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景觀介紹

在產(chan)出大(da)量(liang)硅化(hua)(hua)木的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同一(yi)套巖層(ceng)中(zhong)，還保存有(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)。其中(zhong)袁復(fu)禮(li)教授1931年在將軍戈(ge)壁發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長10.26m、背高(gao)4.05m的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型恐龍(long)(long)(long)--奇臺天山龍(long)(long)(long)，是(shi)中(zhong)國人第一(yi)次在亞(ya)洲(zhou)發現(xian)恐龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)。1983年以來，中(zhong)外古生物專(zhuan)家(jia)在公園區域內又先后挖掘(jue)出大(da)量(liang)恐龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)，其中(zhong)包括體長30.4米(mi)(mi)，高(gao)10余米(mi)(mi)，目前亞(ya)洲(zhou)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)--中(zhong)加馬門溪龍(long)(long)(long)、新疆侏羅紀典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食肉型恐龍(long)(long)(long)--長5.1米(mi)(mi)，背高(gao)1.7米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江氏單嵴龍(long)(long)(long)、以及蜥腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇(su)氏巧龍(long)(long)(long)和戈(ge)壁卡拉(la)麥里龍(long)(long)(long)，鳥(niao)臀目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五彩灣(wan)工部龍(long)(long)(long)，還有(you)被稱為代表了獸腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)重要演化(hua)(hua)環(huan)節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)董氏中(zhong)國伶盜(dao)龍(long)(long)(long)。與恐龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)伴生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還有(you)大(da)量(liang)鱷類(lei)(lei)、龜類(lei)(lei)、蜥蜴以及兩棲—哺(bu)(bu)乳(ru)動物和小型原始哺(bu)(bu)乳(ru)動物化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)。

硅化木-恐龍國(guo)家地(di)質公園景區(qu)內還(huan)是(shi)(shi)極其重(zhong)要的(de)荒(huang)漠物種保存地(di)和生態功(gong)能區(qu)，植(zhi)被以(yi)(yi)白梭梭、沙(sha)拐棗(zao)、紅柳等(deng)灌(guan)木，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)豬(zhu)毛(mao)菜、堿蓬等(deng)草本植(zhi)物為主，野(ye)(ye)生動物以(yi)(yi)有(you)蹄(ti)類最(zui)(zui)為重(zhong)要。1982年國(guo)家在(zai)這里建(jian)立了(le)“卡拉麥里有(you)蹄(ti)類野(ye)(ye)生動物保護(hu)區(qu)”，保護(hu)對象主要是(shi)(shi)蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)野(ye)(ye)馬（又名“普(pu)氏(shi)(shi)野(ye)(ye)馬”）、蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)野(ye)(ye)驢(lv)、鵝(e)喉(hou)羚、高鼻羚羊(yang)、盤羊(yang)、馬鹿、野(ye)(ye)山羊(yang)等(deng)及(ji)其生存環境。保護(hu)區(qu)面(mian)積達1.8萬平方公里，是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)最(zui)(zui)大(da)的(de)自然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)之一。有(you)蹄(ti)尖動物以(yi)(yi)鵝(e)喉(hou)羚最(zui)(zui)多，數量近萬只(zhi)。19世紀(ji)被俄(e)國(guo)探險家普(pu)爾熱瓦爾斯基發現(xian)并命(ming)名的(de)普(pu)氏(shi)(shi)野(ye)(ye)馬的(de)野(ye)(ye)生種群已不存在(zai)，1985年以(yi)(yi)來陸續從(cong)國(guo)外(wai)引進野(ye)(ye)馬后裔(yi)，并在(zai)保護(hu)區(qu)內建(jian)立了(le)全國(guo)唯一的(de)野(ye)(ye)馬繁(fan)殖中心(xin)，將逐步使蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)野(ye)(ye)馬重(zhong)返(fan)大(da)自然(ran)。

