芒果视频下载

基本介紹

刀日春蜓（學名(ming)：Nihonogomphus cultratus）是春蜓科、日春蜓屬(shu)昆(kun)蟲。雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)腹(fu)長36.5毫(hao)米，后翅23毫(hao)米。雌性(xing)(xing)腹(fu)長35毫(hao)米，后翅25毫(hao)米。雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)口器(qi)(qi)(qi)除下(xia)顎(e)和(he)上(shang)顎(e)末(mo)(mo)端黑(hei)褐色(se)(se)外(wai)，全部黃(huang)綠色(se)(se)。臉在前(qian)額與后唇基(ji)之(zhi)間的(de)縫線中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央有1個(ge)(ge)微(wei)細橫(heng)形黑(hei)斑。頭頂在單眼上(shang)方具1條橫(heng)脊(ji)，后頭脊(ji)在前(qian)面觀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央稍微(wei)下(xia)凹。前(qian)胸(xiong)背(bei)板中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央的(de)雙斑甚(shen)大(da)(da)。足由基(ji)節至(zhi)腿節末(mo)(mo)端約(yue)1/3處橘(ju)黃(huang)色(se)(se)，其余部分皆黑(hei)色(se)(se)。腹(fu)部第(di)1、2節背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條紋相(xiang)連(lian)，甚(shen)闊。上(shang)肛附(fu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)外(wai)側緣(yuan)有3個(ge)(ge)黑(hei)色(se)(se)圓(yuan)形小(xiao)齒，背(bei)面觀上(shang)肛附(fu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)端部向內呈三角(jiao)形擴大(da)(da)。陰囊末(mo)(mo)端生有3個(ge)(ge)囊狀(zhuang)突(tu)起，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央的(de)較(jiao)小(xiao)；陽莖后葉側面觀呈水果(guo)刀狀(zhuang)，該種(zhong)依此命名(ming)；前(qian)鉤片(pian)的(de)前(qian)支呈鐮刀狀(zhuang)鉤曲，后支闕如(ru)；后鉤片(pian)囊狀(zhuang)，末(mo)(mo)端呈角(jiao)狀(zhuang)突(tu)，朝(chao)向向中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)方向鉤曲。雌性(xing)(xing)色(se)(se)彩(cai)與雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)基(ji)本相(xiang)同。下(xia)生殖板較(jiao)短(duan)，末(mo)(mo)端中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央有1個(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)缺刻。

分布(bu)于中(zhong)國河南（確山(shan)）。成蟲(chong)出現時間較早，4-5月可見。刀日春蜓一般(ban)在白晝活動(dong)于稚蟲(chong)生活的環境(jing)附近(jin)。常在河塘、溪流處飛(fei)翔(xiang)。刀日春蜓的食(shi)物主(zhu)要是蜉蝣稚蟲(chong)、蚊類幼(you)蟲(chong)或同(tong)類的其他個體，甚(shen)至蝌蚪及(ji)小魚。

生長與分布

棲息環境

稚(zhi)蟲棲息在水(shui)中砂粒(li)、泥水(shui)或(huo)水(shui)草間，少數稚(zhi)蟲生活(huo)在林(lin)地(di)(di)碎屑或(huo)積(ji)水(shui)的(de)樹洞(dong)中或(huo)爬出水(shui)面附著在巖石的(de)水(shui)膜內。刀日春蜓(ting)一般在白(bai)晝活(huo)動于稚(zhi)蟲生活(huo)的(de)環境附近。常在河塘、溪流處飛翔。雌性刀日春蜓(ting)喜(xi)歡待在遠離水(shui)源(yuan)的(de)地(di)(di)方，例如森林(lin)附近，它(ta)在那里更容(rong)易獲(huo)取食物。

