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基本簡介

科(ke)迦(jia)寺(si)(si)(si)是普蘭縣大(da)寺(si)(si)(si)，歷(li)史悠久，在當地(di)享有盛名，每年都(dou)有阿(a)里地(di)區札達、噶爾等縣及(ji)境外尼(ni)泊爾的(de)(de)信徒前(qian)來(lai)朝(chao)(chao)拜。“文(wen)革”期間(jian)(jian)，寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)、建(jian)筑(zhu)遭到嚴重(zhong)破壞，部分建(jian)筑(zhu)被毀(hui)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內塑(su)像(xiang)、壁(bi)畫受(shou)損嚴重(zhong)。20世紀(ji)80年代以后(hou)，對古建(jian)筑(zhu)陸(lu)續(xu)進行維(wei)修，修復了瑪尼(ni)拉康(kang)等建(jian)筑(zhu)。2001年6月25日，科(ke)迦(jia)寺(si)(si)(si)作(zuo)為公元(yuan)996年的(de)(de)古建(jian)筑(zhu)，被國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)列(lie)為全國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)物(wu)(wu)保護單位。科(ke)迦(jia)寺(si)(si)(si)主要建(jian)筑(zhu)為覺康(kang)和百柱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)，兩(liang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)呈(cheng)“L”形(xing)布(bu)置。覺康(kang)位于寺(si)(si)(si)南部，面朝(chao)(chao)北；百柱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)位于寺(si)(si)(si)西部，面朝(chao)(chao)東。兩(liang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)有空間(jian)(jian)不大(da)的(de)(de)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)場，廣(guang)(guang)(guang)場中部有水(shui)井、高(gao)大(da)的(de)(de)塔欽和香爐，廣(guang)(guang)(guang)場四(si)周的(de)(de)墻(qiang)壁(bi)上建(jian)墻(qiang)廊，置瑪尼(ni)筒，是該寺(si)(si)(si)進行宗(zong)教(jiao)活動(dong)、民間(jian)(jian)慶典活動(dong)的(de)(de)聚集地(di)。寺(si)(si)(si)廟建(jian)筑(zhu)周圍(wei)還有轉經道。

歷史傳說

覺康(kang)　即釋迦殿，是僧眾聚集(ji)頌(song)經的場(chang)所(suo)。覺康(kang)由廊(lang)院、門廊(lang)和殿身三部分組成。

廊(lang)院(yuan)、門(men)廊(lang)體量較(jiao)小，殿身體量巨大(da)(da)。覺康外墻(qiang)均(jun)飾紅色(se)(se)，頂部裝飾邊(bian)瑪草。整個殿堂外觀和諧，氣勢莊(zhuang)嚴(yan)。①廊(lang)院(yuan)。位于覺康最南部，20世紀80年代末增建(jian)。廊(lang)院(yuan)由(you)后(hou)建(jian)回(hui)廊(lang)與大(da)(da)殿門(men)廊(lang)共(gong)同圍成(cheng)(cheng)。廊(lang)院(yuan)北(bei)側墻(qiang)壁正中(zhong)設(she)門(men)，門(men)兩(liang)側懸挑斗拱，在門(men)上方形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)凸出的(de)(de)屋檐(yan)。這種建(jian)筑形(xing)式是衛藏地區(qu)的(de)(de)常用手(shou)法(fa)。院(yuan)內(nei)東西(xi)兩(liang)側及門(men)的(de)(de)兩(liang)邊(bian)均(jun)為(wei)內(nei)廊(lang)，計6間(jian)，廊(lang)下設(she)有(you)(you)(you)藏床和卡墊(dian)，供人們休息。②門(men)廊(lang)。由(you)門(men)外敞(chang)廊(lang)和門(men)內(nei)過廳(ting)組成(cheng)(cheng)。敞(chang)廊(lang)的(de)(de)柱、托(tuo)木、梁等均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)彩繪，顏(yan)色(se)(se)以藍綠色(se)(se)為(wei)主(zhu)。條形(xing)門(men)廳(ting)內(nei)無陳設(she)。③殿身。平面(mian)呈多邊(bian)“亞”字形(xing)，表示密宗(zong)的(de)(de)曼(man)陀羅。左(zuo)右(you)沿南北(bei)軸線對(dui)(dui)稱，前后(hou)不對(dui)(dui)稱，南北(bei)長(chang)30．5米(mi)，東西(xi)寬(kuan)(kuan)21． 9米(mi)。殿身大(da)(da)門(men)設(she)于殿北(bei)墻(qiang)正中(zhong)，通(tong)高3米(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)2． 3米(mi)。大(da)(da)門(men)為(wei)對(dui)(dui)開4扇(shan)板門(men)，上有(you)(you)(you)門(men)銜(xian)、門(men)環(huan)、銅包葉等飾物。進入(ru)大(da)(da)門(men)是平面(mian)呈“凸”字形(xing)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)堂，南北(bei)長(chang)25米(mi)，東西(xi)寬(kuan)(kuan)8．4米(mi)。扇(shan)面(mian)墻(qiang)呈“U”形(xing)，與三面(mian)邊(bian)墻(qiang)間(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)轉經(jing)(jing)通(tong)道。扇(shan)面(mian)墻(qiang)內(nei)側佛臺供塑像3尊(zun)，均(jun)立像，戴冠(guan)，通(tong)身飾金。

