簡介
寧(ning)遠文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao),又名學(xue)宮(gong)。位于湖南省寧(ning)遠縣城(cheng)(cheng)西南隅,原建(jian)(jian)(jian)于漢(han)泠道故城(cheng)(cheng)(今名東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)),宋(song)乾德三年(nian)(nian)(965年(nian)(nian))隨(sui)縣城(cheng)(cheng)遷建(jian)(jian)(jian)于此(ci)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)是(shi)中國古代(dai)社會(hui)里(li)儒家(jia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的代(dai)表(biao)性建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑,是(shi)祭(ji)祀(si)歷史文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)名人也子(zi)和唯一官司辦的學(xue)府,是(shi)中國封建(jian)(jian)(jian)社會(hui)里(li)廟(miao)(miao)、學(xue)合一的教育機構。寧(ning)遠文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)在我國現存的文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)真(zhen)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(含(han)也廟(miao)(miao)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)宣王(wang)廟(miao)(miao)、學(xue)宮(gong)、夫子(zi)廟(miao)(miao)、先(xian)師廟(miao)(miao))中,是(shi)始建(jian)(jian)(jian)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)最早,保存最完整的兩座建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑之一,南北(bei)長170.8米(mi),東(dong)西寬60.2米(mi),占地10282平方(fang)米(mi),其(qi)規模在全國現存文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中屈指可(ke)數。
寧(ning)遠文廟(miao)以精(jing)美的石雕(diao)著(zhu)稱,特別是(shi)20根整(zheng)體高5米的灰色(se)大理石蟠龍舞鳳石雕(diao)柱采用高浮雕(diao)鏤空工藝(yi)(yi),十分精(jing)美,為全國古建(jian)筑(zhu)中所僅(jin)有(you)(you)的,具有(you)(you)極(ji)高的藝(yi)(yi)術價(jia)值。被人們稱為“國寶(bao)”,廟(miao)內眾(zhong)多有(you)(you)石雕(diao)裝飾相(xiang)互(hu)輝映,包括了石雕(diao)的全部(bu)工藝(yi)(yi)手法,猶如一座完(wan)美的石雕(diao)工藝(yi)(yi)博(bo)物館。
寧遠文(wen)廟自(zi)北宋以來,歷經宋、元(yuan)、明、清十(shi)余次維修(xiu)及重修(xiu),后存建(jian)筑(zhu)為(wei)清代同治十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(1873年(nian)(nian))至光緒(xu)八年(nian)(nian)(1882)時所重修(xiu)。整(zheng)座文(wen)廟建(jian)筑(zhu)規(gui)劃合理,結(jie)構科(ke)學,排水迅(xun)速、房屋裝修(xiu)藝術的地(di)方風格、民族(zu)風格十(shi)分濃(nong)烈。體現了古代勞動人們的聰明才智(zhi)和創造力。1996年(nian)(nian)11月(yue),經國(guo)務院公布為(wei)全國(guo)重點文(wen)物保護單位。
歷史
寧遠(yuan)文廟(miao)歷史上曾多(duo)次進行修(xiu)繕。明代(dai)洪(hong)武二年(nian)(1369)、永樂十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(1419)至成(cheng)化十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(1475)、嘉靖(jing)(jing)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(1536)、嘉靖(jing)(jing)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(1547)數次重修(xiu);清代(dai)康熙七年(nian)(1668)至二十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(1681)、乾隆(long)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(1768)兩次重修(xiu)。清同治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(1873),縣人黃(huang)習溶因軍(jun)功被清朝遷授四品頂戴,為振興人文,捐銀倡修(xiu)文廟(miao),籌集白銀六萬余(yu)兩,歷十(shi)(shi)(shi)個冬春,于光緒八(ba)年(nian)(1882)竣(jun)工,成(cheng)為當(dang)時“湖湘(xiang)之最大(da)”文廟(miao)。
近代(dai),教(jiao)育的普及,文(wen)(wen)廟推動(dong)學(xue)校的教(jiao)育功能(neng),被辟作“民眾(zhong)教(jiao)育圖書館”。1926年(nian),第一次國內革命戰爭(zheng)時期,文(wen)(wen)廟被作縣(xian)(xian)農運的中(zhong)心,成了(le)農會(hui)、工會(hui)的辦公地點,后(hou)又在廟內先后(hou)辦了(le)平民女子習藝工廠、縣(xian)(xian)立女子高等(deng)小學(xue)等(deng)。1937年(nian),日寇進逼長(chang)沙,省(sheng)會(hui)湖南(nan)私立育群中(zhong)學(xue)(長(chang)沙市八(ba)中(zhong))遷(qian)來寧遠,占(zhan)用文(wen)(wen)廟作校舍,直至1951年(nian)遷(qian)出。隨(sui)后(hou),文(wen)(wen)廟被占(zhan)作縣(xian)(xian)直屬糧(liang)(liang)庫的糧(liang)(liang)倉。直到1959年(nian)文(wen)(wen)廟定為省(sheng)級文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保護單位(wei),糧(liang)(liang)倉才遷(qian)出。
