芒果视频下载

基本介紹

刀(dao)(dao)日春(chun)蜓（學名：Nihonogomphus cultratus）是(shi)春(chun)蜓科、日春(chun)蜓屬昆蟲。雄性(xing)腹(fu)長36.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)，后(hou)(hou)翅(chi)23毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)。雌(ci)性(xing)腹(fu)長35毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)，后(hou)(hou)翅(chi)25毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)。雄性(xing)口器(qi)除下(xia)顎和上(shang)顎末(mo)端(duan)黑(hei)褐色(se)(se)(se)外，全部(bu)黃綠色(se)(se)(se)。臉在(zai)前額與(yu)后(hou)(hou)唇基(ji)(ji)之間(jian)的(de)縫線(xian)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)有(you)1個(ge)微(wei)細橫形(xing)黑(hei)斑。頭頂(ding)在(zai)單眼上(shang)方具1條(tiao)橫脊，后(hou)(hou)頭脊在(zai)前面觀中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)稍微(wei)下(xia)凹。前胸背(bei)板中(zhong)區中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)雙(shuang)斑甚大。足(zu)由(you)基(ji)(ji)節(jie)至腿節(jie)末(mo)端(duan)約(yue)1/3處橘黃色(se)(se)(se)，其余部(bu)分(fen)皆黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)。腹(fu)部(bu)第(di)1、2節(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)條(tiao)紋相連，甚闊(kuo)。上(shang)肛(gang)附器(qi)外側緣有(you)3個(ge)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)圓形(xing)小(xiao)齒(chi)，背(bei)面觀上(shang)肛(gang)附器(qi)端(duan)部(bu)向(xiang)內呈(cheng)三(san)角形(xing)擴大。陰(yin)囊末(mo)端(duan)生有(you)3個(ge)囊狀(zhuang)突起，中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)較(jiao)小(xiao)；陽莖后(hou)(hou)葉側面觀呈(cheng)水果(guo)刀(dao)(dao)狀(zhuang)，該(gai)種依此命名；前鉤(gou)片的(de)前支呈(cheng)鐮(lian)刀(dao)(dao)狀(zhuang)鉤(gou)曲(qu)，后(hou)(hou)支闕如；后(hou)(hou)鉤(gou)片囊狀(zhuang)，末(mo)端(duan)呈(cheng)角狀(zhuang)突，朝向(xiang)向(xiang)中(zhong)的(de)方向(xiang)鉤(gou)曲(qu)。雌(ci)性(xing)色(se)(se)(se)彩與(yu)雄性(xing)基(ji)(ji)本相同。下(xia)生殖板較(jiao)短，末(mo)端(duan)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)有(you)1個(ge)大缺刻。

分布于(yu)中(zhong)國河南（確山(shan)）。成蟲出現時間(jian)較早，4-5月可見(jian)。刀日(ri)春蜓一般在白晝活(huo)動于(yu)稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲生活(huo)的環境附(fu)近。常在河塘、溪(xi)流處飛翔。刀日(ri)春蜓的食物主要(yao)是(shi)蜉(fu)蝣稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲、蚊類幼蟲或(huo)同(tong)類的其(qi)他(ta)個體，甚至蝌蚪(dou)及小魚(yu)。

生長與分布

棲息環境

稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)棲息在(zai)水(shui)中砂粒、泥水(shui)或水(shui)草(cao)間(jian)，少數稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)林地(di)碎屑(xie)或積水(shui)的樹洞中或爬出水(shui)面附著在(zai)巖(yan)石(shi)的水(shui)膜內。刀日春蜓(ting)一般在(zai)白晝活(huo)動于稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)的環境(jing)附近。常(chang)在(zai)河塘、溪流處飛翔。雌性刀日春蜓(ting)喜歡待在(zai)遠(yuan)離水(shui)源(yuan)的地(di)方，例如(ru)森(sen)林附近，它在(zai)那里更(geng)容易獲取食(shi)物。

分布范圍

分(fen)布(bu)于中國河(he)南（確山）。

形態及特征

雄性腹(fu)長(chang)36.5毫(hao)(hao)米，后翅(chi)23毫(hao)(hao)米。雌性腹(fu)長(chang)35毫(hao)(hao)米，后翅(chi)25毫(hao)(hao)米。