兩側面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)扇面(mian)墻(qiang)上(shang)均繪有(you)壁(bi)畫(hua)，殿身兩側墻(qiang)壁(bi)布(bu)滿(man)直通屋(wu)頂的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)書柜。自覺康(kang)東側的(de)(de)(de)露(lu)(lu)天(tian)臺(tai)階可達(da)二(er)層。二(er)層房(fang)屋(wu)大致呈天(tian)井式(shi)布(bu)局，中(zhong)央(yang)是露(lu)(lu)天(tian)庭院，四周(zhou)環以裙房(fang)。底層天(tian)窗的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)方(fang)建有(you)進(jin)深2間、面(mian)闊3間的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)室。二(er)層北側、東西兩側各(ge)有(you)狹長形的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)室與中(zhong)部6間大房(fang)相通，南端(duan)有(you)小(xiao)室3間與敞廊相通。從布(bu)局看，二(er)層是聽經(jing)、辯經(jing)的(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)。

百(bai)柱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)　藏(zang)文名(ming)(ming)“嘎(ga)加拉(la)康”。百(bai)柱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體量較大，系由多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)座殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)和生活用(yong)房(fang)組(zu)合而成的(de)(de)(de)復合建筑(zhu)。據(ju)記載，百(bai)柱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)科迦寺最(zui)早(zao)(zao)建造的(de)(de)(de)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)遺存構件、壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫等尚能看出早(zao)(zao)期(qi)建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)痕跡(ji)，但殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)后期(qi)改(gai)建較多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)。該(gai)(gai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已較少使用(yong)，僅二層(ceng)僧舍、伙房(fang)仍在使用(yong)，主要的(de)(de)(de)聚會(hui)、頌經場所已移(yi)至覺康殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)。百(bai)柱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)科迦寺重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)，為(wei)該(gai)(gai)寺主殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百(bai)柱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外墻(qiang)為(wei)磚(zhuan)紅色，上部(bu)以厚重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)瑪草裝飾檐口(kou)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)面(mian)呈多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)邊(bian)“亞”字形，沿(yan)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)軸線基(ji)本對(dui)稱(cheng)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)南北(bei)寬(kuan)33．5米(mi)(mi)，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)長41．9米(mi)(mi)。首層(ceng)平(ping)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)布局為(wei)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)央大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環以小(xiao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)。①主殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大門(men)(men)(men)(men)。大門(men)(men)(men)(men)洞口(kou)高(gao)3．6米(mi)(mi)寬(kuan)3．48米(mi)(mi)；門(men)(men)(men)(men)框(kuang)、門(men)(men)(men)(men)檻圍(wei)成的(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)口(kou)高(gao)2．23米(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)1．59米(mi)(mi)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)框(kuang)、門(men)(men)(men)(men)楣雕刻(ke)精美，構造復雜，是(shi)(shi)價值極(ji)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)藝術品。大門(men)(men)(men)(men)門(men)(men)(men)(men)框(kuang)、門(men)(men)(men)(men)楣均設(she)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)層(ceng)裝飾，層(ceng)層(ceng)遞收，上部(bu)雕刻(ke)有(you)花草、獸鳥、佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang)、人物故事、佛(fo)(fo)龕建筑(zhu)等。