青(qing)城文(wen)昌閣(ge)又名(ming)魁星(xing)樓,位于山(shan)東省(sheng)淄博(bo)市高青(qing)縣青(qing)城鎮,原(yuan)是(shi)古代一處祭祀文(wen)昌帝君(jun)的場(chang)所。1991年(nian)(nian)版《高青(qing)縣志(zhi)》記載,清(qing)乾隆元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1736年(nian)(nian)),由64名(ming)文(wen)、武(wu)生員集資在青(qing)城十字街修筑“文(wen)臺”;清(qing)乾隆二(er)十年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1756年(nian)(nian))建成文(wen)昌閣(ge);道光二(er)十一年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1841年(nian)(nian)),青(qing)城知縣張(zhang)維(wei)垣捐資,并聯(lian)合當地鄉紳集資重修。
文(wen)昌閣屬于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)道(dao)教建筑。所祀(si)文(wen)昌帝(di)君(jun)又(you)名“文(wen)曲(qu)星(xing)”、“文(wen)星(xing)”,是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古代神(shen)話中(zhong)(zhong)主宰功名祿位的(de)神(shen)靈,后來為(wei)道(dao)教所承襲。舊時(shi)(shi)多為(wei)知識分子所崇(chong)祀(si),以為(wei)可以保功名。元仁宗延祐三年(nian)(公元1316年(nian)),將梓橦帝(di)君(jun)加封為(wei)“輔元開化文(wen)昌司祿宏仁帝(di)君(jun)”以后,兩(liang)者遂合而(er)為(wei)一(yi)。由于這(zhe)些緣故(gu),歷代封建文(wen)人對(dui)其(qi)頂禮膜拜。在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong),文(wen)昌與關帝(di)一(yi)道(dao)被(bei)尊稱為(wei)“文(wen)武二圣”,祭(ji)祀(si)文(wen)昌帝(di)君(jun)的(de)禮儀猶如祭(ji)祀(si)關圣帝(di)君(jun),每(mei)年(nian)春秋(qiu)兩(liang)季進行(xing)隆重(zhong)的(de)祭(ji)禮。屆時(shi)(shi)縣官們率領(ling)僚(liao)屬、鄉宦、生(sheng)員,穿朝服、設(she)儀仗行(xing)九拜之禮,供奉五(wu)案(an)祭(ji)品,有“帛(bo)一(yi)、牛一(yi)、羊一(yi)、豬一(yi)、果(guo)品五(wu)籩、豆各(ge)十”。
青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)歷(li)史悠久,唐代稱(cheng)青(qing)(qing)平鎮(zhen),金(jin)天(tian)興二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1233年(nian)(nian)(nian))始(shi)置青(qing)(qing)平縣,后(hou)改青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣。元(yuan)代元(yuan)統元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1333年(nian)(nian)(nian))筑圓周(zhou)(zhou)形青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池,周(zhou)(zhou)長(chang)3華里,高(gao)2丈余(yu),護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河深一(yi)丈余(yu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有4門(men),東為(wei)望海(hai)門(men),西為(wei)通濟門(men),南(nan)為(wei)仰岱門(men),北(bei)為(wei)拱辰門(men)。后(hou)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻東北(bei)角(jiao)建小北(bei)門(men),稱(cheng)“迎恩門(men)”,在東南(nan)角(jiao)建小南(nan)門(men),稱(cheng)“詔文門(men)”。明萬歷(li)二十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1595年(nian)(nian)(nian))增(zeng)設甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。經過元(yuan)、明、清三代多次整(zheng)修,青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)逐步(bu)成為(wei)一(yi)座功能完善、整(zheng)齊(qi)劃(hua)一(yi)的(de)古代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池。清光(guang)緒(xu)二十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1896年(nian)(nian)(nian))春,在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外筑起寬5米(mi)、周(zhou)(zhou)長(chang)3411米(mi)的(de)防(fang)洪大堤,堤上遍植桃(tao)樹、杏(xing)樹。每到(dao)春季(ji),環城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數里花香濃郁(yu),美不勝(sheng)收。后(hou)因戰亂失修,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)逐漸殘破。1939年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月,日(ri)本(ben)侵略軍占領青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻上修筑炮樓(lou),拉鐵(tie)絲網,縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遭受(shou)嚴重破壞。建國(guo)后(hou)青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾為(wei)高(gao)青(qing)(qing)縣委、縣政府(fu)駐地,后(hou)為(wei)青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區、公社、鎮(zhen)政府(fu)駐地。慶(云(yun))淄(zi)(川)路(lu)縱貫(guan)南(nan)北(bei),是(shi)廣(北(bei)農(nong)場)青(qing)(qing)(城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))路(lu)的(de)終點。