1959年3月(yue),省文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)廳撥款3000元(yuan),對鄉賢(xian)、名宦兩祠(ci)作(zuo)了(le)簡單的(de)(de)裝修,縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)館(guan)及(ji)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝(yi)(yi)術學(xue)校遷入(ru)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao),鄉賢(xian)祠(ci)改作(zuo)圖書室(shi),名宦祠(ci)作(zuo)為文(wen)(wen)(wen)藝(yi)(yi)學(xue)校的(de)(de)辦公(gong)及(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)師、女(nv)生(sheng)住房,西廡作(zuo)教(jiao)(jiao)室(shi),當(dang)時(shi)大成(cheng)殿的(de)(de)廒倉尚未(wei)來得及(ji)拆遷,作(zuo)藝(yi)(yi)校的(de)(de)男生(sheng)宿舍(she)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來男宿舍(she)搬(ban)到二中建在文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)園內(nei)的(de)(de)一棟平房里。文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)外(wai)園東邊圍(wei)(wei)墻(qiang)一帶,則被縣(xian)發(fa)電(dian)廠占用,電(dian)廠在圍(wei)(wei)墻(qiang)上挖了(le)兩個大洞,作(zuo)為鍋爐門(men),墻(qiang)外(wai)蓋(gai)起(qi)了(le)鍋爐房,南邊照壁下搭(da)建了(le)廠棚,堆(dui)放(fang)燃(ran)(ran)料(當(dang)時(shi)以木柴作(zuo)燃(ran)(ran)料燒鍋爐)。這期間,盡管文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)先后(hou)(hou)(hou)被各機(ji)關、學(xue)校、倉庫占用,但均(jun)未(wei)開前門(men),來文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)館(guan)借書的(de)(de)讀者,也只能從東側騰(teng)蛟門(men)進(jin)入(ru),仍然是封閉狀態。
1963年(nian)10月,省撥款5萬元(yuan)整修文廟屋面,防滲治漏,保護和延(yan)長這處(chu)古建筑的(de)使用壽(shou)命。
1966年,“文(wen)(wen)化大革命”開(kai)始后(hou),文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)首當“破四舊(jiu)”之(zhi)沖(chong),一批造反的“紅衛(wei)兵”沖(chong)進文(wen)(wen)廟(miao),半天內砸毀文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)精(jing)美石雕達48處(chu),精(jing)美的石雕受到摧(cui)殘(can),并準(zhun)備下(xia)午來卸瓦(wa)拆房,后(hou)來,據說(shuo)是為首的紅衛(wei)兵“頭頭”回家(jia)后(hou)肚疼不止,又遭其(qi)母責罵(ma),才沒有率隊再來,避免了(le)一場滅頂(ding)之(zhi)災。
1967年,縣文化(hua)系統(tong)“造(zao)反派”為緊跟“大(da)好(hao)形(xing)勢(shi)”,表現(xian)自己(ji)是(shi)革(ge)命群(qun)眾組織,將兩側廂房辟(pi)作展廳(ting),用膠(jiao)合(he)板(ban)封上大(da)成(cheng)門的浮釘,寫(xie)上毛(mao)主席手體(ti)詩詞,在照壁上開(kai)了(le)可供(gong)汽車進(jin)出的大(da)門,園內立滿(man)了(le)水泥預制(zhi)板(ban)語錄牌,拆除大(da)成(cheng)殿的孔(kong)子神龕(kan)、皇帝題匾。以毛(mao)澤東歷史照片為主要內容,把(ba)文廟命名為“毛(mao)澤東同(tong)志光學形(xing)象敬仰館”。
1973年(nian),國務(wu)院(yuan)再次行文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),要求各地保護(hu)(hu)歷史文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)重(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)立(li)起了(le)(le)“湖(hu)南省重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位”的(de)標志牌。1974年(nian)夏(xia),省撥(bo)(bo)款(kuan)3萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)(yuan),翻修(xiu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)。1976年(nian),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)館、圖書館恢(hui)復建(jian)制(zhi),兩單(dan)位分(fen)別以文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)作(zuo)(zuo)辦公(gong)(gong)用房(fang)和(he)住房(fang),1979年(nian),縣(xian)(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)局從(cong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)教科(ke)中分(fen)出(chu)(chu)建(jian)制(zhi),借住文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)西廂(xiang)房(fang)辦公(gong)(gong)。1981年(nian),省撥(bo)(bo)款(kuan)4.2萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)(yuan)維(wei)修(xiu)大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)及(ji)崇圣祠(ci)。1983年(nian),省人(ren)民政府(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)頌文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)為(wei)省級重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位,縣(xian)(xian)財政撥(bo)(bo)款(kuan)1.4萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)、大成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)、鄉(xiang)賢(xian)(xian)名(ming)宦兩祠(ci)重(zhong)(zhong)施油漆(qi)。