特色

奇臺(tai)硅化(hua)木—恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)國家地(di)質公園(yuan)總面(mian)積(ji)492平方公里。形成于距今(jin)1.95-1.37億年前的侏羅紀。奇臺(tai)硅化(hua)木園(yuan)硅化(hua)木群是亞(ya)洲面(mian)積(ji)最大、數量最多、保(bao)存最完整的硅化(hua)木化(hua)石(shi)(shi)森林(lin)，遺存規模位居世界第(di)二位。2006年8月26日(ri)在奇臺(tai)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)溝出土的蜥腳類食草恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)神長35米，是亞(ya)洲第(di)一、世界第(di)二大恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)。 主要(yao)景區有硅化(hua)木群、中生代(dai)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)、雅(ya)丹(dan)地(di)貌、石(shi)(shi)錢灘等。

硅(gui)(gui)(gui)化(hua)木(mu)群(qun)(qun)：奇(qi)臺(tai)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)化(hua)木(mu)群(qun)(qun)距今1.5億年的(de)(de)(de)(de)侏羅系(xi)石(shi)樹溝群(qun)(qun)巖(yan)層中(zhong)，較為集中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)化(hua)木(mu)遺跡有(you)(you)四處(chu)，其中(zhong)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)化(hua)木(mu)園景區(qu)(qu)面積(ji)11.65平方(fang)公(gong)里，集中(zhong)分布在北(bei)東—南西向沖溝內，出露數量(liang)近千(qian)株，是目(mu)前(qian)(qian)亞洲(zhou)遺存規模最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)化(hua)木(mu)群(qun)(qun)，僅次于美國亞利(li)桑那州化(hua)石(shi)森林(lin)，位居世(shi)界第(di)二，是地(di)質公(gong)園參觀、游覽(lan)和研(yan)(yan)究價值最高的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)。目(mu)前(qian)(qian)為止，區(qu)(qu)內已(yi)鑒定出的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)屬(shu)種有(you)(you)原始(shi)云杉(shan)(shan)型(xing)木(mu)屬(shu)、異(yi)木(mu)屬(shu)、南美杉(shan)(shan)型(xing)木(mu)屬(shu)和柏型(xing)木(mu)屬(shu)，還有(you)(you)一些小型(xing)植(zhi)物如錐葉蕨屬(shu)、似木(mu)賊屬(shu)、披葉杉(shan)(shan)屬(shu)等，表明當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物十(shi)分地(di)繁盛，對研(yan)(yan)究準噶(ga)爾盆地(di)中(zhong)生代地(di)質歷史時(shi)期古地(di)理、古氣候演化(hua)有(you)(you)著(zhu)非常重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)代(dai)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi) ：1931年(nian)(nian)我(wo)國著名(ming)的(de)(de)地質學家袁復(fu)(fu)禮教授(shou)在(zai)將軍戈壁名(ming)為凱(kai)利施的(de)(de)地方發現(xian)了兩(liang)個(ge)大(da)的(de)(de)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)骨骼(ge)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)，經楊(yang)鐘(zhong)健修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)，為身長(chang)10.26米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、背高(gao)4.05米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)骨架，定名(ming)為奇臺天(tian)山(shan)龍(long)(long)(long)屬蜥腳類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人第(di)(di)一(yi)次在(zai)自己國家發現(xian)的(de)(de)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)。1983年(nian)(nian)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國科學院(yuan)北(bei)京(jing)古脊椎動物與古人類(lei)(lei)研究所組成新疆考察(cha)隊(dui)在(zai)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)溝進(jin)行考察(cha)，發現(xian)了多具恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)，原定名(ming)為“將軍廟(miao)龍(long)(long)(long)”，1993年(nian)(nian)經進(jin)一(yi)步研究，鑒定為江氏單嵴(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)。最(zui)具影響的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)聯合(he)考察(cha)隊(dui)1986—1990年(nian)(nian)期間在(zai)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)溝進(jin)行的(de)(de)考察(cha)活動，他們發現(xian)許多化(hua)石(shi)(shi)，包括2個(ge)完整的(de)(de)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)骨骼(ge)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)具長(chang)30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，軀(qu)高(gao)10多米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，重量達(da)5萬千克(ke)，為蜥腳類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)－中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加馬門溪龍(long)(long)(long)。2006年(nian)(nian)8月26日在(zai)奇臺恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)溝出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)蜥腳類(lei)(lei)食草恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)神長(chang)35米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，是(shi)(shi)亞洲第(di)(di)一(yi)、世界(jie)第(di)(di)二(er)大(da)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)具恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)脖子(zi)（長(chang)度15米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)）被證實是(shi)(shi)世界(jie)上脖子(zi)最(zui)長(chang)的(de)(de)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)。還挖掘出(chu)一(yi)塊劍(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)肩(jian)刺(ci)和劍(jian)板(ban)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)塊化(hua)石(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)世界(jie)上同類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)肩(jian)刺(ci)和劍(jian)板(ban)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)保存最(zui)完整、最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)。