雄性口器(qi)除下顎和(he)(he)上(shang)(shang)(shang)顎末(mo)(mo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)外，全部黃(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)；頭殼前(qian)(qian)面(mian)(mian)除上(shang)(shang)(shang)額后(hou)(hou)端(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)(he)頭頂（后(hou)(hou)緣(yuan)除外）黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)外，亦全部黃(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。臉在前(qian)(qian)額與(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)唇基(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)縫(feng)線中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)有1個(ge)微細橫形(xing)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)斑(ban)；頭殼后(hou)(hou)方(fang)(fang)除沿上(shang)(shang)(shang)眼眶有1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)橫形(xing)闊紋(wen)(wen)外，余皆黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。頭頂在單(dan)眼上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)具(ju)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)橫脊(ji)，后(hou)(hou)頭脊(ji)在前(qian)(qian)面(mian)(mian)觀(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)稍微下凹(ao)。前(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)背(bei)板中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙斑(ban)甚(shen)(shen)(shen)大(da)(da)，與(yu)(yu)側方(fang)(fang)甚(shen)(shen)(shen)大(da)(da)黃(huang)斑(ban)相(xiang)連(lian)。合(he)胸(xiong)大(da)(da)部分黃(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，領條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)前(qian)(qian)方(fang)(fang)、合(he)胸(xiong)脊(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)及下端(duan)(duan)(duan)與(yu)(yu)領條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)相(xiang)連(lian)，沿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胸(xiong)側縫(feng)具(ju)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)紋(wen)(wen)，合(he)胸(xiong)脊(ji)兩(liang)側和(he)(he)沿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胸(xiong)側縫(feng)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)方(fang)(fang)煙褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，合(he)胸(xiong)側面(mian)(mian)第(di)2條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)在氣門以下和(he)(he)甚(shen)(shen)(shen)細的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。肩(jian)前(qian)(qian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)分離，肩(jian)前(qian)(qian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)點和(he)(he)肩(jian)前(qian)(qian)下條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)甚(shen)(shen)(shen)細，黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。足(zu)由基(ji)(ji)節(jie)至腿節(jie)末(mo)(mo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)約(yue)1/3處橘(ju)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，其余部分皆黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。腹部第(di)1、2節(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)相(xiang)連(lian)，甚(shen)(shen)(shen)闊，兩(liang)節(jie)側面(mian)(mian)包括耳狀突黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)；第(di)3-9節(jie)具(ju)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)，第(di)3節(jie)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)長(chang)而寬闊，伸展全節(jie)長(chang)，不(bu)與(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)兩(liang)節(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)相(xiang)連(lian)，第(di)4-7節(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)縮短，為各節(jie)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2/3-1/2，基(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)較(jiao)闊，向(xiang)末(mo)(mo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)變尖，第(di)8、9節(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)細線，伸抵該節(jie)全長(chang)，第(di)3-7節(jie)均具(ju)腹緣(yuan)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)，第(di)8、9節(jie)兩(liang)側橘(ju)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)斑(ban)甚(shen)(shen)(shen)大(da)(da)；第(di)10節(jie)橘(ju)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，基(ji)(ji)端(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)1對(dui)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)斑(ban)，端(duan)(duan)(duan)緣(yuan)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)附(fu)(fu)(fu)器(qi)、下肛(gang)附(fu)(fu)(fu)器(qi)均橘(ju)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)附(fu)(fu)(fu)器(qi)外側緣(yuan)有3個(ge)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)圓形(xing)小(xiao)齒，背(bei)面(mian)(mian)觀(guan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)附(fu)(fu)(fu)器(qi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)部向(xiang)內呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三角形(xing)擴大(da)(da)，使上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)附(fu)(fu)(fu)器(qi)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)1對(dui)“7”字形(xing)，末(mo)(mo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)有1個(ge)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)小(xiao)齒；下肛(gang)附(fu)(fu)(fu)器(qi)長(chang)度約(yue)為上(shang)(shang)(shang)肛(gang)附(fu)(fu)(fu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)裂(lie)口呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寬“U”形(xing)。陰囊(nang)(nang)(nang)末(mo)(mo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)生有3個(ge)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)狀突起，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)小(xiao)，末(mo)(mo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)有黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)毛，兩(liang)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，3個(ge)突起之(zhi)(zhi)間為2條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)凹(ao)槽，陽莖的(de)(de)(de)(de)2鞭置放其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；陽莖后(hou)(hou)葉側面(mian)(mian)觀(guan)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)果刀狀，該種依此命名；前(qian)(qian)鉤(gou)(gou)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)支呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鐮刀狀鉤(gou)(gou)曲，后(hou)(hou)支闕如；后(hou)(hou)鉤(gou)(gou)片(pian)(pian)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)狀，末(mo)(mo)端(duan)(duan)(duan)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)角狀突，朝向(xiang)向(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)鉤(gou)(gou)曲。

