歷史沿革
鄒城市鳳凰山是一(yi)座歷(li)史名(ming)山,春秋時(shi)代,邾魯在此(ci)會盟,孔子也曾登臨,國(guo)家一(yi)級文物西周龍首青銅鉞就發(fa)(fa)現(xian)于此(ci)山下,山前的大律(lv)村曾發(fa)(fa)現(xian)大量遠古石蓋墓群,唐太宗在此(ci)征討高麗反叛勢力被圍,山大王吳啟(ji)為(wei)其救(jiu)駕,公元1134年(南宋紹(shao)興四年),楊么(me)義軍曾以此(ci)山為(wei)依(yi)托抗擊金兵,清代僧格林(lin)沁親王在此(ci)平定白蓮教亂;抗戰時(shi)期(qi),我抗日武裝(zhuang)在此(ci)多次打敗敵人。
《兗州府志(zhi)》、鄒縣諸志(zhi)及鳳(feng)凰(huang)(huang)山唐(tang)宋金元殘碑載文,鳳(feng)凰(huang)(huang)山在(zai)隋唐(tang)至明清(qing)時稱巨越山,見圖(巨越山神祠碑記(ji))。明代方志(zhi)認(ren)為因其高大過(guo)于群山,故云(yun)“距越山”。
清道(dao)光以來鳳凰山一帶出(chu)土的伯俞父諸器等邾(zhu)國青銅器讓人想(xiang)象該(gai)地(di)是古邾(zhu)國都邑(yi)的可能性,為研究該(gai)山名稱的演化(hua)提(ti)供了新的空(kong)間(jian)。其(qi)中(zhong)龍首銅鉞銘文(wen)中(zhong)有“於取(qu)(qu)子(zi)錘(chui)鑄元喬(qiao)”等字,“取(qu)(qu)子(zi)”即邾(zhu)子(zi),槪因古人注重音(yin)治,同音(yin)通用。左傳載,“魯僖公三十三年(nian)(前627年(nian))伐邾(zhu)婁(lou)(lou)(lou),取(qu)(qu)訾婁(lou)(lou)(lou)”導致邾(zhu)國西(xi)遷邾(zhu)瑕繼則文(wen)公遷繹。訾婁(lou)(lou)(lou)后為魯叔梁紇治邑(yi)。
清(qing)康熙十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(1673)修(xiu)《鄒(zou)縣志(zhi)·祠廟志(zhi)》記載:“大(da)(da)王(wang)廟在羅頭社巨(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之陽。傳諸父老曰(yue):‘唐太宗皇帝(di)東征(zheng),陷于巨(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)下。有(you)(you)(you)神人(ren)相(xiang)助(zhu),敵(di)人(ren)大(da)(da)敗。問其(qi)姓名,曰(yue):吾吳啟(ji)也。感(gan)公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)濟世安民之志(zhi)特來相(xiang)助(zhu)。’言畢乘風(feng)而去(qu)。后唐帝(di)封(feng)為(wei)大(da)(da)王(wang),于巨(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)下建祠祀之,壁間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)唐碑(bei)(bei)(bei)文。后有(you)(you)(you)金遼重(zhong)修(xiu),碑(bei)(bei)(bei)文俱存。設有(you)(you)(you)春秋祭典(dian),歷代踵而行之。至明末崇禎(zhen)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三年間(jian),歲兇寇(kou)亂,百姓流離,其(qi)典(dian)始廢,廟宇猶存。”因(yin)清(qing)康熙五十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年《鄒(zou)縣志(zhi)》圖將鳳凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)標注(zhu)為(wei)‘商(shang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)’。所以(yi)清(qing)光緒(xu)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)三年胡煒修(xiu)《鄉(xiang)土(tu)志(zhi)》載,商(shang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),一名鳳凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),在城(cheng)東北七十(shi)(shi)(shi)五里(li)羅頭社辛莊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之左。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)外土(tu)而內石,圓頂(ding)修(xiu)尾,左右作雙翼狀。東麓(lu)有(you)(you)(you)明魯王(wang)陵。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)南有(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)王(wang)廟,壁有(you)(you)(you)唐碑(bei)(bei)(bei)記及金遼重(zhong)修(xiu)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)。
清道光(guang)十四年(nian)董純《鄒縣志稿》云:金巨越山(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)王(wang)廟碑在城東(dong),無年(nian)月。清光(guang)緒十八(ba)年(nian)吳(wu)若灝《鄒縣續(xu)志》鄒縣疆(jiang)域界地圖(tu)(tu)稱(cheng)(cheng)鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。有(you)(you)鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)王(wang)窩(wo)和大(da)律村編入(ru)鄒縣辛(xin)莊縣丞署圖(tu)(tu)。大(da)律一帶民俗,大(da)王(wang)窩(wo)廟會在每年(nian)陰歷二月十五(wu)日。崇拜對(dui)象是山(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)王(wang)老爺即為(wei)唐王(wang)救(jiu)駕(jia)的吳(wu)啟(ji)大(da)王(wang)。宣統三年(nian)《山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)通(tong)志》稱(cheng)(cheng)鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。民國二十四年(nian)陳壽(shou)卿《續(xu)修(xiu)鄒縣志稿》載,同治年(nian)(韓大(da)鵬)倡議出(chu)疏募資,于(yu)鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)建忠親王(wang)祠,撰文志剿(jiao)匪(fei)功德,并有(you)(you)吊(diao)忠親王(wang)詩(shi)。其遺跡即今鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)與平山(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)間(jian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)口道旁碑帽及(ji)古(gu)柏處(chu)。
但有時偶然還會誤寫成巨(ju)(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan),如(ru):《鄒縣續志》載(zai),“順治初,巨(ju)(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)賊欲誘(you)脅之,叩門(men)求火。(曹)安祚知為賊,扃如(ru)故。以大(da)石臼置火炭(tan),手(shou)舉于墻上與之。賊大(da)驚,相(xiang)顧失色而去。……”光緒(1875—1908)三(san)十(shi)三(san)年胡煒《鄉土志·鄒縣地輿全圖》稱(cheng)岠越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)(見附圖),民(min)國31年張丕矩《山(shan)(shan)東鄒縣地理志》仍稱(cheng)巨(ju)(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)。民(min)國《鄒縣新志》載(zai),唐巨(ju)(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)大(da)王(wang)廟(miao)碑(bei),唐天寶十(shi)五(wu)載(zai),在大(da)王(wang)廟(miao)東墻下,常(chang)選撰文(wen)。元(yuan)巨(ju)(ju)越(yue)(yue)山(shan)(shan)神祠碑(bei),大(da)德六(liu)年。
