吉林向海自然保(bao)(bao)護區1981年經(jing)吉林省人民政府批(pi)準建立,是(shi)以保(bao)(bao)護丹頂(ding)鶴等珍稀水(shui)禽和蒙(meng)古黃榆等稀有植物群落為主要目(mu)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)內陸(lu)濕地(di)與水(shui)域生態系(xi)統(tong)類型的(de)(de)自然保(bao)(bao)護區。保(bao)(bao)護區位于吉林省通榆縣境內,總幅員105467公(gong)頃。南北長(chang)45公(gong)里,東西寬42公(gong)里,西與內蒙(meng)古科右中(zhong)旗(qi)接壤,北與洮南市相鄰。保(bao)(bao)護區南部有霍(huo)林河(he)貫穿東西,中(zhong)部有額(e)穆(mu)泰河(he)流進濕地(di),北部引洮兒河(he)水(shui)注入水(shui)庫。
向海地形復雜(za),生境(jing)多(duo)樣(yang),多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生物(wu)(wu)區(qu)系與復雜(za)的(de)生態環(huan)境(jing)互相滲透。沙(sha)丘(qiu)、草原(yuan)、沼(zhao)澤、湖(hu)(hu)泊相間分(fen)布,縱橫交錯,星(xing)羅棋(qi)布,構成(cheng)典型(xing)的(de)濕地多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)景觀。區(qu)內(nei)林(lin)地面積2.9萬(wan)公頃(qing)(qing),其中(zhong)蒙(meng)古黃(huang)榆面積1.9萬(wan)公頃(qing)(qing);湖(hu)(hu)泊水域(yu)1.25萬(wan)公頃(qing)(qing);蘆葦(wei)沼(zhao)澤2.36萬(wan)公頃(qing)(qing);草原(yuan)3.04萬(wan)公頃(qing)(qing)。形成(cheng)四(si)大生態景觀。即:沙(sha)丘(qiu)榆林(lin)、湖(hu)(hu)泊水域(yu)、蒲草葦(wei)蕩、羊(yang)草草原(yuan)。區(qu)內(nei)資源十分(fen)豐富。中(zhong)國(guo)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)地理區(qu)劃中(zhong)的(de)東北區(qu)松遼平原(yuan)亞(ya)區(qu)和蒙(meng)新區(qu)東部草原(yuan)亞(ya)區(qu)的(de)動(dong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源在這里均有(you)分(fen)布。區(qu)內(nei)共(gong)有(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)595種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)藥(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)220多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)300多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)鳥(niao)類(lei)293種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),獸(shou)類(lei)37種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行類(lei)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩(liang)棲類(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);魚類(lei)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)重點保護(hu)(hu)的(de)野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)335種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)向海就有(you)52種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)一(yi)級10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):大鴇、東方白(bai)(bai)(bai)鸛、黑鸛、丹頂(ding)鶴(he)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)鶴(he)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)頭鶴(he)、金雕(diao)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)肩(jian)雕(diao)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)尾海雕(diao)、虎(hu)頭海雕(diao)。二(er)級動(dong)物(wu)(wu)42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)《中(zhong)日保護(hu)(hu)候(hou)鳥(niao)及其棲息環(huan)境(jing)協定》中(zhong)的(de)鳥(niao)類(lei)173種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占協定種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)76.21%,有(you)《瀕(bin)危野(ye)生動(dong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)際(ji)貿易公約》中(zhong)保護(hu)(hu)的(de)鳥(niao)類(lei)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)國(guo)家(jia)保護(hu)(hu)的(de)有(you)益的(de)或者有(you)重要經濟、科學研究價(jia)值的(de)陸生野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)235種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
位于向海保護區(qu)管(guan)理局所在地西南4公(gong)里處,三(san)面環(huan)水(shui)(shui),一(yi)(yi)面臨山(shan),植被多樣(yang),灌木蔥蘢,環(huan)島水(shui)(shui)域內,蒲草葦蕩高可過人,茂密(mi)連片,值(zhi)得(de)一(yi)(yi)看的當(dang)然還要(yao)數(shu)人工(gong)馴化成(cheng)功的半散養的丹頂鶴(he)。
是向海自然(ran)保護區的微觀縮影,體(ti)現了向海濕地特性(xing),尤其各種動物栩栩如生。
1664年清(qing)朝順治初(chu)始(shi),在(zai)向海建了一(yi)座喇嘛廟(miao),取名“青海廟(miao)”,一(yi)九七二年在(zai)“破(po)四舊”中(zhong)毀(hui)掉(diao)。一(yi)九九四年始(shi),對廟(miao)宇進(jin)行了重(zhong)新修(xiu)復,已故(gu)國(guo)家佛教協會主席趙樸初(chu)將其題名為“香(xiang)海寺”。
黃(huang)(huang)榆光觀(guan)區距縣(xian)城約(yue)60公里,那(nei)里有(you)一(yi)片亞(ya)洲較大的(de)蒙(meng)古(gu)黃(huang)(huang)榆林(lin),面積約(yue)50平方公里。蒙(meng)古(gu)黃(huang)(huang)榆樹(shu)是亞(ya)洲稀有(you)樹(shu)種,屬(shu)于(yu)榆科、榆屬(shu),是天然次生(sheng)林(lin),是干旱(han)地(di)區沙丘崗地(di)上特(te)有(you)的(de)樹(shu)種。