雌性色彩(cai)與雄性基本相同。下生殖板較(jiao)短，末端中央(yang)有(you)1個大缺(que)刻(ke)。

生活習性

成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)出(chu)(chu)現時間(jian)較早(zao)，4-5月可見。刀(dao)日春蜓一般以卵或稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在水中越冬，少數種類(lei)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)也可冬眠(mian)。刀(dao)日春蜓屬不完(wan)全變態。生活(huo)史只經卵、稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)3個(ge)階(jie)段。各階(jie)段歷期長短不同種類(lei)間(jian)差異很大。卵經過5-230天孵(fu)化出(chu)(chu)包被在薄幾丁質(zhi)膜鞘中的“預稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)”，經幾秒至數十分鐘后，脫去膜鞘進入第二齡期，成(cheng)(cheng)為能(neng)自由活(huo)動于水中的稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)俗稱水蠆(chai)。

刀日春蜓的(de)食物主要(yao)是蜉蝣稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、蚊(wen)類幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或(huo)同類的(de)其他(ta)個(ge)體，甚至蝌蚪及小魚。稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)期要(yao)經9-15齡才能(neng)(neng)發(fa)育成熟。老熟稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)爬(pa)出水(shui)面(mian)，結束了水(shui)中生(sheng)活(huo)，附著(zhu)在石頭、植物或(huo)其他(ta)物體上，脫去外殼(ke)(ke)進入(ru)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)期。剛出來的(de)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)身體柔軟，要(yao)經過數小時或(huo)幾(ji)晝(zhou)夜時間硬化(hua)體殼(ke)(ke)，隨(sui)著(zhu)體液循(xun)環，翅(chi)芽伸張挺直(zhi)，體色與斑紋也逐漸鮮(xian)明，這時刀日春蜓才有能(neng)(neng)力(li)飛離蛻皮處(chu)，到(dao)廣闊天空中翱(ao)翔。

繁殖方式

交(jiao)尾：性成(cheng)(cheng)熟的(de)(de)雄(xiong)(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)交(jiao)尾前，先(xian)使腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部向前彎曲，將第9腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)節生殖孔移(yi)到(dao)第2、3腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)節下面與交(jiao)合器的(de)(de)次(ci)生陽莖(jing)對接，把精包(bao)（由帶狀黏膜(mo)把精子包(bao)纏卷裹形成(cheng)(cheng)）通過(guo)陽莖(jing)貯存于陰囊內。在(zai)完成(cheng)(cheng)精子轉(zhuan)移(yi)之后，雄(xiong)(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)即在(zai)空(kong)中追逐(zhu)雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，并用腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部末端(duan)的(de)(de)肛附器握住雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)相關部位，雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)用六足(zu)抱住雄(xiong)(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部，自動彎曲腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部，把腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)端(duan)生殖孔伸達(da)雄(xiong)(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)第2節與次(ci)生陽莖(jing)對接起(qi)來(lai)，形成(cheng)(cheng)個(ge)環狀串連。

產(chan)卵：交尾結(jie)束后，雌蟲很快產(chan)卵。卵產(chan)在植物(wu)體(ti)內或水中及其(qi)附近物(wu)體(ti)上(shang)。

價值及其他

主要價值

刀日春蜓是有益于(yu)人類的一類重要的天(tian)敵昆蟲和水質環境(jing)的指示昆蟲。

保護現狀

列入《世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物(wu)種紅色(se)名錄(lu)》（IUCN 2007年 ver 3.1）——無危（LC）。