白(bai)水河國(guo)家(jia)森林公(gong)園位于(yu)四川省彭(peng)州市北部大寶鎮(zhen)境(jing)內,是距離成都最(zui)近的(de)以(yi)保護(hu)(hu)大熊貓等珍稀野(ye)生動植物及其(qi)生態環境(jing)的(de)自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)。該區(qu)于(yu)1996年經彭(peng)州市人民政府批準建立;1999年經四川省人民政府批準為(wei)省級(ji)自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu);2002年經國(guo)務院批準為(wei)國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)。總面積(ji)301.5平方公(gong)里(li)。
森(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)公園(yuan)屬中(zhong)亞熱帶常綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)(lin)地區(qu),森(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)覆蓋率(lv)達(da)86.7%,良好(hao)的(de)(de)森(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)生態環境,絢麗的(de)(de)森(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀(guan)為(wei)(wei)開(kai)展森(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)旅游提供優(you)越的(de)(de)條(tiao)件,由殼斗科、樟科、胡桃科的(de)(de)喬木樹種(zhong)為(wei)(wei)主構成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)天(tian)然次生林(lin)(lin)(lin)形成(cheng)(cheng)了繁茂蔥郁(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)闊(kuo)葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀(guan);冷杉(shan)、柳杉(shan)為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)針葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀(guan)濃郁(yu)(yu)偉岸(an);以腺果(guo)杜(du)鵑、長蕊杜(du)鵑構成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)低山杜(du)鵑林(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀(guan),花蕊怒放,光艷四(si)溢。
森林(lin)(lin)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)地文景觀十(shi)分豐富,如莽山(shan)(shan)對峙(zhi)、崖壁(bi)陡峭的(de)(de)(de)回龍(long)(long)峽(xia),山(shan)(shan)澗幽(you)深的(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)印寺,峽(xia)壑險邃的(de)(de)(de)“一線(xian)天(tian)”,深邃神秘(mi)的(de)(de)(de)循龍(long)(long)洞,怪石嶙峋的(de)(de)(de)奇(qi)石灘等。由碧波蕩漾的(de)(de)(de)鳳(feng)鳴(ming)湖、怒濤傾注的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)吟(yin)瀑、明澈(che)如鏡的(de)(de)(de)碧玉(yu)潭及溪流(liu)、溫(wen)泉(quan)等構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)文景觀或寧(ning)靜、或歡樂,以及金(jin)腰帶、劉天(tian)官開(kai)金(jin)礦、會仙橋等眾多民間(jian)傳(chuan)統構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)文景觀,令游人(ren)遐想連篇。森林(lin)(lin)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)主要游覽區(qu)有回龍(long)(long)溝、鳳(feng)鳴(ming)湖和杜鵑海、回龍(long)(long)峽(xia)、幽(you)澗奇(qi)石及寶(bao)山(shan)(shan)溫(wen)泉(quan)理療度(du)假(jia)區(qu)。
維管束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)164科(ke)695屬1770種(zhong),其中蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)25科(ke),57屬,151種(zhong);種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)139科(ke),638屬,1619種(zhong)。保(bao)護區(qu)內古老、特有的種(zhong)數十分豐富,原始古老植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)等多種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。保(bao)護區(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中屬中國特有屬約有22屬,占全國特有屬數的11.22%,這些特有的屬大都為單(dan)種(zhong)屬和少種(zhong)屬,如珙桐、連(lian)香(xiang)樹(shu)、水青樹(shu)、香(xiang)果樹(shu)、串果藤、大血藤等。
在保護(hu)區的58種(zhong)(zhong)瀕(bin)危(wei)(wei)動物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)獸(shou)類25種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)四(si)川瀕(bin)危(wei)(wei)獸(shou)類總數的43.9%。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金絲猴、金貓(mao)、云豹(bao)、水(shui)獺、大(da)(da)熊貓(mao)等(deng)(deng)為(wei)瀕(bin)危(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)。保護(hu)區內(nei)已知的四(si)川珍稀和(he)(he)特有(you)(you)(you)脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)100多種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)全省特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)類的36%左(zuo)右(you),既有(you)(you)(you)橫斷山地區特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)類,也有(you)(you)(you)青藏(zang)(zang)高原(yuan)特有(you)(you)(you)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong),還有(you)(you)(you)亞熱帶的種(zhong)(zhong)類,更有(you)(you)(you)古北(bei)界(jie)的特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)類。