青(qing)城(cheng)文昌閣(ge)又名(ming)魁(kui)星樓,位于山東省淄博(bo)市高青(qing)縣青(qing)城(cheng)鎮,原是(shi)古代一處祭祀(si)文昌帝(di)君的場所。1991年(nian)(nian)版《高青(qing)縣志》記載,清乾(qian)隆元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1736年(nian)(nian)),由64名(ming)文、武(wu)生員(yuan)集資在青(qing)城(cheng)十(shi)字街修筑(zhu)“文臺(tai)”;清乾(qian)隆二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1756年(nian)(nian))建(jian)成文昌閣(ge);道光二十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1841年(nian)(nian)),青(qing)城(cheng)知縣張維垣捐(juan)資,并(bing)聯合當地鄉(xiang)紳集資重(zhong)修。
文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣屬(shu)于(yu)中國(guo)道(dao)(dao)教建筑。所(suo)(suo)祀文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)帝(di)君又名(ming)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)曲星(xing)”、“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)星(xing)”,是中國(guo)古代神話中主宰功(gong)名(ming)祿(lu)位的(de)神靈,后來(lai)為道(dao)(dao)教所(suo)(suo)承襲。舊時(shi)多為知識分(fen)子所(suo)(suo)崇祀,以為可(ke)以保(bao)功(gong)名(ming)。元(yuan)仁(ren)宗延(yan)祐三年(公元(yuan)1316年),將(jiang)梓橦帝(di)君加封為“輔元(yuan)開化(hua)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)司(si)祿(lu)宏(hong)仁(ren)帝(di)君”以后,兩(liang)(liang)者(zhe)遂合而為一。由于(yu)這些緣(yuan)故,歷代封建文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)人對其頂(ding)禮膜拜(bai)。在(zai)中國(guo)傳統文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)中,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)與關(guan)帝(di)一道(dao)(dao)被尊稱為“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)武(wu)二圣(sheng)”,祭(ji)(ji)祀文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)帝(di)君的(de)禮儀猶如祭(ji)(ji)祀關(guan)圣(sheng)帝(di)君,每年春(chun)秋兩(liang)(liang)季進行(xing)隆(long)重(zhong)的(de)祭(ji)(ji)禮。屆(jie)時(shi)縣官(guan)們率領僚屬(shu)、鄉宦、生員,穿(chuan)朝服、設儀仗(zhang)行(xing)九拜(bai)之(zhi)禮,供(gong)奉(feng)五(wu)案祭(ji)(ji)品,有(you)“帛一、牛一、羊一、豬一、果品五(wu)籩、豆(dou)各十”。
青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)歷史悠久,唐代稱青(qing)(qing)平鎮(zhen),金天興(xing)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1233年(nian)(nian)(nian))始置青(qing)(qing)平縣(xian),后改青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)。元(yuan)代元(yuan)統元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1333年(nian)(nian)(nian))筑圓(yuan)周(zhou)形青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池,周(zhou)長3華里,高2丈余(yu),護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河深一丈余(yu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有4門(men)(men),東(dong)(dong)為(wei)望海門(men)(men),西為(wei)通(tong)濟(ji)門(men)(men),南為(wei)仰(yang)岱門(men)(men),北(bei)為(wei)拱辰門(men)(men)。后在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)角建(jian)小(xiao)北(bei)門(men)(men),稱“迎恩門(men)(men)”,在(zai)東(dong)(dong)南角建(jian)小(xiao)南門(men)(men),稱“詔文門(men)(men)”。明萬歷二(er)十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1595年(nian)(nian)(nian))增設(she)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。經過(guo)元(yuan)、明、清三代多次整(zheng)修,青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)逐(zhu)步成為(wei)一座功能完善、整(zheng)齊劃(hua)一的(de)古代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池。清光緒(xu)二(er)十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1896年(nian)(nian)(nian))春(chun),在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外筑起寬5米(mi)、周(zhou)長3411米(mi)的(de)防洪大堤(di),堤(di)上(shang)遍植桃樹(shu)、杏樹(shu)。每到春(chun)季(ji),環城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)里花(hua)香濃郁,美不勝收。后因戰亂(luan)失修,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣逐(zhu)漸殘破(po)。1939年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月,日本侵略(lve)軍占領青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)上(shang)修筑炮樓(lou),拉鐵絲網,縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遭受嚴重破(po)壞(huai)。建(jian)國后青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾為(wei)高青(qing)(qing)縣(xian)委(wei)、縣(xian)政府駐地,后為(wei)青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區、公社、鎮(zhen)政府駐地。慶(qing)(云)淄(zi)(川)路縱貫南北(bei),是廣(北(bei)農場)青(qing)(qing)(城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))路的(de)終點(dian)。
