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基本介紹

深山(shan)閩(min)春(chun)蜓(ting)（學名：Fukienogomphus prometheus）是(shi)春(chun)蜓(ting)科、閩(min)春(chun)蜓(ting)屬(shu)昆蟲(chong)。雄(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)蟲(chong)和(he)雌蟲(chong)腹長(chang)42-46毫(hao)米，后(hou)(hou)翅36-41毫(hao)米。雄(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)蟲(chong)上顎外(wai)面(mian)基方幾乎完全(quan)黃色(se)(se)。上唇通(tong)常(chang)具一對(dui)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)小黃斑(ban)。額橫(heng)紋(wen)甚闊。頭(tou)頂(ding)及(ji)后(hou)(hou)頭(tou)黑(hei)色(se)(se)。前(qian)胸(xiong)背(bei)板(ban)前(qian)區的前(qian)緣黃色(se)(se)，中(zhong)區背(bei)部(bu)中(zhong)央具一對(dui)小圓(yuan)(yuan)斑(ban)。背(bei)條紋(wen)向下(xia)方分(fen)歧，下(xia)端(duan)不(bu)(bu)與領(ling)條紋(wen)相(xiang)連(lian)。通(tong)常(chang)有(you)(you)三角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)肩前(qian)上點(dian)，甚少有(you)(you)肩前(qian)下(xia)條紋(wen)。足(zu)黑(hei)色(se)(se)，前(qian)足(zu)和(he)中(zhong)足(zu)基節外(wai)側具甚大黃斑(ban)。陽莖末(mo)端(duan)為(wei)典型的春(chun)蜓(ting)型。足(zu)較(jiao)長(chang)，伸(shen)抵腹部(bu)第(di)2節基部(bu)，后(hou)(hou)足(zu)腿節密生(sheng)(sheng)兩(liang)排短刺，每排大約42至48根，僅末(mo)端(duan)的2根或3根稍較(jiao)長(chang)。雌蟲(chong)與雄(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)蟲(chong)不(bu)(bu)同處(chu)如下(xia)：頭(tou)頂(ding)具一對(dui)甚大短突(tu)起，位于側單眼(yan)上方，末(mo)端(duan)鈍圓(yuan)(yuan)，兩(liang)突(tu)起之間有(you)(you)一低脊相(xiang)連(lian)，該突(tu)起的外(wai)側另有(you)(you)一個(ge)小突(tu)起，近(jin)于復眼(yan)邊(bian)緣。后(hou)(hou)頭(tou)甚低，后(hou)(hou)頭(tou)緣凹陷(xian)。下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)殖板(ban)短三角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)，它的長(chang)度約為(wei)第(di)9節長(chang)度的1/4，中(zhong)央裂入的深度約為(wei)下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)殖板(ban)長(chang)度之半。第(di)9節腹面(mian)具一對(dui)長(chang)三角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)骨片。

分布(bu)于中國福建（武夷(yi)山、邵武、建陽、仙(xian)游(you)、永安、長汀）、臺灣、廣東(dong)。深山閩春蜓一般在白晝活(huo)動于稚(zhi)蟲(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)的環境附(fu)近。常在河塘、溪流處飛翔。深山閩春蜓的食物主(zhu)要是蜉蝣稚(zhi)蟲(chong)、蚊類(lei)幼蟲(chong)或同類(lei)的其(qi)他個體，甚至(zhi)蝌蚪及小魚。

生長與分布

棲息環境

稚(zhi)蟲棲息(xi)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)砂粒、泥水(shui)(shui)(shui)或水(shui)(shui)(shui)草間(jian)，少數(shu)稚(zhi)蟲生活在(zai)林(lin)地碎屑(xie)或積水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)樹洞中(zhong)(zhong)或爬出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)附著(zhu)在(zai)巖石的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)內。深山閩(min)春蜓一(yi)般在(zai)白晝活動于(yu)稚(zhi)蟲生活的(de)環境附近(jin)。常在(zai)河(he)塘、溪流處飛翔。雌性深山閩(min)春蜓喜歡(huan)待在(zai)遠(yuan)離水(shui)(shui)(shui)源的(de)地方，例如(ru)森林(lin)附近(jin)，它在(zai)那里更容易獲取食物。

分布范圍

分布于中國(guo)福(fu)建（武夷山(shan)、邵武、建陽、仙游(you)、永安(an)、長汀）、海(hai)南、浙(zhe)江、臺灣(wan)、廣(guang)東。

形態及特征

雄蟲(chong)和雌蟲(chong)腹長(chang)42-46毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，后翅36-41毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。

