白(bai)水河國家(jia)森林公園位于四川省(sheng)彭州市(shi)北部大(da)寶鎮境(jing)內(nei),是距(ju)離成都最近的以保護大(da)熊(xiong)貓等珍(zhen)稀野生(sheng)動植物及其生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)的自然(ran)保護區(qu)。該區(qu)于1996年(nian)經(jing)彭州市(shi)人民(min)政府(fu)批準建立;1999年(nian)經(jing)四川省(sheng)人民(min)政府(fu)批準為省(sheng)級自然(ran)保護區(qu);2002年(nian)經(jing)國務院批準為國家(jia)級自然(ran)保護區(qu)。總面積301.5平方公里(li)。
森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)公園(yuan)屬中亞熱帶常(chang)綠闊葉林(lin)(lin)地(di)區,森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)覆蓋(gai)率達(da)86.7%,良好的(de)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)生(sheng)態環境,絢麗的(de)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)景觀(guan)(guan)為(wei)開(kai)展森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)旅游提供優越的(de)條件,由殼(ke)斗科(ke)、樟科(ke)、胡桃科(ke)的(de)喬木樹種為(wei)主(zhu)構成(cheng)的(de)天然次(ci)生(sheng)林(lin)(lin)形成(cheng)了繁茂蔥郁(yu)的(de)闊葉林(lin)(lin)景觀(guan)(guan);冷(leng)杉、柳杉為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)針葉林(lin)(lin)景觀(guan)(guan)濃(nong)郁(yu)偉岸;以(yi)腺果杜(du)鵑(juan)、長蕊杜(du)鵑(juan)構成(cheng)中低山杜(du)鵑(juan)林(lin)(lin)景觀(guan)(guan),花(hua)蕊怒放,光艷(yan)四溢。
森林(lin)公園地文景觀十(shi)分(fen)豐富(fu),如(ru)莽(mang)山(shan)對峙(zhi)、崖壁陡峭(qiao)的回(hui)(hui)龍(long)峽,山(shan)澗幽(you)深的寶印寺,峽壑險邃的“一線(xian)天”,深邃神(shen)秘的循(xun)龍(long)洞,怪石嶙(lin)峋的奇石灘(tan)等。由碧波蕩漾的鳳鳴(ming)湖、怒濤傾注的龍(long)吟瀑(pu)、明(ming)澈如(ru)鏡的碧玉潭(tan)及(ji)溪流、溫泉等構成的水文景觀或(huo)寧靜、或(huo)歡樂,以(yi)及(ji)金腰帶、劉天官開金礦(kuang)、會仙(xian)橋等眾多民間傳統構成的人文景觀,令(ling)游人遐想連篇。森林(lin)公園主要游覽區有回(hui)(hui)龍(long)溝、鳳鳴(ming)湖和杜鵑海、回(hui)(hui)龍(long)峽、幽(you)澗奇石及(ji)寶山(shan)溫泉理療度假區。
維(wei)管束植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)164科(ke)695屬(shu)1770種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)蕨(jue)(jue)類(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)25科(ke),57屬(shu),151種(zhong)(zhong);種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)139科(ke),638屬(shu),1619種(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)護區內(nei)古老(lao)、特有(you)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)十分豐富,原始古老(lao)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)蕨(jue)(jue)類(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、裸(luo)子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、被(bei)子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)等(deng)多種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。保(bao)護區植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)屬(shu)約(yue)有(you)22屬(shu),占(zhan)全國(guo)特有(you)屬(shu)數(shu)的(de)11.22%,這些特有(you)的(de)屬(shu)大都為單種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)和少種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu),如珙桐、連(lian)香(xiang)樹、水青(qing)樹、香(xiang)果樹、串果藤、大血(xue)藤等(deng)。
在保護區的58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瀕(bin)(bin)危(wei)動物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)瀕(bin)(bin)危(wei)獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)總數(shu)的43.9%。其中(zhong)金(jin)絲(si)猴(hou)、金(jin)貓(mao)、云豹、水獺、大(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)等(deng)為瀕(bin)(bin)危(wei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。保護區內已知的四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)珍稀和特有(you)(you)(you)脊(ji)椎動物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)100多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全(quan)省特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的36%左(zuo)右,既有(you)(you)(you)橫(heng)斷山地區特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),也有(you)(you)(you)青藏高原特有(you)(you)(you)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),還有(you)(you)(you)亞熱帶(dai)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),更有(you)(you)(you)古北界(jie)的特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。