門(men)(men)(men)(men)框(kuang)、門(men)(men)(men)(men)楣的(de)(de)(de)雕塑形式(shi)，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)獅面(mian)及(ji)各種神龕表現的(de)(de)(de)柱式(shi)、花紋圖案(an)，反映出佛(fo)(fo)龕或窟的(de)(de)(de)外觀(guan)，模仿了印度(du)或尼泊爾(er)的(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)教建筑(zhu)。據(ju)歷(li)史(shi)記載，藏(zang)傳佛(fo)(fo)教后弘期(qi)，阿里(li)許多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)僧眾赴印度(du)、尼泊爾(er)留(liu)學時(shi)，帶回許多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)當地(di)的(de)(de)(de)工匠進(jin)阿里(li)營建寺廟，該(gai)(gai)大門(men)(men)(men)(men)即是(shi)(shi)當時(shi)交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)產物。②底層(ceng)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百(bai)柱殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)心，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)向7柱，南北(bei)向4柱，共28柱，室內(nei)(nei)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)長19．8米(mi)(mi)，南北(bei)寬(kuan)13．2米(mi)(mi)。室內(nei)(nei)為(wei)片石地(di)面(mian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)原(yuan)供佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang)無(wu)存。天窗后墻(qiang)上繪有(you)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫，題材為(wei)釋迦牟尼及(ji)兩(liang)(liang)弟子、羅漢及(ji)兩(liang)(liang)高(gao)僧。中(zhong)央大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)其他壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫為(wei)20世紀80年代(dai)重(zhong)繪。③南側(ce)(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)。藏(zang)文名(ming)(ming)“橋居拉(la)康”，位于(yu)中(zhong)央大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后腰部(bu)，北(bei)向開門(men)(men)(men)(men)。室內(nei)(nei)面(mian)闊(kuo)9．5米(mi)(mi)，進(jin)深(shen)7．6米(mi)(mi)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)南北(bei)向柱3根，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)向柱4根，共用(yong)柱12根。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)東(dong)(dong)墻(qiang)及(ji)南墻(qiang)下有(you)供臺。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)面(mian)殘留(liu)有(you)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫，主繪結禪定印、跏趺坐佛(fo)(fo)及(ji)二侍衛菩薩和多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)位佛(fo)(fo)母，周圍(wei)環以小(xiao)像(xiang)。在殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)西(xi)北(bei)角殘墻(qiang)上有(you)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫，壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫風格(ge)與古格(ge)王(wang)國都(dou)城遺址、托(tuo)林寺十分相似。④北(bei)側(ce)(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)。藏(zang)文名(ming)(ming)“桑吉(ji)拉(la)康”。與南側(ce)(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)對(dui)稱(cheng)布置(zhi)于(yu)中(zhong)央大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)側(ce)(ce)后腰，空間尺度(du)與南側(ce)(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)基(ji)本一致，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)墻(qiang)下有(you)供臺，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)無(wu)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫。

寺廟文物

科(ke)迦寺(si)依(yi)地(di)勢建造，依(yi)山傍(bang)水，坐(zuo)南(nan)(nan)朝北，南(nan)(nan)北高山環抱。整個寺(si)廟殿(dian)宇巍峨(e)，各(ge)種大(da)小經堂(tang)僧舍、舍利(li)塔等相互映襯(chen)。寺(si)廟建筑(zhu)藝術風(feng)格獨特(te)，建造工藝精(jing)良，可惜已有部分損毀；寺(si)內原收藏(zang)大(da)藏(zang)經100余卷(juan)，只剩下(xia)6卷(juan)真品(pin)；殿(dian)內壁畫保存完(wan)好，風(feng)格鮮明獨特(te)，均(jun)為(wei)百年珍(zhen)品(pin)。

2009年11月(yue) 總投資1500萬(wan)元的西藏(zang)(zang)阿(a)里(li)科(ke)迦(jia)寺維(wei)修保護工(gong)程一期工(gong)程近日全(quan)部完工(gong)。西藏(zang)(zang)阿(a)里(li)地區文(wen)(wen)化局局長(chang)次仁扎西表示，即將開始(shi)的二(er)期工(gong)程將側重科(ke)迦(jia)寺周邊(bian)僧舍(she)和(he)民居的保護，力爭使科(ke)迦(jia)寺及科(ke)迦(jia)村作為一個(ge)文(wen)(wen)化整體呈現(xian)在世人面前(qian)。