歷史沿革
鄒城(cheng)市鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)是一座歷(li)史名山(shan)(shan),春秋(qiu)時(shi)(shi)代(dai),邾(zhu)魯(lu)在此會盟,孔子(zi)也(ye)曾登(deng)臨,國家一級文物西周龍首(shou)青銅鉞就發(fa)現于此山(shan)(shan)下(xia),山(shan)(shan)前(qian)的大律村曾發(fa)現大量(liang)遠古石(shi)蓋墓群,唐太宗在此征(zheng)討高(gao)麗反(fan)叛勢力被圍,山(shan)(shan)大王吳啟(ji)為其救(jiu)駕,公元1134年(南(nan)宋紹(shao)興四年),楊么義軍曾以此山(shan)(shan)為依(yi)托抗(kang)擊金兵,清代(dai)僧格(ge)林(lin)沁親王在此平定白蓮教亂;抗(kang)戰時(shi)(shi)期,我抗(kang)日武(wu)裝(zhuang)在此多(duo)次打敗敵人(ren)。
《兗(yan)州府志》、鄒(zou)縣諸志及鳳凰(huang)山(shan)唐(tang)(tang)宋金元殘碑載(zai)文,鳳凰(huang)山(shan)在隋唐(tang)(tang)至(zhi)明清時稱巨(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan),見圖(巨(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)神祠碑記)。明代方(fang)志認為因(yin)其高大(da)過(guo)于群山(shan),故云“距(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)”。
清道光以(yi)來(lai)鳳凰(huang)山一帶出土的伯俞父諸(zhu)器等(deng)邾(zhu)(zhu)國青(qing)銅器讓人想象該地是(shi)古邾(zhu)(zhu)國都邑的可能(neng)性,為(wei)研究該山名稱的演化提供了新的空間。其中龍(long)首銅鉞銘文中有“於(wu)取(qu)子錘鑄元喬”等(deng)字,“取(qu)子”即(ji)邾(zhu)(zhu)子,槪因(yin)古人注重音治,同(tong)音通(tong)用(yong)。左傳載,“魯僖公三十三年(前627年)伐(fa)邾(zhu)(zhu)婁(lou)(lou),取(qu)訾婁(lou)(lou)”導致邾(zhu)(zhu)國西遷邾(zhu)(zhu)瑕繼則(ze)文公遷繹。訾婁(lou)(lou)后為(wei)魯叔梁(liang)紇治邑。
清康(kang)熙十二年(1673)修(xiu)《鄒(zou)縣志(zhi)·祠廟(miao)志(zhi)》記(ji)載:“大王(wang)廟(miao)在(zai)羅(luo)頭社巨(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)陽。傳諸父老曰:‘唐太宗(zong)皇帝(di)東(dong)(dong)(dong)征,陷于(yu)巨(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)下(xia)。有(you)神人相(xiang)助(zhu),敵人大敗(bai)。問其姓(xing)名,曰:吾吳(wu)啟(qi)(ji)也(ye)。感公(gong)有(you)濟(ji)世安(an)民之(zhi)志(zhi)特來(lai)相(xiang)助(zhu)。’言畢乘風而(er)去。后(hou)唐帝(di)封為大王(wang),于(yu)巨(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)下(xia)建祠祀之(zhi),壁間有(you)唐碑文。后(hou)有(you)金遼重修(xiu),碑文俱存。設有(you)春秋祭(ji)典,歷代踵而(er)行之(zhi)。至明末崇(chong)禎十三(san)年間,歲兇(xiong)寇亂,百姓(xing)流離,其典始廢,廟(miao)宇(yu)猶存。”因清康(kang)熙五十四年《鄒(zou)縣志(zhi)》圖將鳳凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)標注為‘商山(shan)(shan)’。所以清光緒(xu)三(san)十三(san)年胡煒修(xiu)《鄉土志(zhi)》載,商山(shan)(shan),一名鳳凰(huang)山(shan)(shan),在(zai)城東(dong)(dong)(dong)北七十五里羅(luo)頭社辛莊山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)左。山(shan)(shan)外土而(er)內石,圓頂(ding)修(xiu)尾(wei),左右作雙翼狀。東(dong)(dong)(dong)麓有(you)明魯(lu)王(wang)陵。山(shan)(shan)南有(you)大王(wang)廟(miao),壁有(you)唐碑記(ji)及金遼重修(xiu)碑。
