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基本簡介

科迦寺(si)是普蘭縣大寺(si)，歷史(shi)悠久，在當(dang)地享有盛名，每年都有阿里(li)地區札達(da)、噶爾(er)等縣及(ji)境外尼(ni)泊爾(er)的(de)(de)信(xin)徒前來(lai)朝拜。“文(wen)革(ge)”期間(jian)，寺(si)院(yuan)文(wen)物、建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)遭到嚴(yan)重破壞，部分(fen)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)被毀，殿內塑(su)像、壁畫受(shou)損嚴(yan)重。20世紀80年代以后，對古(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)陸(lu)續進行(xing)維修(xiu)，修(xiu)復(fu)了瑪尼(ni)拉康等建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。2001年6月(yue)25日，科迦寺(si)作為公元996年的(de)(de)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，被國務院(yuan)列為全(quan)國重點文(wen)物保護單(dan)位(wei)。科迦寺(si)主要建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)為覺康和百柱(zhu)殿，兩殿呈“L”形(xing)布置。覺康位(wei)于寺(si)南(nan)部，面(mian)朝北(bei)；百柱(zhu)殿位(wei)于寺(si)西部，面(mian)朝東。兩殿前有空間(jian)不大的(de)(de)廣場，廣場中(zhong)部有水(shui)井(jing)、高大的(de)(de)塔欽和香(xiang)爐(lu)，廣場四周(zhou)的(de)(de)墻壁上建(jian)(jian)(jian)墻廊，置瑪尼(ni)筒，是該寺(si)進行(xing)宗(zong)教(jiao)活動、民間(jian)慶典活動的(de)(de)聚集(ji)地。寺(si)廟建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)周(zhou)圍還有轉經道。

歷史傳說

覺康(kang)　即釋迦殿，是僧(seng)眾聚(ju)集頌經的場所。覺康(kang)由廊院、門(men)廊和殿身三部分組成。

廊(lang)(lang)(lang)院(yuan)、門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)體(ti)量(liang)較小，殿(dian)身體(ti)量(liang)巨大(da)。覺康(kang)外墻(qiang)均(jun)飾紅色(se)(se)，頂部裝飾邊瑪草。整個殿(dian)堂(tang)外觀和(he)諧(xie)，氣(qi)勢莊嚴。①廊(lang)(lang)(lang)院(yuan)。位于覺康(kang)最(zui)南(nan)(nan)部，20世紀80年(nian)代末增(zeng)建(jian)。廊(lang)(lang)(lang)院(yuan)由后(hou)建(jian)回廊(lang)(lang)(lang)與(yu)大(da)殿(dian)門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)共同(tong)圍成(cheng)(cheng)。廊(lang)(lang)(lang)院(yuan)北(bei)側(ce)墻(qiang)壁正中設門(men)(men)，門(men)(men)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)懸挑斗拱，在門(men)(men)上方形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)凸出(chu)的(de)屋檐。這種建(jian)筑形(xing)式是(shi)衛藏(zang)地區的(de)常用手法。院(yuan)內(nei)(nei)東西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)及(ji)門(men)(men)的(de)兩(liang)(liang)邊均(jun)為內(nei)(nei)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)，計6間(jian)，廊(lang)(lang)(lang)下(xia)設有(you)藏(zang)床和(he)卡墊，供人們休息(xi)。②門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)。由門(men)(men)外敞廊(lang)(lang)(lang)和(he)門(men)(men)內(nei)(nei)過廳(ting)(ting)組成(cheng)(cheng)。敞廊(lang)(lang)(lang)的(de)柱、托木、梁等均(jun)有(you)彩(cai)繪，顏色(se)(se)以藍(lan)綠色(se)(se)為主。條(tiao)形(xing)門(men)(men)廳(ting)(ting)內(nei)(nei)無陳設。③殿(dian)身。平面(mian)呈(cheng)多邊“亞”字形(xing)，表示密宗(zong)的(de)曼陀羅。左右沿南(nan)(nan)北(bei)軸線對稱(cheng)，前后(hou)不對稱(cheng)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)長30．5米(mi)(mi)，東西(xi)(xi)寬(kuan)21． 9米(mi)(mi)。殿(dian)身大(da)門(men)(men)設于殿(dian)北(bei)墻(qiang)正中，通高(gao)3米(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)2． 3米(mi)(mi)。大(da)門(men)(men)為對開4扇板(ban)門(men)(men)，上有(you)門(men)(men)銜、門(men)(men)環、銅包葉等飾物。進入大(da)門(men)(men)是(shi)平面(mian)呈(cheng)“凸”字形(xing)的(de)經(jing)堂(tang)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)長25米(mi)(mi)，東西(xi)(xi)寬(kuan)8．4米(mi)(mi)。扇面(mian)墻(qiang)呈(cheng)“U”形(xing)，與(yu)三(san)面(mian)邊墻(qiang)間(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)轉(zhuan)經(jing)通道。扇面(mian)墻(qiang)內(nei)(nei)側(ce)佛臺供塑(su)像3尊(zun)，均(jun)立像，戴(dai)冠，通身飾金。