向海(hai)自然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)位于吉林省西(xi)部(bu)(bu)通榆縣境內,科爾沁草原(yuan)中部(bu)(bu),西(xi)與內蒙(meng)(meng)古科右中旗接壤(rang),北與洮南(nan)市相鄰(lin)。地理(li)坐標為44°55′-45°09′N,122°05′-122°31′E,面積105467公頃。保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)有(you)霍林河貫穿東(dong)(dong)西(xi),中部(bu)(bu)有(you)額穆泰(tai)河流(liu)進濕地,北部(bu)(bu)引(yin)洮兒(er)河水注(zhu)入水庫(ku)。保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)的保護(hu)(hu)范圍包括向海(hai)蒙(meng)(meng)古族鄉的全部(bu)(bu)及四井子鎮(zhen)、烏蘭花鎮(zhen)、興隆山鎮(zhen)、同(tong)發牧(mu)場的部(bu)(bu)分,計為5個鄉(鎮(zhen)、場),12個村(cun)、32個自然屯。全區(qu)南(nan)北長45公里,東(dong)(dong)西(xi)寬42公里,總面積105467公頃。
向海(hai)地處內(nei)蒙古高原(yuan)和東北(bei)平(ping)原(yuan)的過渡(du)地帶(dai),在大(da)地構造上(shang)屬松遼凹陷的西部(bu)沉降帶(dai),自(zi)中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)代以(yi)來大(da)幅度下沉,有(you)深厚(hou)的中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)代和新生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)代沉積,地貌(mao)以(yi)沙(sha)化和鹽漬(zi)化的平(ping)原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)特征。發源(yuan)于(yu)大(da)興安(an)嶺東部(bu)的三(san)條河流,到這里失(shi)去了河道,水流漫散(san)排(pai)泄不暢,形成大(da)面積的蘆(lu)葦(wei)沼澤。地勢(shi)由西向東微微傾斜,海(hai)拔在156-192米之間,壟狀沙(sha)丘與壟間洼地交錯相間排(pai)列,呈西北(bei)--東南方向延(yan)伸,表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)沙(sha)丘榆林(lin)--茫(mang)茫(mang)草(cao)原(yuan)--蒲草(cao)葦(wei)蕩--湖(hu)泊(bo)水域的自(zi)然(ran)景色(se),地貌(mao)為(wei)(wei)沙(sha)丘覆(fu)蓋的沖(chong)擊平(ping)原(yuan),屬科(ke)爾沁沙(sha)地(草(cao)原(yuan))的延(yan)伸部(bu)分。
向海(hai)區內(nei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤主(zhu)要為栗鈣(gai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、鹽堿(jian)(jian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和風積沙土(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤厚(hou)度一般在(zai)0.5-1.0米之間(jian),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤中(zhong)腐殖質含量(liang)較少,含鹽堿(jian)(jian)量(liang)偏高,PH值在(zai)7.5-8.5之間(jian)。
向海屬北(bei)溫帶大(da)陸性季風(feng)氣候,處于(yu)吉(ji)林省(sheng)半干旱草原氣候地帶。春(chun)季多(duo)風(feng)干旱,夏季溫暖(nuan),冬季嚴寒少雪,風(feng)沙較多(duo)。年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫5.1℃,高37℃,低-32℃;年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)降水量400毫米,多(duo)集(ji)中在(zai)7、8月份;年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)蒸發量為(wei)1945毫米;年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照時(shi)數(shu)2876小時(shi),無霜(shuang)期(qi)150天(tian)左右;全(quan)年(nian)盛行(xing)西南風(feng),風(feng)速一般5-6級,大(da)風(feng)速可達11級,7級以上大(da)風(feng)年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)35天(tian)。
向(xiang)海(hai)總水(shui)(shui)(shui)域面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)12441公頃,沼(zhao)(zhao)澤面(mian)(mian)積23654公頃。區內南(nan)部(bu)(bu)有(you)霍林河貫穿東西,中部(bu)(bu)有(you)額穆泰河形成的草原沼(zhao)(zhao)澤,北部(bu)(bu)有(you)洮兒河引水(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉(gai)系統(tong),三大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系在(zai)(zai)向(xiang)海(hai)區域內形成大(da)(da)肚(du)泡(pao)、付老文泡(pao)等22個大(da)(da)型泡(pao)沼(zhao)(zhao)。由于蒸發、滲透,在(zai)(zai)區內無明顯河床,只有(you)在(zai)(zai)雨季時,形成季節性濕地或(huo)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤地。居中的大(da)(da)香海(hai)泡(pao)與二(er)場泡(pao)于1971年建壩,并引入洮(洮兒河)灌溉(gai)工(gong)程系統(tong),稱為(wei)向(xiang)海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫。向(xiang)海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫無污染,酸堿度(du)7.6,淺水(shui)(shui)(shui)湖(hu)域水(shui)(shui)(shui)草肥(fei)美,水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫高,正常蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)湖(hu)面(mian)(mian)6650公頃,湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)7100公頃。向(xiang)海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫與相鄰各泡(pao)及興隆水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫相通,水(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)一般在(zai)(zai)0.5-1.5米,深(shen)處(chu)10米以上。
1981年,經吉林省人民政府批準建(jian)立(li)保(bao)護區。
1986年,被(bei)國(guo)務院批(pi)準晉升為國(guo)家級自然保(bao)護區。
1992年,被國(guo)務院(yuan)指定列入《國(guo)際(ji)重要濕地名錄(lu)》,同年被世界野生(sheng)生(sheng)物基金會評(ping)定為具(ju)有國(guo)際(ji)意義的A級(ji)自然(ran)保護區(qu)。
1993年,被中國(guo)人與生物(wu)圈(quan)委員會批準納(na)入“生物(wu)圈(quan)保護區網絡”。