雅(ya)(ya)丹地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)：“雅(ya)(ya)丹”，又名(ming)“雅(ya)(ya)爾(er)丹”，維吾爾(er)語原意為(wei)“陡壁(bi)的(de)小丘”。現泛指(zhi)干燥(zao)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)一種風(feng)(feng)(feng)蝕(shi)地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)，是河(he)湖(hu)相土(tu)狀沉積物(wu)所形成(cheng)的(de)地(di)(di)面經過風(feng)(feng)(feng)化作用、間歇性流水沖刷和風(feng)(feng)(feng)力的(de)長(chang)期(qi)吹蝕(shi)所形成(cheng)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)蝕(shi)土(tu)墩和風(feng)(feng)(feng)蝕(shi)凹地(di)(di)的(de)地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)組合。在(zai)將軍(jun)戈壁(bi)，這種地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)主(zhu)要發育在(zai)侏(zhu)羅(luo)紀河(he)湖(hu)相紅層中(zhong)(zhong)，色彩更為(wei)鮮(xian)艷，園區(qu)以魔(mo)鬼(gui)城(cheng)雅(ya)(ya)丹景區(qu)和瀚海動(dong)物(wu)園雅(ya)(ya)丹地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)較為(wei)集中(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)的(de)形成(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)蝕(shi)城(cheng)堡，有(you)的(de)形成(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)蝕(shi)蘑菇，有(you)的(de)形成(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)蝕(shi)殘丘，有(you)的(de)形成(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)蝕(shi)柱，構成(cheng)似人、獅、虎、象、牛、龜等奇特造型。

石(shi)(shi)(shi)錢(qian)(qian)灘(tan)：位于將(jiang)軍廟以東，距北(bei)山煤窯以北(bei)10千米處的(de)洼地內，發現(xian)許(xu)多海相生物化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)，其中海百合莖的(de)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)碎(sui)(sui)片(pian)，形似一枚枚錢(qian)(qian)幣，散落(luo)地表，故將(jiang)分布(bu)于東準噶爾(er)將(jiang)軍廟一帶的(de)這一套海相碎(sui)(sui)屑(xie)巖(yan)夾灰巖(yan)定為“石(shi)(shi)(shi)錢(qian)(qian)灘(tan)建(jian)造”，后被演化(hua)為“石(shi)(shi)(shi)錢(qian)(qian)灘(tan)組”，該(gai)處也因(yin)此得名“石(shi)(shi)(shi)錢(qian)(qian)灘(tan)”。