文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)是(shi)一(yi)座(zuo)過街樓(lou)式建筑,就(jiu)跨建在(zai)古(gu)青(qing)城(cheng)縣(xian)城(cheng)中心的(de)(de)十(shi)字(zi)大(da)(da)街上(shang)。基(ji)座(zuo)為正方形(xing),高(gao)(gao)2.1丈(zhang),邊長3.25丈(zhang),用大(da)(da)青(qing)磚砌(qi)成。基(ji)座(zuo)下部開有(you)寬1.2丈(zhang)、高(gao)(gao)1.6丈(zhang)的(de)(de)十(shi)字(zi)形(xing)券(quan)拱(gong)門洞,銜接(jie)著(zhu)通向東西南北城(cheng)門的(de)(de)四(si)條大(da)(da)街。南面券(quan)拱(gong)門兩側有(you)臺階,轉折而上(shang)。基(ji)座(zuo)上(shang)是(shi)三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)木構樓(lou)閣(ge)(ge),第(di)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)以圓柱支撐飛檐,二層(ceng)(ceng)為暗層(ceng)(ceng),中間以磚砌(qi)四(si)壁直(zhi)達三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)。每層(ceng)(ceng)四(si)角攢頂,裝飾斗拱(gong),釉(you)瓦覆頂,四(si)脊有(you)栩(xu)栩(xu)如生的(de)(de)石獸。檐下掛有(you)銅鈴,微風吹(chui)來(lai),發(fa)出清(qing)脆悅耳的(de)(de)鈴聲。頂端(duan)冠一(yi)木質鉛灰色大(da)(da)圓寶(bao)頂。整個樓(lou)閣(ge)(ge)高(gao)(gao)約4.7丈(zhang),結構嚴密精(jing)巧,造型宏(hong)偉壯觀。對于做夢也想(xiang)金榜(bang)題名(ming)的(de)(de)學子們(men)來(lai)說(shuo),閣(ge)(ge)中的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)昌君是(shi)他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)命(ming)運之(zhi)神(shen)。相傳有(you)位(wei)學子蟾(chan)宮(gong)折桂后衣(yi)錦還鄉,在(zai)祭祖的(de)(de)路(lu)上(shang)經過文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge),遂將(jiang)文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)更名(ming)為魁星(xing)樓(lou),從此青(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)(ge)又(you)有(you)了一(yi)個好聽的(de)(de)名(ming)字(zi)。
文昌(chang)閣是(shi)古(gu)青城縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)“八景(jing)”之(zhi)(zhi)一,謂之(zhi)(zhi)“高閣晴(qing)霞(xia)”。它(ta)坐落于城垣(yuan)環(huan)繞的(de)(de)城區(qu)正中,凌駕(jia)于綠樹(shu)掩映下的(de)(de)建筑群之(zhi)(zhi)上,抬眼望(wang)去(qu),高閣在云霞(xia)燦爛的(de)(de)蒼穹(qiong)映照下,更(geng)顯得挺拔壯麗,氣勢不凡。游人登上高閣,憑欄(lan)遠眺(tiao),“高閣晴(qing)霞(xia)”之(zhi)(zhi)美妙,盡在不言(yan)中。暮春時節,村舍里炊(chui)煙裊裊升起(qi),千(qian)里沃野(ye)上男耕(geng)女種,呈現一派勃勃生機;仲秋時分,農民們(men)收獲著黃澄澄的(de)(de)莊稼(jia),豐收美景(jing)盡收眼底。風清日麗之(zhi)(zhi)時,南(nan)眺(tiao)可見鄒(zou)平縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)的(de)(de)黃山和青龍山,北望(wang)可數浩(hao)瀚(han)黃河中的(de)(de)離(li)離(li)船帆。
青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣(ge)經過(guo)風(feng)雨剝(bo)蝕、地(di)震撼搖和戰爭造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)破壞(huai),到20世紀40年(nian)(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期,已是(shi)壁(bi)裂瓦殘(can)、漆畫斑(ban)駁,呈遙(yao)遙(yao)欲(yu)傾之(zhi)狀。抗日戰爭勝利后,為(wei)褒獎革命烈(lie)士,經山(shan)東省政府批(pi)準,青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)民(min)(min)主政府撥款12萬(wan)元北(bei)(bei)海幣,將文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣(ge)改建為(wei)烈(lie)士紀念祠,1946年(nian)(nian)(nian)完工。第三層(ceng)正(zheng)中(zhong)懸(xuan)掛著“烈(lie)士祠”匾額,第一層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)西北(bei)(bei)東南(nan)四(si)面分別懸(xuan)有(you)“為(wei)國捐軀”、“氣(qi)壯山(shan)河(he)”、“碧血千秋”、“保國為(wei)民(min)(min)”匾額,均為(wei)木刻。烈(lie)士祠內鑲嵌著刻有(you)250名烈(lie)士姓名和青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)政府、縣(xian)(xian)大(da)隊、各界建國聯合會暨全體人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)合致碑文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)碑。在(zai)(zai)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)革”中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣(ge)又(you)遭(zao)受破壞(huai)。中(zhong)共十一界三中(zhong)全會以(yi)來,隨著農(nong)村經濟的(de)(de)(de)發展,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣(ge)也(ye)獲(huo)得了(le)(le)新生。1979年(nian)(nian)(nian),高(gao)青(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)公布了(le)(le)青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣(ge)等8處(chu)縣(xian)(xian)級重點(dian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護單(dan)位。1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)8月,省撥款1萬(wan)元對青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣(ge)進行維修。1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)高(gao)城(cheng)鎮人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政府又(you)組織修整。這一工程引起海外(wai)僑(qiao)胞的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注,捐來錢(qian)物予以(yi)支持。在(zai)(zai)海外(wai)游(you)子的(de)(de)(de)心目中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣(ge)不僅是(shi)青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)象征,也(ye)是(shi)祖(zu)國的(de)(de)(de)象征。不管走得有(you)多(duo)遠,不管離家(jia)多(duo)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian),他們的(de)(de)(de)根永遠留在(zai)(zai)了(le)(le)這片土(tu)地(di)上(shang)。
如今,已(yi)經成為(wei)山東省重(zhong)點(dian)文物(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)的(de)文昌閣修葺一(yi)新,光(guang)彩照人,已(yi)經成為(wei)黃河南(nan)岸、魯北(bei)平原(yuan)上(shang)一(yi)道(dao)亮麗(li)的(de)風景。到青城(cheng)文昌閣一(yi)游,仰視凌(ling)空(kong)高閣的(de)壯觀(guan),俯瞰魯北(bei)平原(yuan)的(de)美景,定會(hui)有一(yi)番新的(de)感受。