。平面(mian)呈(cheng)多邊(bian)(bian)“亞”字形(xing)(xing)，表示密(mi)宗(zong)的(de)曼(man)陀羅。左右(you)沿南(nan)北(bei)軸線對(dui)稱，前后不對(dui)稱，南(nan)北(bei)長30．5米(mi)，東西寬21． 9米(mi)。殿身大(da)門(men)(men)(men)設(she)(she)于殿北(bei)墻(qiang)正中，通(tong)高3米(mi)，寬2． 3米(mi)。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)為對(dui)開4扇(shan)板門(men)(men)(men)，上有門(men)(men)(men)銜、門(men)(men)(men)環、銅包葉等飾(shi)物。進(jin)入大(da)門(men)(men)(men)是(shi)平面(mian)呈(cheng)“凸”字形(xing)(xing)的(de)經堂(tang)，南(nan)北(bei)長25米(mi)，東西寬8．4米(mi)。扇(shan)面(mian)墻(qiang)呈(cheng)“U”形(xing)(xing)，與三(san)面(mian)邊(bian)(bian)墻(qiang)間(jian)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)轉(zhuan)經通(tong)道(dao)。扇(shan)面(mian)墻(qiang)內側(ce)佛臺供塑像(xiang)3尊，均(jun)立(li)像(xiang)，戴(dai)冠，通(tong)身飾(shi)金。

兩側面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)扇面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)上均繪(hui)有(you)(you)壁畫，殿身兩側墻(qiang)壁布(bu)滿(man)直通(tong)(tong)屋頂的(de)(de)經(jing)書柜。自覺康東側的(de)(de)露天臺(tai)階可(ke)達二(er)層。二(er)層房屋大(da)致呈天井式布(bu)局，中央是(shi)露天庭院(yuan)，四周環以(yi)裙房。底(di)層天窗的(de)(de)上方建有(you)(you)進深2間(jian)(jian)、面(mian)(mian)闊3間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)小室。二(er)層北側、東西兩側各有(you)(you)狹長形的(de)(de)小室與中部(bu)6間(jian)(jian)大(da)房相通(tong)(tong)，南端有(you)(you)小室3間(jian)(jian)與敞廊(lang)相通(tong)(tong)。從布(bu)局看，二(er)層是(shi)聽(ting)經(jing)、辯(bian)經(jing)的(de)(de)場所。