如(ru)獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)紋背鼩(qu)鼱(jing)、蹼麝(she)鼩(qu)、馬(ma)麝(she)、高山姬(ji)鼠,也有(you)(you)(you)藏酋(qiu)猴(hou)、毛冠鹿、巖羊和松田(tian)鼠等(deng)。鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)綠尾虹雉、藏馬(ma)雞、橙翅噪(zao)鹛(mei)。兩棲(qi)爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)鯢、四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)龍蜥、玉錦(jin)蛇、紫灰錦(jin)蛇、洪(hong)佛樹(shu)蛙等(deng)。魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)成都躐(lie)、彭(peng)縣(xian)似滑、齊口裂腹魚、青石爬(pa)魚兆(zhao)和壯體魚兆(zhao)等(deng),其中(zhong)成都鱲和彭(peng)縣(xian)似魚骨(gu)只分布在彭(peng)縣(xian)的湔江,為彭(peng)州的特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),數(shu)量甚少,為瀕(bin)(bin)危(wei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
白(bai)水(shui)河(he)國家級自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)位于(yu)龍門山(shan)(shan)褶皺帶的(de)中南(nan)段,地質上(shang)屬(shu)于(yu)橫(heng)斷山(shan)(shan)東部(bu),是四川盆(pen)地向青藏高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)過渡段的(de)典型地貌地帶,地勢由(you)東南(nan)向西北(bei)遞增,最(zui)低海拔1480米,最(zui)高(gao)(gao)海拔太子城4818米,由(you)于(yu)地形劇烈(lie)切割(ge),山(shan)(shan)谷成“V”型和“U”型發育,相對(dui)高(gao)(gao)差(cha)懸殊,形成山(shan)(shan)高(gao)(gao)坡陡谷窄的(de)地貌特(te)征。區(qu)內(nei)水(shui)文(wen)屬(shu)長江支流(liu)沱江發源地之一,水(shui)力資源極為豐(feng)富。
白水(shui)(shui)(shui)河國(guo)家級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)的(de)河流(liu)(liu)屬沱江水(shui)(shui)(shui)系湔江上游。本(ben)區(qu)河流(liu)(liu)主(zhu)要有(you)銀廠溝(gou)、龍(long)漕溝(gou)、牛圈溝(gou)匯集區(qu)內50余條岔(cha)溝(gou)之水(shui)(shui)(shui)注入湔江,湔江流(liu)(liu)經境內20余公(gong)里(li),據(ju)有(you)關(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)資(zi)料,湔江年均流(liu)(liu)量(liang)26.3立方米/秒(miao),枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)2.11立方米/秒(miao)(12月到次年的(de)3月),最大洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)4490立方米/秒(miao)左右(8—9月),落差大,水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)湍急,河水(shui)(shui)(shui)終年不斷,是成都平原重要的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)涵(han)養地(di)。
白水河國家級自(zi)然保護區為(wei)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)濕潤氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候區,由(you)于地形和海(hai)拔(ba)的影響(xiang),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候具有(you)下(xia)列特(te)點。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)垂直分異明顯,形成山(shan)(shan)(shan)地垂直氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候帶(dai),隨海(hai)拔(ba)由(you)低(di)到高分別為(wei):北(bei)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)地暖溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)地中(zhong)溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)地寒(han)溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)地亞(ya)寒(han)帶(dai)。降水量多,降雨集中(zhong),多暴雨,冬季以固態降水為(wei)主,年(nian)降水量966.9毫(hao)(hao)米,年(nian)蒸發量980毫(hao)(hao)米左右(you)。雨日多,日照(zhao)少,濕度大(da)(da),年(nian)日照(zhao)時(shi)數1300—1400小時(shi),年(nian)無霜期278天左右(you)。全區極高氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)和極低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)分別為(wei)29.8℃—5.1℃,年(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)12.3℃,大(da)(da)于0℃以上(shang)積溫(wen)(wen)4000—5000℃,山(shan)(shan)(shan)地年(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)遞(di)降率為(wei)0.6℃/100米,區內氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候適宜大(da)(da)熊貓可食竹(zhu)生長。