雄蟲

雄蟲上(shang)顎(e)外(wai)面基方(fang)(fang)幾乎完(wan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)。上(shang)唇通(tong)常具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)對(dui)圓形小(xiao)黃(huang)(huang)斑(ban)(ban)，甚(shen)少具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)對(dui)大斑(ban)(ban)或(huo)(huo)完(wan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)無斑(ban)(ban)。額(e)橫(heng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)甚(shen)闊。頭頂及(ji)后(hou)頭黑色(se)(se)(se)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)背(bei)板(ban)前(qian)(qian)(qian)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)(qian)緣黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)背(bei)部(bu)(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)對(dui)小(xiao)圓斑(ban)(ban)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)由一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)細(xi)黑線分(fen)(fen)(fen)隔。領條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央間(jian)斷；合胸(xiong)脊具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)斑(ban)(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，不(bu)(bu)與領條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相(xiang)連(lian)。背(bei)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)向下(xia)方(fang)(fang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)歧，下(xia)端(duan)不(bu)(bu)與領條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相(xiang)連(lian)。通(tong)常有(you)三角形肩(jian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)上(shang)點，甚(shen)少有(you)肩(jian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)下(xia)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)；合胸(xiong)側(ce)(ce)方(fang)(fang)通(tong)常無條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，或(huo)(huo)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及(ji)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)間(jian)斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離(li)甚(shen)遠，甚(shen)少細(xi)窄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)完(wan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或(huo)(huo)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2及(ji)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)均完(wan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。足(zu)(zu)黑色(se)(se)(se)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)足(zu)(zu)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)足(zu)(zu)基節(jie)(jie)(jie)外(wai)側(ce)(ce)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)甚(shen)大黃(huang)(huang)斑(ban)(ban)。在(zai)(zai)幼嫩標(biao)本翅(chi)基至弓脈(mo)處呈金(jin)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)；但(dan)在(zai)(zai)較老(lao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)本金(jin)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍較小(xiao)，顏色(se)(se)(se)亦較淺(qian)。腹(fu)(fu)部(bu)(bu)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1節(jie)(jie)(jie)背(bei)面具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)甚(shen)大三角形黃(huang)(huang)斑(ban)(ban)，側(ce)(ce)方(fang)(fang)大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)；第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2節(jie)(jie)(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)基部(bu)(bu)寬，向末(mo)端(duan)漸細(xi)，伸抵該(gai)(gai)節(jie)(jie)(jie)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)長，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)有(you)兩(liang)處縊(yi)縮，該(gai)(gai)節(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側(ce)(ce)方(fang)(fang)包含耳狀突(tu)(tu)大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)，在(zai)(zai)耳狀突(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)方(fang)(fang)由上(shang)方(fang)(fang)有(you)黑色(se)(se)(se)楔入(ru)；第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2節(jie)(jie)(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)甚(shen)細(xi)，約(yue)略(lve)伸抵該(gai)(gai)節(jie)(jie)(jie)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)長，基側(ce)(ce)方(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)亞基橫(heng)脊之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)甚(shen)大黃(huang)(huang)斑(ban)(ban)；第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)4-7節(jie)(jie)(jie)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)相(xiang)似斑(ban)(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，但(dan)向后(hou)方(fang)(fang)各節(jie)(jie)(jie)逐(zhu)漸細(xi)小(xiao)；第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)8節(jie)(jie)(jie)背(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)長度(du)約(yue)為(wei)該(gai)(gai)節(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3；第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)8節(jie)(jie)(jie)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)9節(jie)(jie)(jie)側(ce)(ce)面后(hou)方(fang)(fang)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)“U”字(zi)形斑(ban)(ban)，“U”字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臂朝向前(qian)(qian)(qian)方(fang)(fang)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)8節(jie)(jie)(jie)“U”字(zi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臂彎向內方(fang)(fang)，形成不(bu)(bu)完(wan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圈形紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)；第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3-6節(jie)(jie)(jie)背(bei)板(ban)腹(fu)(fu)緣黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)10節(jie)(jie)(jie)黑色(se)(se)(se)。上(shang)肛附器牙黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)，但(dan)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)末(mo)端(duan)、它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內方(fang)(fang)、四邊(bian)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)和(he)它(ta)基部(bu)(bu)外(wai)方(fang)(fang)尖齒(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)末(mo)端(duan)黑色(se)(se)(se)。下(xia)肛附器黑色(se)(se)(se)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)翅(chi)結(jie)前(qian)(qian)(qian)橫(heng)脈(mo)15-18條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，后(hou)翅(chi)13-15條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)；前(qian)(qian)(qian)翅(chi)結(jie)后(hou)橫(heng)脈(mo)13至15條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，后(hou)翅(chi)12-16條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)翅(chi)在(zai)(zai)弓脈(mo)與叉(cha)脈(mo)之(zhi)間(jian)通(tong)常具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)4或(huo)(huo)5條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)橫(heng)脈(mo)，甚(shen)少3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，后(hou)翅(chi)在(zai)(zai)此處僅有(you)1-3條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)橫(heng)脈(mo)。三角室(shi)偶爾具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)橫(heng)脈(mo)。陽莖末(mo)端(duan)為(wei)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)春蜓(ting)型(xing)。足(zu)(zu)較長，伸抵腹(fu)(fu)部(bu)(bu)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2節(jie)(jie)(jie)基部(bu)(bu)，后(hou)足(zu)(zu)腿節(jie)(jie)(jie)密生兩(liang)排(pai)短刺，每排(pai)大約(yue)42至48根(gen)，僅末(mo)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2根(gen)或(huo)(huo)3根(gen)稍(shao)較長。