1984年(nian),修(xiu)復“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)革”中被(bei)封閉(bi)(bi)的(de)步賢(xian)(xian)坊(fang),封閉(bi)(bi)了(le)(le)開(kai)在照壁上的(de)大門(men)。自(zi)1982年(nian)起,開(kai)始在大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)售票(piao)參觀,每票(piao)人(ren)民幣(bi)兩分(fen),后(hou)改為(wei)五分(fen),并(bing)在步賢(xian)(xian)坊(fang)收票(piao),收入主(zhu)要用于解決文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)內(nei)衛生維(wei)護(hu)(hu)支(zhi)出(chu)(chu)。1985年(nian),縣(xian)(xian)政府(fu)限期(qi)拆遷了(le)(le)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)革”中建(jian)在步賢(xian)(xian)坊(fang)門(men)口(kou)的(de)水果店。這(zhe)年(nian)的(de)3月(yue),縣(xian)(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)管理(li)所正式(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)群眾(zhong)游(you)覽的(de)場所,正式(shi)(shi)開(kai)放。9月(yue),中央美術學(xue)院(yuan)教授周令釗先生帶(dai)領九(jiu)(jiu)名(ming)學(xue)生來寧遠(yuan)采風(feng),對文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)高浮雕(diao)鏤(lou)孔石(shi)雕(diao),作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)可與故宮(gong)太和(he)殿(dian)(dian)丹墀比美的(de)評(ping)價(jia)。1987年(nian),九(jiu)(jiu)疑山風(feng)景(jing)(jing)名(ming)勝區(qu)正式(shi)(shi)經省人(ren)民政府(fu)公(gong)(gong)布,我(wo)們印(yin)刷(shua)了(le)(le)膠印(yin)彩色(se)門(men)票(piao),并(bing)標上了(le)(le)九(jiu)(jiu)疑山風(feng)景(jing)(jing)名(ming)勝區(qu)游(you)覽紀念(nian),將寧遠(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)疑山風(feng)景(jing)(jing)名(ming)勝區(qu)的(de)旅(lv)游(you)景(jing)(jing)點(dian),對外(wai)宣(xuan)傳和(he)對外(wai)開(kai)放。1989年(nian),省文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)局撥(bo)(bo)款(kuan)2萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)(yuan),我(wo)們修(xiu)復了(le)(le)大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)木質頁子門(men),縣(xian)(xian)財政撥(bo)(bo)款(kuan)1萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)(yuan),在大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)重(zhong)(zhong)塑了(le)(le)孔子座像(xiang)。
自(zi)1987年,縣(xian)圖書館開始(shi)遷(qian)(qian)出文(wen)廟起,占用文(wen)廟的老年人(ren)體協活動中心、縣(xian)文(wen)化局陸(lu)續外遷(qian)(qian),至1989年冬已全(quan)部遷(qian)(qian)出。為了加強安(an)全(quan)保衛與售票參(can)觀(guan),占用文(wen)廟后園的縣(xian)文(wen)化館也另辟大(da)門(men)出入,不再由(you)文(wen)廟進(jin)出,文(wen)廟開始(shi)向專供游覽(lan)的景(jing)點過渡。
1995年8月6日(ri),國(guo)(guo)家建(jian)設部(bu)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)家文(wen)物(wu)局(ju)的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)專家鄭孝燮、羅哲文(wen)先生來寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)考(kao)察,被寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)精美(mei)壯(zhuang)觀的(de)(de)石雕龍鳳(feng)柱(zhu)群所吸(xi)引,留連(lian)忘返(fan),贊不(bu)絕口稱(cheng)其為(wei)“不(bu)愧國(guo)(guo)寶(bao)”。1996年11月21日(ri),國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院正式行文(wen)公布寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)為(wei)第(di)四批全(quan)國(guo)(guo)重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位,同(tong)年,《中國(guo)(guo)文(wen)物(wu)報》刊登(deng)了我的(de)(de)文(wen)章《中南(nan)最大的(de)(de)孔(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)——寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)》,寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)正式通過國(guo)(guo)家級媒體走向(xiang)海內(nei)外。嗣后,臺灣喜(xi)義市崇圣博(bo)物(wu)館又發(fa)行了明(ming)信片《寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)大成殿》的(de)(de)照片。1997年,國(guo)(guo)家建(jian)設部(bu)、國(guo)(guo)家文(wen)物(wu)局(ju)聯合編(bian)撰的(de)(de)大型文(wen)獻性圖書《中國(guo)(guo)風景名勝(sheng)大觀》(古(gu)(gu)跡券)收入寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)照片。