分布范圍

分布于(yu)中國河南（確山）。

形態及特征

雄性腹長36.5毫米(mi)(mi)，后(hou)翅23毫米(mi)(mi)。雌性腹長35毫米(mi)(mi)，后(hou)翅25毫米(mi)(mi)。

雄(xiong)性(xing)口器(qi)(qi)(qi)除下(xia)顎和(he)(he)(he)上顎末(mo)端(duan)(duan)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)外，全(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)黃(huang)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)；頭(tou)殼前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)面除上額后(hou)(hou)端(duan)(duan)和(he)(he)(he)頭(tou)頂(ding)（后(hou)(hou)緣(yuan)除外）黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)外，亦全(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)黃(huang)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。臉在(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)額與(yu)后(hou)(hou)唇基(ji)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)縫(feng)(feng)線(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)有(you)1個微(wei)細(xi)橫(heng)(heng)形(xing)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)斑(ban)(ban)；頭(tou)殼后(hou)(hou)方除沿上眼(yan)眶(kuang)有(you)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)橫(heng)(heng)形(xing)闊(kuo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)外，余(yu)皆黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。頭(tou)頂(ding)在(zai)單眼(yan)上方具(ju)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)橫(heng)(heng)脊，后(hou)(hou)頭(tou)脊在(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)面觀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)稍(shao)微(wei)下(xia)凹。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)背(bei)板中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)的(de)(de)(de)雙斑(ban)(ban)甚大(da)(da)，與(yu)側(ce)方甚大(da)(da)黃(huang)斑(ban)(ban)相連。合胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)大(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分黃(huang)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)，領(ling)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)方、合胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)脊上端(duan)(duan)及下(xia)端(duan)(duan)與(yu)領(ling)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相連，沿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)側(ce)縫(feng)(feng)具(ju)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，合胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)脊兩(liang)側(ce)和(he)(he)(he)沿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)側(ce)縫(feng)(feng)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)方煙(yan)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)，合胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)側(ce)面第(di)2條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)在(zai)氣門以下(xia)和(he)(he)(he)甚細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。肩前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)分離，肩前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)上點和(he)(he)(he)肩前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)下(xia)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)甚細(xi)，黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。足由基(ji)節(jie)(jie)(jie)至腿(tui)節(jie)(jie)(jie)末(mo)端(duan)(duan)約(yue)1/3處橘黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)，其(qi)余(yu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分皆黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)第(di)1、2節(jie)(jie)(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相連，甚闊(kuo)，兩(liang)節(jie)(jie)(jie)側(ce)面包括(kuo)耳狀突(tu)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)；第(di)3-9節(jie)(jie)(jie)具(ju)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，第(di)3節(jie)(jie)(jie)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)長而(er)寬(kuan)闊(kuo)，伸展全(quan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)長，不(bu)與(yu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)兩(liang)節(jie)(jie)(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相連，第(di)4-7節(jie)(jie)(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)縮短，為各節(jie)(jie)(jie)長的(de)(de)(de)2/3-1/2，基(ji)方較闊(kuo)，向末(mo)端(duan)(duan)變尖，第(di)8、9節(jie)(jie)(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)呈(cheng)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)細(xi)線(xian)，伸抵該節(jie)(jie)(jie)全(quan)長，第(di)3-7節(jie)(jie)(jie)均具(ju)腹(fu)緣(yuan)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，第(di)8、9節(jie)(jie)(jie)兩(liang)側(ce)橘黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)斑(ban)(ban)甚大(da)(da)；第(di)10節(jie)(jie)(jie)橘黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)，基(ji)端(duan)(duan)是1對(dui)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)斑(ban)(ban)，端(duan)(duan)緣(yuan)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。上肛(gang)(gang)附器(qi)(qi)(qi)、下(xia)肛(gang)(gang)附器(qi)(qi)(qi)均橘黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。上肛(gang)(gang)附器(qi)(qi)(qi)外側(ce)緣(yuan)有(you)3個黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)圓形(xing)小齒，背(bei)面觀上肛(gang)(gang)附器(qi)(qi)(qi)端(duan)(duan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)向內呈(cheng)三角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)擴大(da)(da)，使上肛(gang)(gang)附器(qi)(qi)(qi)呈(cheng)1對(dui)“7”字形(xing)，末(mo)端(duan)(duan)有(you)1個黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)小齒；下(xia)肛(gang)(gang)附器(qi)(qi)(qi)長度約(yue)為上肛(gang)(gang)附器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)1/3，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)裂(lie)口呈(cheng)寬(kuan)“U”形(xing)。陰囊(nang)末(mo)端(duan)(duan)生(sheng)有(you)3個囊(nang)狀突(tu)起，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)的(de)(de)(de)較小，末(mo)端(duan)(duan)有(you)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)毛，兩(liang)側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)較大(da)(da)，3個突(tu)起之間(jian)為2條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)凹槽(cao)，陽莖的(de)(de)(de)2鞭置放(fang)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；陽莖后(hou)(hou)葉側(ce)面觀呈(cheng)水果(guo)刀(dao)狀，該種依此命(ming)名；前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鉤(gou)片的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)支呈(cheng)鐮(lian)刀(dao)狀鉤(gou)曲，后(hou)(hou)支闕如；后(hou)(hou)鉤(gou)片囊(nang)狀，末(mo)端(duan)(duan)呈(cheng)角(jiao)(jiao)狀突(tu)，朝向向中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)方向鉤(gou)曲。