雌蟲

雌蟲與雄蟲不同處(chu)如(ru)下：頭(tou)頂具一對(dui)甚大短突起(qi)，位于(yu)側單眼上方，末端鈍圓，兩突起(qi)之間(jian)有(you)一低脊相連(lian)，該突起(qi)的外側另有(you)一個(ge)小突起(qi)，近于(yu)復眼邊緣(yuan)。后頭(tou)甚低，后頭(tou)緣(yuan)凹陷(xian)。下生殖板短三角(jiao)形，它(ta)的長度約為(wei)第(di)9節(jie)長度的1/4，中央(yang)裂入(ru)的深度約為(wei)下生殖板長度之半。第(di)9節(jie)腹面具一對(dui)長三角(jiao)形骨片。

生活習性

深(shen)山閩春(chun)蜓(ting)(ting)一般以卵或稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)在水中(zhong)(zhong)越冬(dong)，少數種類成(cheng)蟲(chong)也可冬(dong)眠。深(shen)山閩春(chun)蜓(ting)(ting)屬不(bu)完全變(bian)態。生活史只(zhi)經(jing)卵、稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)和成(cheng)蟲(chong)3個階(jie)段(duan)。各(ge)階(jie)段(duan)歷期(qi)長(chang)短不(bu)同種類間(jian)差異很大。卵經(jing)過5-230天孵(fu)化(hua)出包(bao)被在薄幾丁質膜鞘中(zhong)(zhong)的“預稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)”，經(jing)幾秒至數十分鐘后，脫去膜鞘進入第二齡期(qi)，成(cheng)為能自由活動于水中(zhong)(zhong)的稚(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)俗(su)稱水蠆。

深山閩春蜓的食(shi)物(wu)(wu)主要(yao)是蜉蝣稚(zhi)蟲、蚊(wen)類(lei)幼(you)蟲或同類(lei)的其他個體(ti)，甚至蝌(ke)蚪及小(xiao)魚。稚(zhi)蟲期要(yao)經9-15齡才能(neng)發(fa)育成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)。老熟(shu)稚(zhi)蟲爬出(chu)水面，結束了水中(zhong)(zhong)生活，附著在石頭(tou)、植物(wu)(wu)或其他物(wu)(wu)體(ti)上，脫(tuo)去(qu)外殼進入成(cheng)(cheng)蟲期。剛出(chu)來的成(cheng)(cheng)蟲身體(ti)柔軟，要(yao)經過(guo)數小(xiao)時或幾晝夜時間(jian)硬化體(ti)殼，隨(sui)著體(ti)液循環，翅芽伸張挺直(zhi)，體(ti)色與斑紋也逐漸鮮明，這時深山閩春蜓才有能(neng)力飛(fei)離蛻皮處，到廣闊天空中(zhong)(zhong)翱翔。

繁殖方式

交尾：性成(cheng)(cheng)熟的(de)雄蟲在(zai)交尾前，先使腹(fu)部(bu)向前彎曲，將第(di)9腹(fu)節生殖孔移(yi)到第(di)2、3腹(fu)節下面與交合(he)器(qi)的(de)次生陽(yang)莖(jing)對(dui)接，把精(jing)包（由(you)帶狀(zhuang)黏膜把精(jing)子包纏卷裹形成(cheng)(cheng)）通(tong)過陽(yang)莖(jing)貯存于陰囊內。在(zai)完成(cheng)(cheng)精(jing)子轉移(yi)之后，雄蟲即在(zai)空中追逐雌蟲，并用(yong)腹(fu)部(bu)末端的(de)肛附器(qi)握住雌蟲的(de)相關部(bu)位，雌蟲用(yong)六足抱(bao)住雄蟲的(de)腹(fu)部(bu)，自動彎曲腹(fu)部(bu)，把腹(fu)端生殖孔伸達雄蟲第(di)2節與次生陽(yang)莖(jing)對(dui)接起來，形成(cheng)(cheng)個(ge)環狀(zhuang)串連。

產卵(luan)：交(jiao)尾結束后(hou)，雌蟲很(hen)快(kuai)產卵(luan)。卵(luan)產在植物體(ti)內或水中及(ji)其(qi)附近物體(ti)上。

價值及其他

保護現狀

列入《世界(jie)自然(ran)保(bao)護聯盟瀕危物(wu)種紅色名錄》（IUCN 2010年(nian) ver 3.1）——無危（LC）。

主要價值

深山閩春蜓是有(you)益于人類的(de)一類重要(yao)的(de)天敵(di)昆蟲(chong)和水質環境的(de)指示昆蟲(chong)。