兩(liang)側(ce)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)扇(shan)面(mian)(mian)墻上(shang)均繪有(you)壁(bi)畫，殿身兩(liang)側(ce)墻壁(bi)布滿直通(tong)屋頂的(de)(de)經書柜。自(zi)覺康東(dong)側(ce)的(de)(de)露(lu)天(tian)臺階(jie)可(ke)達二(er)(er)層。二(er)(er)層房(fang)屋大(da)致呈天(tian)井式(shi)布局，中央(yang)是露(lu)天(tian)庭(ting)院，四(si)周環以(yi)裙房(fang)。底(di)層天(tian)窗的(de)(de)上(shang)方建有(you)進深2間、面(mian)(mian)闊3間的(de)(de)小(xiao)室。二(er)(er)層北側(ce)、東(dong)西兩(liang)側(ce)各有(you)狹(xia)長形的(de)(de)小(xiao)室與中部6間大(da)房(fang)相通(tong)，南(nan)端(duan)有(you)小(xiao)室3間與敞廊相通(tong)。從布局看，二(er)(er)層是聽(ting)經、辯經的(de)(de)場(chang)所。

百(bai)(bai)柱(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)　藏文(wen)(wen)(wen)名“嘎加拉(la)康(kang)”。百(bai)(bai)柱(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體量較(jiao)大(da)(da)，系由(you)多(duo)(duo)(duo)座殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂和(he)生(sheng)活(huo)用房組合而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)復合建(jian)筑(zhu)。據記(ji)載，百(bai)(bai)柱(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是科迦寺(si)最早建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)遺存構(gou)件、壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)等(deng)尚能(neng)看出早期(qi)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡，但殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂后期(qi)改建(jian)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo)。該殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已較(jiao)少(shao)使(shi)用，僅(jin)二層(ceng)僧(seng)舍(she)、伙房仍在使(shi)用，主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)會(hui)、頌經場(chang)所(suo)已移至覺(jue)康(kang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)。百(bai)(bai)柱(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是科迦寺(si)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)該寺(si)主(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百(bai)(bai)柱(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外墻為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)紅(hong)色，上(shang)部以(yi)厚(hou)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊瑪草(cao)(cao)裝飾檐(yan)口。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平面(mian)呈多(duo)(duo)(duo)邊“亞”字形(xing)，沿東(dong)(dong)西軸線基(ji)(ji)本對(dui)稱(cheng)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)33．5米(mi)，東(dong)(dong)西長(chang)41．9米(mi)。首層(ceng)平面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)央大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環(huan)以(yi)小殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式。①主(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)洞口高(gao)3．6米(mi)寬(kuan)3．48米(mi)；門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檻圍成的(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)口高(gao)2．23米(mi)，寬(kuan)1．59米(mi)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)楣雕(diao)刻(ke)精美，構(gou)造復雜，是價值(zhi)極高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)藝術品。大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)楣均(jun)設多(duo)(duo)(duo)層(ceng)裝飾，層(ceng)層(ceng)遞(di)收(shou)，上(shang)部雕(diao)刻(ke)有(you)花(hua)草(cao)(cao)、獸鳥、佛(fo)像(xiang)、人物故(gu)事、佛(fo)龕建(jian)筑(zhu)等(deng)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)框、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)楣的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑形(xing)式，特別是獅面(mian)及(ji)(ji)各種神龕表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)式、花(hua)紋圖案，反映出佛(fo)龕或窟的(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀，模仿了印度或尼(ni)泊(bo)爾(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)教(jiao)建(jian)筑(zhu)。