雌性(xing)色彩與雄(xiong)性(xing)基本相(xiang)同。下生殖板較短，末端中央有1個大(da)缺刻。

生活習性

成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)出現時(shi)間(jian)較早，4-5月(yue)可見。刀日春(chun)蜓一般以卵或稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)在水(shui)(shui)中越(yue)冬(dong)，少數種(zhong)類(lei)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)也(ye)可冬(dong)眠。刀日春(chun)蜓屬(shu)不完(wan)全變態。生活(huo)(huo)史只(zhi)經卵、稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)和成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)3個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)。各階(jie)段(duan)歷期長短不同種(zhong)類(lei)間(jian)差(cha)異很(hen)大。卵經過5-230天孵化出包被在薄幾丁質膜(mo)鞘中的(de)(de)“預稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)”，經幾秒至數十分鐘(zhong)后，脫去膜(mo)鞘進(jin)入第二齡期，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)能自由活(huo)(huo)動于水(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)俗稱水(shui)(shui)蠆。

刀(dao)日(ri)春蜓的(de)(de)食物(wu)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)蜉蝣稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)、蚊類幼蟲(chong)(chong)或同(tong)類的(de)(de)其他個體，甚至蝌蚪及小(xiao)魚(yu)。稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)期(qi)要(yao)(yao)經9-15齡(ling)才(cai)能發育成(cheng)熟。老熟稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)爬出水面，結束了水中(zhong)生活，附著在石頭、植物(wu)或其他物(wu)體上(shang)，脫去外殼(ke)(ke)進入成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)期(qi)。剛(gang)出來(lai)的(de)(de)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)身體柔軟，要(yao)(yao)經過數(shu)小(xiao)時(shi)或幾(ji)晝夜(ye)時(shi)間硬化體殼(ke)(ke)，隨著體液(ye)循環，翅芽(ya)伸張挺直，體色(se)與斑紋也逐漸鮮明，這時(shi)刀(dao)日(ri)春蜓才(cai)有(you)能力飛離蛻皮處，到廣闊天空中(zhong)翱翔。

繁殖方式

交尾：性成(cheng)熟的(de)雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)交尾前，先使(shi)腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)向前彎曲(qu)，將第9腹(fu)節生殖(zhi)孔(kong)移(yi)到第2、3腹(fu)節下面與(yu)交合器的(de)次生陽莖(jing)對接，把精(jing)(jing)包（由帶狀(zhuang)黏膜(mo)把精(jing)(jing)子(zi)包纏卷裹形(xing)成(cheng)）通過陽莖(jing)貯(zhu)存于陰囊(nang)內。在(zai)完成(cheng)精(jing)(jing)子(zi)轉(zhuan)移(yi)之后，雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)即在(zai)空中追逐雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，并用腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)末(mo)端(duan)的(de)肛附器握(wo)住雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)相關部(bu)(bu)位(wei)，雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)用六足抱住雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)，自動彎曲(qu)腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)，把腹(fu)端(duan)生殖(zhi)孔(kong)伸達雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)第2節與(yu)次生陽莖(jing)對接起來，形(xing)成(cheng)個(ge)環狀(zhuang)串(chuan)連(lian)。

產卵(luan)：交(jiao)尾結束后，雌蟲很快產卵(luan)。卵(luan)產在植物(wu)體內或水(shui)中(zhong)及其附(fu)近物(wu)體上(shang)。

價值及其他

主要價值

刀日春蜓是有益于人類(lei)的(de)一類(lei)重要(yao)的(de)天(tian)敵昆蟲(chong)和水質環境的(de)指(zhi)示昆蟲(chong)。

保護現狀

列入《世界自(zi)然保護聯(lian)盟(meng)瀕危(wei)(wei)物種紅色名錄》（IUCN 2007年 ver 3.1）——無危(wei)(wei)（LC）。