如獸(shou)類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紋背鼩鼱、蹼麝(she)鼩、馬麝(she)、高山姬(ji)鼠(shu),也有(you)(you)(you)藏(zang)(zang)酋猴、毛(mao)冠鹿、巖羊和(he)(he)松(song)田鼠(shu)等(deng)(deng)。鳥(niao)類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)綠尾(wei)虹雉(zhi)、藏(zang)(zang)馬雞、橙翅噪鹛。兩棲爬(pa)行(xing)類有(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)鯢、四(si)川龍蜥、玉錦(jin)蛇、紫灰錦(jin)蛇、洪佛樹(shu)蛙等(deng)(deng)。魚(yu)類有(you)(you)(you)成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)躐(lie)、彭(peng)縣(xian)似滑、齊口裂腹魚(yu)、青石爬(pa)魚(yu)兆(zhao)和(he)(he)壯體魚(yu)兆(zhao)等(deng)(deng),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)鱲和(he)(he)彭(peng)縣(xian)似魚(yu)骨只分布在彭(peng)縣(xian)的湔(jian)江,為(wei)彭(peng)州的特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong),數量甚(shen)少(shao),為(wei)瀕(bin)危(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)。
白(bai)水(shui)河國家(jia)級自然(ran)保護區位于龍門山(shan)褶皺(zhou)帶(dai)(dai)的中南段(duan),地(di)(di)(di)質上屬于橫斷山(shan)東(dong)(dong)部(bu),是四(si)川盆地(di)(di)(di)向青藏高(gao)原過渡段(duan)的典型地(di)(di)(di)貌地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai),地(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)由東(dong)(dong)南向西北(bei)遞(di)增,最低海拔1480米(mi),最高(gao)海拔太子城4818米(mi),由于地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)劇烈切割,山(shan)谷成“V”型和“U”型發育,相(xiang)對高(gao)差懸(xuan)殊,形(xing)成山(shan)高(gao)坡陡谷窄(zhai)的地(di)(di)(di)貌特(te)征。區內水(shui)文屬長江支(zhi)流沱江發源地(di)(di)(di)之一,水(shui)力資源極為豐富。
白水(shui)河(he)國家級自然保護區的河(he)流屬沱江水(shui)系湔(jian)江上游。本區河(he)流主要有(you)銀廠溝(gou)(gou)、龍漕溝(gou)(gou)、牛圈(quan)溝(gou)(gou)匯集區內50余(yu)條岔溝(gou)(gou)之水(shui)注入湔(jian)江,湔(jian)江流經境內20余(yu)公(gong)里,據有(you)關水(shui)文資料(liao),湔(jian)江年均流量(liang)26.3立(li)(li)方米/秒,枯(ku)水(shui)期2.11立(li)(li)方米/秒(12月(yue)(yue)到次(ci)年的3月(yue)(yue)),最大洪水(shui)流量(liang)4490立(li)(li)方米/秒左右(8—9月(yue)(yue)),落差大,水(shui)流湍急,河(he)水(shui)終年不斷,是成(cheng)都平(ping)原重要的水(shui)源涵養地。
白水(shui)河國家級自然保護區(qu)為(wei)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)濕(shi)潤氣(qi)(qi)候區(qu),由于地(di)(di)形和(he)(he)海拔(ba)的(de)影響,氣(qi)(qi)候具(ju)有下列特點。氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)垂直(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)異(yi)明(ming)顯,形成山(shan)地(di)(di)垂直(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)候帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai),隨(sui)海拔(ba)由低到高分(fen)別為(wei):北亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、山(shan)地(di)(di)暖溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、山(shan)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、山(shan)地(di)(di)寒溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、山(shan)地(di)(di)亞(ya)寒帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。降(jiang)水(shui)量多,降(jiang)雨(yu)集中(zhong)(zhong),多暴雨(yu),冬季以固態降(jiang)水(shui)為(wei)主(zhu),年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)量966.9毫(hao)米(mi),年(nian)(nian)蒸發量980毫(hao)米(mi)左(zuo)右(you)。雨(yu)日(ri)多,日(ri)照少,濕(shi)度(du)大(da),年(nian)(nian)日(ri)照時數1300—1400小(xiao)時,年(nian)(nian)無霜期(qi)278天左(zuo)右(you)。全區(qu)極高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)極低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)分(fen)別為(wei)29.8℃—5.1℃,年(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)12.3℃,大(da)于0℃以上(shang)積溫(wen)(wen)4000—5000℃,山(shan)地(di)(di)年(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)遞(di)降(jiang)率為(wei)0.6℃/100米(mi),區(qu)內(nei)氣(qi)(qi)候適(shi)宜大(da)熊貓(mao)可食(shi)竹生長。