此書由(you)國(guo)(guo)際文(wen)化出(chu)(chu)版(ban)公司出(chu)(chu)版(ban),并向(xiang)各國(guo)(guo)駐華(hua)使館贈(zeng)送(song)和(he)(he)向(xiang)海外發(fa)行。寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)作為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家著名名勝(sheng)古(gu)(gu)跡,由(you)國(guo)(guo)家主管部(bu)門(men)和(he)(he)出(chu)(chu)版(ban)機(ji)構推向(xiang)世界。每年接(jie)待游客逐年遞增。英國(guo)(guo)、加拿大、日(ri)本(ben)等國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)一些(xie)學者訪(fang)問了寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)。
建筑
寧(ning)遠文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)布局十分規范,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物采(cai)用(yong)前園(yuan)后院中(zhong)軸線(xian)對(dui)稱(cheng)式排列(lie)。主次分明(ming),中(zhong)思線(xian)上(shang)自南(nan)至北(bei)有泮池(chi)、極星門(men)、大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)、大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)、啟圣殿(dian)(dian),左右兩(liang)側分別有登圣坊(fang)、步賢坊(fang)、騰(teng)蛟門(men)、起鳳門(men)、名(ming)宦祠(ci)、鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)、明(ming)倫(lun)堂(tang)(今教室)、尊(zun)經閣(圖書室)等建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)恢宏(hong)典雅(ya),園(yuan)中(zhong)風(feng)(feng)荷滿池(chi),游魚可數,綠樹掩映,鳥語(yu)花香,院內廊坊(fang)相連,曲回環(huan)繞,清靜幽雅(ya)。[1] 寧(ning)遠文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)座北(bei)朝南(nan),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)寬60.2米(mi),南(nan)北(bei)長170.8米(mi)。占地10282平方米(mi)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物采(cai)用(yong)中(zhong)軸線(xian)對(dui)稱(cheng)式布局,中(zhong)軸線(xian)上(shang)自南(nan)至北(bei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)分別為照壁、泮池(chi)、欞星門(men)、大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)、大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)、崇(chong)圣祠(ci);兩(liang)側對(dui)稱(cheng)式排列(lie)著登圣坊(fang)、步賢坊(fang)、騰(teng)蛟門(men)、起鳳門(men)、鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)、名(ming)宦祠(ci)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)廡、尊(zun)經閣、明(ming)倫(lun)堂(tang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)及(ji)鄉(xiang)賢、名(ming)宦兩(liang)祠(ci)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)相連形成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)道東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)屏(ping)障,將(jiang)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)分隔成(cheng)(cheng)前園(yuan)與后院兩(liang)進院落(luo),園(yuan)中(zhong)池(chi)映風(feng)(feng)荷,綠樹扶蔭,欞星門(men)石(shi)坊(fang)峙(zhi)立(li),一(yi)派中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)林景色;院內建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),曲廊環(huan)回將(jiang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)廡、大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)、尊(zun)經閣、明(ming)倫(lun)堂(tang)、崇(chong)圣祠(ci)連接在一(yi)起,為典型的(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)四合院式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)(feng)格。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)石(shi)雕是寧(ning)遠文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)裝飾的(de)特(te)色,它不(bu)僅擁有全國(guo)(guo)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)唯一(yi)的(de)龍鳳石(shi)柱群石(shi)雕,還有月臺圍欄(lan)石(shi)雕、丹(dan)陛石(shi)雕、欞星門(men)石(shi)坊(fang)石(shi)雕,及(ji)三對(dui)立(li)獅石(shi)雕,這(zhe)些石(shi)雕的(de)工藝(yi)手法囊括(kuo)了高浮雕、鏤孔(kong)、淺浮雕、線(xian)刻等,工藝(yi)精湛,造型生(sheng)動,線(xian)條柔(rou)和(he)。壯(zhuang)觀的(de)石(shi)雕與朱(zhu)梁黃瓦的(de)宮殿(dian)(dian)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)相映生(sheng)輝。