文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)座過街樓式建筑,就跨建在(zai)古青城(cheng)縣城(cheng)中(zhong)心的(de)十字大街上(shang)(shang)。基(ji)座為正方形(xing),高(gao)2.1丈(zhang),邊(bian)長(chang)3.25丈(zhang),用大青磚砌(qi)成。基(ji)座下部開有(you)寬(kuan)1.2丈(zhang)、高(gao)1.6丈(zhang)的(de)十字形(xing)券拱(gong)門洞(dong),銜接著通向東(dong)西(xi)南北城(cheng)門的(de)四(si)條(tiao)大街。南面券拱(gong)門兩側有(you)臺階(jie),轉(zhuan)折(zhe)而上(shang)(shang)。基(ji)座上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)三(san)層木構(gou)樓閣,第一(yi)(yi)層以(yi)(yi)圓柱支撐飛檐,二層為暗層,中(zhong)間以(yi)(yi)磚砌(qi)四(si)壁(bi)直達三(san)層。每層四(si)角攢(zan)頂,裝飾斗拱(gong),釉(you)瓦覆頂,四(si)脊有(you)栩栩如(ru)生的(de)石(shi)獸(shou)。檐下掛(gua)有(you)銅鈴(ling),微風吹(chui)來(lai),發出清脆悅耳的(de)鈴(ling)聲。頂端冠(guan)一(yi)(yi)木質(zhi)鉛灰色(se)大圓寶頂。整個(ge)樓閣高(gao)約4.7丈(zhang),結(jie)構(gou)嚴密精巧,造型宏偉壯(zhuang)觀。對(dui)于做夢也想金榜(bang)題名的(de)學(xue)子(zi)們來(lai)說,閣中(zhong)的(de)文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)君是(shi)(shi)他們的(de)命運之神。相(xiang)傳有(you)位(wei)學(xue)子(zi)蟾宮折(zhe)桂后(hou)衣(yi)錦還鄉,在(zai)祭祖的(de)路(lu)上(shang)(shang)經(jing)過文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣,遂將(jiang)文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣更名為魁(kui)星樓,從(cong)此青城(cheng)文(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣又有(you)了一(yi)(yi)個(ge)好聽的(de)名字。
文昌閣(ge)是(shi)古青城縣(xian)的(de)(de)(de)“八景”之一,謂之“高(gao)閣(ge)晴霞”。它坐落于城垣環繞的(de)(de)(de)城區正中,凌(ling)駕于綠樹掩映(ying)下的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)群之上,抬(tai)眼望(wang)去,高(gao)閣(ge)在(zai)云霞燦爛的(de)(de)(de)蒼穹映(ying)照下,更顯得挺拔壯麗,氣勢不凡(fan)。游人登上高(gao)閣(ge),憑(ping)欄遠眺,“高(gao)閣(ge)晴霞”之美妙,盡(jin)(jin)在(zai)不言中。暮春(chun)時(shi)節,村舍里(li)炊煙(yan)裊裊升(sheng)起,千里(li)沃野(ye)上男耕女種,呈(cheng)現一派勃勃生機(ji);仲(zhong)秋(qiu)時(shi)分,農民們收獲著黃澄澄的(de)(de)(de)莊稼,豐收美景盡(jin)(jin)收眼底。風(feng)清日(ri)麗之時(shi),南(nan)眺可見(jian)鄒平縣(xian)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)黃山(shan)和青龍山(shan),北望(wang)可數浩瀚黃河中的(de)(de)(de)離(li)離(li)船(chuan)帆。
青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)經過(guo)風雨剝蝕(shi)、地震撼搖和戰(zhan)爭(zheng)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞,到20世紀(ji)40年(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期(qi),已是(shi)壁裂瓦(wa)殘、漆畫斑駁,呈遙遙欲傾(qing)之狀(zhuang)。抗日戰(zhan)爭(zheng)勝利(li)后,為(wei)褒獎革命烈士,經山東省(sheng)政(zheng)府批準,青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣民主政(zheng)府撥(bo)款12萬元北(bei)海幣,將文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)改建(jian)為(wei)烈士紀(ji)念祠(ci),1946年(nian)(nian)完工。第三層正中(zhong)懸(xuan)掛著“烈士祠(ci)”匾額(e),第一層的(de)(de)(de)(de)西北(bei)東南四面分(fen)別(bie)懸(xuan)有“為(wei)國(guo)(guo)捐(juan)軀”、“氣壯山河”、“碧血(xue)千秋(qiu)”、“保(bao)國(guo)(guo)為(wei)民”匾額(e),均為(wei)木刻(ke)。烈士祠(ci)內鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)著刻(ke)有250名烈士姓名和青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣委、縣政(zheng)府、縣大隊(dui)、各界建(jian)國(guo)(guo)聯合會暨全(quan)體人民合致碑文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石碑。在(zai)“文(wen)(wen)革”中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)又遭(zao)受破壞。中(zhong)共(gong)十一界三中(zhong)全(quan)會以來(lai),隨著農村經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)也獲得了新生。1979年(nian)(nian),高青(qing)(qing)(qing)縣公布了青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)等8處縣級重點文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單位(wei)。1981年(nian)(nian)8月,省(sheng)撥(bo)款1萬元對青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)進行維修。1992年(nian)(nian)高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮人民政(zheng)府又組織(zhi)修整。這一工程引起海外僑胞的(de)(de)(de)(de)關注(zhu),捐(juan)來(lai)錢(qian)物予以支持。在(zai)海外游(you)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)心目中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)不(bu)僅是(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)象征,也是(shi)祖國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)象征。不(bu)管走得有多(duo)遠(yuan),不(bu)管離家多(duo)少年(nian)(nian),他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)根永遠(yuan)留在(zai)了這片土地上(shang)。
如今,已(yi)經(jing)成為山東省重點文(wen)物保護單位的(de)文(wen)昌閣修葺一新,光彩(cai)照人,已(yi)經(jing)成為黃河南(nan)岸、魯北平原上一道亮麗的(de)風(feng)景。到青城文(wen)昌閣一游,仰(yang)視(shi)凌(ling)空高閣的(de)壯觀,俯瞰魯北平原的(de)美景,定(ding)會有一番(fan)新的(de)感受。