據歷史記(ji)載，藏傳佛(fo)教(jiao)后弘期(qi)，阿里許多(duo)(duo)(duo)僧(seng)眾赴印度、尼(ni)泊(bo)爾(er)留(liu)學時(shi)，帶回許多(duo)(duo)(duo)當(dang)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)工匠進(jin)阿里營(ying)建(jian)寺(si)廟，該大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)即是當(dang)時(shi)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)產物。②底層(ceng)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。百(bai)(bai)柱(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)心，東(dong)(dong)西向(xiang)7柱(zhu)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)4柱(zhu)，共28柱(zhu)，室內(nei)(nei)東(dong)(dong)西長(chang)19．8米(mi)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)13．2米(mi)。室內(nei)(nei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)片石地面(mian)，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)原供(gong)佛(fo)像(xiang)無存。天窗(chuang)后墻上(shang)繪有(you)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)，題材為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)釋(shi)迦牟尼(ni)及(ji)(ji)兩(liang)弟子、羅漢及(ji)(ji)兩(liang)高(gao)僧(seng)。中(zhong)央大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)20世紀80年代重繪。③南(nan)(nan)側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂。藏文(wen)(wen)(wen)名“橋(qiao)居拉(la)康(kang)”，位于中(zhong)央大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后腰部，北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)開(kai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。室內(nei)(nei)面(mian)闊9．5米(mi)，進(jin)深7．6米(mi)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)柱(zhu)3根(gen)，東(dong)(dong)西向(xiang)柱(zhu)4根(gen)，共用柱(zhu)12根(gen)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂東(dong)(dong)墻及(ji)(ji)南(nan)(nan)墻下有(you)供(gong)臺。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)墻面(mian)殘留(liu)有(you)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)，主(zhu)(zhu)繪結禪定印、跏趺(fu)坐佛(fo)及(ji)(ji)二侍衛菩薩和(he)多(duo)(duo)(duo)位佛(fo)母(mu)，周(zhou)圍環(huan)以(yi)小像(xiang)。在殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)西北(bei)(bei)角(jiao)殘墻上(shang)有(you)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)，壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)風格(ge)與古格(ge)王國都(dou)城(cheng)遺址、托林(lin)寺(si)十分相似。④北(bei)(bei)側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂。藏文(wen)(wen)(wen)名“桑吉(ji)拉(la)康(kang)”。與南(nan)(nan)側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂對(dui)稱(cheng)布(bu)置于中(zhong)央大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)(bei)側(ce)后腰，空間尺度與南(nan)(nan)側(ce)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂基(ji)(ji)本一(yi)致，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)(bei)墻下有(you)供(gong)臺，殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)無壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)。

寺廟文物

科迦寺(si)依地(di)勢(shi)建造(zao)，依山傍水，坐南(nan)朝北，南(nan)北高山環抱(bao)。整(zheng)個寺(si)廟(miao)殿宇巍(wei)峨，各種大(da)小經堂(tang)僧舍(she)、舍(she)利(li)塔(ta)等相互映襯。寺(si)廟(miao)建筑藝術風格獨特，建造(zao)工藝精良，可惜已有部(bu)分損毀；寺(si)內原收藏(zang)大(da)藏(zang)經100余卷，只剩下6卷真(zhen)品；殿內壁畫保存(cun)完好，風格鮮(xian)明獨特，均為百(bai)年珍品。

2009年11月(yue) 總投資1500萬元的(de)西藏阿里科(ke)(ke)迦(jia)寺維修保(bao)護工程(cheng)一期(qi)工程(cheng)近日全部完(wan)工。西藏阿里地區文(wen)化(hua)局局長(chang)次仁扎西表示，即將開始的(de)二期(qi)工程(cheng)將側重科(ke)(ke)迦(jia)寺周邊僧(seng)舍和民居的(de)保(bao)護，力爭使科(ke)(ke)迦(jia)寺及科(ke)(ke)迦(jia)村作為一個文(wen)化(hua)整(zheng)體呈現在(zai)世人面前。