百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)　藏(zang)(zang)文(wen)名“嘎加拉康”。百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體量(liang)較大(da)，系由多(duo)座殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)和(he)生活用(yong)房組合而成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復合建(jian)筑(zhu)。據記載，百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是科迦(jia)寺最(zui)早(zao)建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)遺存(cun)構(gou)(gou)件、壁(bi)畫(hua)等(deng)尚(shang)能看(kan)出早(zao)期(qi)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡，但殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)后(hou)期(qi)改建(jian)較多(duo)。該(gai)(gai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已較少使用(yong)，僅(jin)二層(ceng)僧舍(she)、伙(huo)房仍在使用(yong)，主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚會、頌經場所已移至覺康殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)。百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是科迦(jia)寺重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)，為該(gai)(gai)寺主(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外墻(qiang)為磚紅(hong)色，上(shang)部(bu)以(yi)厚(hou)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊瑪(ma)草裝飾(shi)檐口(kou)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平面(mian)呈多(duo)邊“亞”字形(xing)，沿東(dong)西軸(zhou)線基本對(dui)稱(cheng)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)南北(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)33．5米(mi)，東(dong)西長41．9米(mi)。首層(ceng)平面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局為早(zao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)央(yang)大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環以(yi)小(xiao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式。①主(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)洞口(kou)高3．6米(mi)寬(kuan)(kuan)3．48米(mi)；門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檻圍(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)口(kou)高2．23米(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)1．59米(mi)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)楣(mei)雕刻精美，構(gou)(gou)造復雜(za)，是價值極高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)藝術品(pin)。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)楣(mei)均(jun)設多(duo)層(ceng)裝飾(shi)，層(ceng)層(ceng)遞收，上(shang)部(bu)雕刻有(you)花(hua)草、獸(shou)鳥、佛(fo)像(xiang)、人物故事、佛(fo)龕建(jian)筑(zhu)等(deng)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)楣(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑形(xing)式，特別(bie)是獅面(mian)及各種(zhong)神龕表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)式、花(hua)紋圖案，反(fan)映出佛(fo)龕或窟(ku)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀，模(mo)仿了(le)印度或尼(ni)(ni)泊爾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)教建(jian)筑(zhu)。據歷(li)史記載，藏(zang)(zang)傳佛(fo)教后(hou)弘期(qi)，阿里許多(duo)僧眾(zhong)赴(fu)印度、尼(ni)(ni)泊爾留(liu)學時，帶回許多(duo)當地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工匠(jiang)進阿里營建(jian)寺廟，該(gai)(gai)大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)即是當時交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產物。②底(di)層(ceng)大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百柱(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)心(xin)，東(dong)西向(xiang)7柱(zhu)(zhu)，南北(bei)向(xiang)4柱(zhu)(zhu)，共28柱(zhu)(zhu)，室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)東(dong)西長19．8米(mi)，南北(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)13．2米(mi)。室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)為片石地面(mian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)原(yuan)供佛(fo)像(xiang)無存(cun)。天窗后(hou)墻(qiang)上(shang)繪有(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)，題材為釋(shi)迦(jia)牟尼(ni)(ni)及兩(liang)弟子(zi)、羅漢(han)及兩(liang)高僧。中(zhong)央(yang)大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他壁(bi)畫(hua)為20世紀80年代(dai)重繪。③南側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)。藏(zang)(zang)文(wen)名“橋(qiao)居拉康”，位于中(zhong)央(yang)大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)腰(yao)部(bu)，北(bei)向(xiang)開門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)面(mian)闊9．5米(mi)，進深(shen)7．6米(mi)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)南北(bei)向(xiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)3根，東(dong)西向(xiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)4根，共用(yong)柱(zhu)(zhu)12根。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)東(dong)墻(qiang)及南墻(qiang)下(xia)有(you)供臺(tai)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)面(mian)殘留(liu)有(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)，主(zhu)繪結禪(chan)定印、跏趺(fu)坐佛(fo)及二侍(shi)衛(wei)菩薩和(he)多(duo)位佛(fo)母，周圍(wei)環以(yi)小(xiao)像(xiang)。在殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)西北(bei)角殘墻(qiang)上(shang)有(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)，壁(bi)畫(hua)風格與(yu)古格王國都(dou)城遺址、托(tuo)林寺十分相似(si)。④北(bei)側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)。藏(zang)(zang)文(wen)名“桑吉拉康”。與(yu)南側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)對(dui)稱(cheng)布(bu)置于中(zhong)央(yang)大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)側(ce)后(hou)腰(yao)，空間尺度與(yu)南側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)基本一致，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)墻(qiang)下(xia)有(you)供臺(tai)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)無壁(bi)畫(hua)。

寺廟文物

科迦寺依地勢建造，依山傍水，坐南朝北，南北高山環抱。整(zheng)個(ge)寺廟殿宇巍峨(e)，各種大小經(jing)堂(tang)僧(seng)舍、舍利(li)塔等相互(hu)映襯。寺廟建筑藝術(shu)風(feng)格獨(du)特(te)(te)，建造工藝精良，可惜已有部分(fen)損毀；寺內原收藏(zang)大藏(zang)經(jing)100余卷，只剩(sheng)下6卷真品；殿內壁畫保存完(wan)好(hao)，風(feng)格鮮明(ming)獨(du)特(te)(te)，均為百年珍品。

2009年11月 總投資1500萬元的西藏(zang)阿里科迦寺(si)維(wei)修保(bao)護(hu)工程一期(qi)工程近日全部完工。西藏(zang)阿里地區文化(hua)局局長次仁扎西表示(shi)，即(ji)將開始(shi)的二期(qi)工程將側(ce)重科迦寺(si)周邊僧舍和(he)民居的保(bao)護(hu)，力爭使科迦寺(si)及科迦村作為一個文化(hua)整(zheng)體呈(cheng)現在世人(ren)面前。