但(dan)直到民(min)國鄒(zou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)官方及民(min)間仍不乏(fa)將鳳(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)稱巨(ju)(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)。《中華民(min)國省區全志》1919年(nian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東各縣(xian)(xian)(xian)鄉土(tu)調(diao)查錄鄒(zou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)《山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)川》部分仍將今(jin)鳳(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)稱:巨(ju)(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),……上層(ceng)系(xi)(xi)水(shui)成巖(yan),下層(ceng)系(xi)(xi)火成巖(yan)。……沂(yi)河發(fa)源(yuan)于巨(ju)(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)一帶,西流入曲阜境(jing)。1937年(nian)記(ji)者(zhe)平凡著《鄒(zou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)鄉土(tu)調(diao)查》載,巨(ju)(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)有唐開元碑(bei)。民(min)國時(shi)期(qi)《廟產(chan)登記(ji)條例》公布,地(di)方政府核(he)定(ding)大王廟廟產(chan)規(gui)定(ding),“巨(ju)(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)封界:上至(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)剛(gang)灶,東至(zhi)(zhi)分水(shui)嶺,西至(zhi)(zhi)分水(shui)嶺,下至(zhi)(zhi)東西路,如有犯山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe),罰銀一兩二。”可見民(min)國時(shi)期(qi),地(di)方政府仍將今(jin)天的(de)(de)鳳(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)稱為巨(ju)(ju)(ju)越山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。
鳳(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)大(da)王(wang)廟及開元寺(si)創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)在(zai)唐(tang)(tang)天寶年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(742年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—756年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))間,距今近1300年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),金(jin)代(dai)重修(xiu)距今也超800年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),明(ming)代(dai)重修(xiu)鉅山(shan)(shan)寺(si)距今也有600年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。鄒(zou)城(cheng)孟(meng)廟建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)宋景佑四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)即1037年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),于(yu)(yu)宣和(he)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1121年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))遷建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)現(xian)鄒(zou)城(cheng)市南(nan)關(guan),西與孟(meng)府毗鄰。也就(jiu)是說(shuo)大(da)王(wang)廟創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)比孟(meng)廟早近400年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。鳳(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)下新興寺(si)建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)宋代(dai),與孟(meng)廟屬同一(yi)個年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)。由于(yu)(yu)鳳(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)一(yi)帶居于(yu)(yu)鄒(zou)騰費(fei)諸縣之交(jiao),遠離(li)縣城(cheng),交(jiao)通不便,其(qi)歷史和(he)人文景觀一(yi)直被忽視而沒有詳載歷史。所以(yi),明(ming)萬歷三(san)十九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)胡繼先《鄒(zou)縣志》有“鄒(zou)之古碑無漢唐(tang)(tang)”之說(shuo)。實際上鳳(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)一(yi)帶的唐(tang)(tang)宋金(jin)元碑刻一(yi)直佇立著。
鄒城市(shi)鳳凰山一帶(dai)是古代兗(yan)州最主要(yao)的(de)文化和宗教圣(sheng)地,魯南(nan)最高(gao)的(de)山脈,在鄒縣境(jing)內與嶧(yi)山、鳧山成三足鼎立之勢(shi),是鄒東(dong)重要(yao)的(de)山岳文化發祥地。
鄒(zou)城(cheng)市(shi)鳳凰山,屬先秦(qin)鄒(zou)山系列,唐(tang)至清(qing)末稱巨(ju)越山,民間傳說眾(zhong)多,歷史文化遺產(chan)豐富,古(gu)(gu)有“四寺一廟”,唐(tang)宋至民國碑刻(ke)眾(zhong)多,其山陽唐(tang)窟開元大佛(fo),名滿鄒(zou)魯,是鄒(zou)東山岳文化的重要(yao)發(fa)源地,自古(gu)(gu)被稱為“鄒(zou)地之望”。它位于鄒(zou)城(cheng)東北(bei)35公(gong)里,田黃、城(cheng)前、張莊三(san)鎮的交(jiao)界處(chu)。山勢峻峭(qiao)挺拔,西(xi)北(bei)東南(nan)走向(xiang),綿(mian)亙(gen)12公(gong)里,面積約20平方(fang)公(gong)里,主峰鳳凰頂,海拔648.8米,是鄒(zou)魯最高峰。且具廬山“橫看(kan)成嶺側成峰”之妙,古(gu)(gu)人稱其“坐觀鄒(zou)魯……俯瞰徐(xu)滕”。 ?
地理位置
山(shan)東省鄒城(cheng)市張莊(zhuang)鎮大律村