清(qing)道光十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)董純《鄒(zou)縣(xian)志稿(gao)》云:金巨越山(shan)大(da)王廟碑在城東,無年(nian)(nian)(nian)月(yue)。清(qing)光緒十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)吳若灝(hao)《鄒(zou)縣(xian)續志》鄒(zou)縣(xian)疆域(yu)界地圖稱鳳凰(huang)山(shan)。有鳳凰(huang)山(shan)大(da)王窩和大(da)律村(cun)編入鄒(zou)縣(xian)辛(xin)莊縣(xian)丞署圖。大(da)律一帶民(min)俗,大(da)王窩廟會在每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)陰歷(li)二月(yue)十五日。崇拜對象是山(shan)大(da)王老爺即(ji)為(wei)唐王救駕(jia)的吳啟(ji)大(da)王。宣統三年(nian)(nian)(nian)《山(shan)東通志》稱鳳凰(huang)山(shan)。民(min)國二十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)陳壽卿《續修鄒(zou)縣(xian)志稿(gao)》載,同(tong)治(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(韓(han)大(da)鵬(peng))倡議出疏募(mu)資(zi),于鳳凰(huang)山(shan)建忠親王祠,撰文志剿匪功德(de),并有吊忠親王詩。其遺跡即(ji)今鳳凰(huang)山(shan)與平山(shan)之間(jian)山(shan)口道旁(pang)碑帽及古柏(bo)處。
但(dan)有(you)時偶然還會誤(wu)寫成巨(ju)越(yue)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),如:《鄒(zou)(zou)(zou)縣(xian)(xian)續志(zhi)》載(zai),“順治初,巨(ju)越(yue)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)賊欲誘脅之,叩門求(qiu)火(huo)(huo)。(曹)安祚知為賊,扃(jiong)如故(gu)。以大(da)石臼(jiu)置火(huo)(huo)炭,手(shou)舉于墻(qiang)上與之。賊大(da)驚,相(xiang)顧失色(se)而去。……”光緒(xu)(1875—1908)三(san)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)胡煒《鄉土志(zhi)·鄒(zou)(zou)(zou)縣(xian)(xian)地輿(yu)全圖(tu)》稱岠(ju)越(yue)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(見附圖(tu)),民(min)國(guo)31年(nian)(nian)張丕矩《山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東鄒(zou)(zou)(zou)縣(xian)(xian)地理(li)志(zhi)》仍稱巨(ju)越(yue)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。民(min)國(guo)《鄒(zou)(zou)(zou)縣(xian)(xian)新志(zhi)》載(zai),唐巨(ju)越(yue)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)王廟(miao)碑,唐天寶十五載(zai),在大(da)王廟(miao)東墻(qiang)下(xia),常選(xuan)撰文(wen)。元巨(ju)越(yue)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)神祠(ci)碑,大(da)德(de)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)。
但直到民(min)國鄒(zou)縣(xian)(xian)官(guan)方及(ji)民(min)間(jian)仍不(bu)乏將(jiang)鳳凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)稱巨(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)的。《中華民(min)國省區全志(zhi)》1919年山(shan)(shan)東各縣(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)土(tu)調查錄(lu)鄒(zou)縣(xian)(xian)《山(shan)(shan)川(chuan)》部分(fen)仍將(jiang)今(jin)鳳凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)稱:巨(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan),……上(shang)層(ceng)系(xi)水(shui)成(cheng)巖(yan),下層(ceng)系(xi)火成(cheng)巖(yan)。……沂河發源于巨(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)一帶(dai),西流入曲阜境(jing)。1937年記者平凡著《鄒(zou)縣(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)土(tu)調查》載(zai),巨(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)有(you)唐開元(yuan)碑。民(min)國時期《廟(miao)(miao)(miao)產登(deng)記條例》公(gong)布,地方政府(fu)(fu)核定大(da)王廟(miao)(miao)(miao)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)產規定,“巨(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)封界:上(shang)至(zhi)(zhi)經剛灶,東至(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)水(shui)嶺,西至(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)水(shui)嶺,下至(zhi)(zhi)東西路,如(ru)有(you)犯山(shan)(shan)者,罰銀(yin)一兩(liang)二。”可見民(min)國時期,地方政府(fu)(fu)仍將(jiang)今(jin)天的鳳凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)稱為巨(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)。
鳳凰山大(da)王(wang)廟及開元(yuan)寺(si)創建年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)在(zai)唐(tang)天寶年(nian)(nian)(nian)(742年(nian)(nian)(nian)—756年(nian)(nian)(nian))間(jian),距(ju)今(jin)近1300年(nian)(nian)(nian),金代(dai)(dai)重修距(ju)今(jin)也(ye)超800年(nian)(nian)(nian),明代(dai)(dai)重修鉅山寺(si)距(ju)今(jin)也(ye)有(you)600年(nian)(nian)(nian)。鄒城(cheng)孟(meng)廟建于(yu)(yu)宋(song)景佑四年(nian)(nian)(nian)即1037年(nian)(nian)(nian),于(yu)(yu)宣和(he)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1121年(nian)(nian)(nian))遷建于(yu)(yu)現鄒城(cheng)市(shi)南關,西與孟(meng)府毗鄰。也(ye)就是說大(da)王(wang)廟創建年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)比孟(meng)廟早近400年(nian)(nian)(nian)。鳳凰山下新興寺(si)建于(yu)(yu)宋(song)代(dai)(dai),與孟(meng)廟屬同一(yi)個年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)。由于(yu)(yu)鳳凰山一(yi)帶(dai)居于(yu)(yu)鄒騰費諸縣之交,遠離縣城(cheng),交通不便,其歷史和(he)人文景觀一(yi)直被忽視而沒有(you)詳載(zai)歷史。所以(yi),明萬歷三(san)十九年(nian)(nian)(nian)胡繼先《鄒縣志》有(you)“鄒之古碑(bei)(bei)無漢唐(tang)”之說。實際上鳳凰山一(yi)帶(dai)的唐(tang)宋(song)金元(yuan)碑(bei)(bei)刻(ke)一(yi)直佇立著。
鄒城(cheng)市鳳凰山(shan)(shan)一帶是古代兗(yan)州最主要(yao)的文(wen)化(hua)和宗教圣地,魯(lu)南最高的山(shan)(shan)脈,在鄒縣境內與嶧山(shan)(shan)、鳧山(shan)(shan)成三足鼎(ding)立之勢,是鄒東重(zhong)要(yao)的山(shan)(shan)岳文(wen)化(hua)發祥地。
鄒城(cheng)市鳳凰山,屬先(xian)秦(qin)鄒山系(xi)列,唐至清(qing)末稱(cheng)巨越山,民間傳說眾多,歷史文(wen)(wen)化遺產豐(feng)富,古有“四(si)寺一廟”,唐宋(song)至民國(guo)碑(bei)刻眾多,其山陽唐窟開元(yuan)大佛,名滿(man)鄒魯,是(shi)鄒東山岳文(wen)(wen)化的重要發源地,自古被稱(cheng)為“鄒地之望(wang)”。它位于鄒城(cheng)東北(bei)35公里(li)(li),田黃、城(cheng)前(qian)、張(zhang)莊三鎮的交(jiao)界處。山勢峻峭挺拔(ba),西北(bei)東南走向(xiang),綿亙(gen)12公里(li)(li),面積約20平方公里(li)(li),主峰(feng)(feng)鳳凰頂,海拔(ba)648.8米,是(shi)鄒魯最(zui)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)。且具廬(lu)山“橫看成(cheng)嶺側(ce)成(cheng)峰(feng)(feng)”之妙,古人稱(cheng)其“坐觀(guan)鄒魯……俯瞰徐滕”。 ?
地理位置
山東(dong)省(sheng)鄒城市(shi)張莊鎮(zhen)大律村