公園遺跡

新(xin)疆奇臺硅(gui)化木—恐龍(long)國(guo)家(jia)地質(zhi)(zhi)公園位(wei)于古(gu)絲綢之路(lu)新(xin)北(bei)道(dao)上的奇臺縣境內(nei)(nei) （東經89°40′—90°37′，北(bei)緯44°25′—44°58′），西南(nan)距烏魯木齊(qi)市350km，總(zong)面積492km2，是以古(gu)生物(wu)化石(shi)類、地貌類地質(zhi)(zhi)遺跡為主(zhu)的國(guo)家(jia)級地質(zhi)(zhi)公園。內(nei)(nei)含硅(gui)化木景區(qu)、恐龍(long)溝景區(qu)、魔鬼城雅丹景區(qu)和石(shi)錢灘景區(qu)，是中國(guo)西北(bei)地區(qu)唯一(yi)以典型、稀有、珍貴(gui)的硅(gui)化木群、恐龍(long)化石(shi)為主(zhu)體(ti)的國(guo)家(jia)地質(zhi)(zhi)公園。

地質發現平(ping)原區，而(er)是湖(hu)(hu)泊邊緣(yuan)，環(huan)境(jing)與(yu)氣(qi)候與(yu)現在大(da)不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)。侏羅(luo)紀早期(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)，這里河(he)流縱橫，沼澤濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)發育，氣(qi)候溫暖潮濕(shi)(shi)，生長(chang)著(zhu)(zhu)茂密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裸子植(zhi)物，如松柏類(lei)(lei)，另外還有蕨類(lei)(lei)，為典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚煤環(huan)境(jing)，沉積河(he)沼相(xiang)和(he)河(he)湖(hu)(hu)相(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灰色砂(sha)巖、泥巖和(he)厚度較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)煤層(ceng)。侏羅(luo)紀晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)，氣(qi)候開始向干旱、干熱(re)轉變(bian)并伴有季節性變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，沼澤濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)不(bu)再(zai)發育，植(zhi)物生長(chang)環(huan)境(jing)較前期(qi)(qi)差一(yi)(yi)(yi)些，沉積形成(cheng)了河(he)湖(hu)(hu)相(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紫紅色含礫砂(sha)巖、砂(sha)巖夾灰黃色砂(sha)巖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅層(ceng)，被(bei)埋藏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)變(bian)成(cheng)硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)而(er)被(bei)保存下(xia)來。奇臺(tai)硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)形成(cheng)于侏羅(luo)紀紅色砂(sha)泥巖中(zhong)。現在，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋于地(di)(di)下(xia)厚約(yue)10米(mi)左右，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裸露地(di)(di)表，分布范(fan)圍(wei)約(yue)為10多(duo)平(ping)方公里，露于地(di)(di)表多(duo)達(da)千余棵，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直立(li)，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫臥，還可(ke)見樹(shu)(shu)(shu)樁，深深插入(ru)巖層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)根。地(di)(di)表到處是風(feng)化(hua)(hua)了的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)碎片(pian)。從外形上來看，硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)保持樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原形，木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)紋(wen)及(ji)年輪(lun)清(qing)晰可(ke)辨，亦有著(zhu)(zhu)敦實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)質感。但若用手一(yi)(yi)(yi)摸，卻又冷(leng)硬(ying)似(si)鐵石(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般。再(zai)撿起碎塊敲一(yi)(yi)(yi)敲，叮當悅耳，猶如金石(shi)(shi)聲，可(ke)謂是“硬(ying)如鐵，聲如磬”，令人嘖嘖稱(cheng)奇。硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)俗稱(cheng)“石(shi)(shi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)”，是化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)(lei)。當樹(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)被(bei)沉積物掩埋后．地(di)(di)下(xia)水中(zhong)所(suo)含二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)硅(gui)與(yu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)進行(xing)分子間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)等速(su)置(zhi)換(huan)，直到木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)質組份被(bei)二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)硅(gui)取代，從而(er)形成(cheng)完(wan)整保留樹(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)。

地質景點

硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木群一日(ri)游(you)自奇(qi)臺縣(xian)(xian)(xian)沿(yan)(yan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城一西地(di)—旱溝的縣(xian)(xian)(xian)道向(xiang)東北行約(yue)60km，可(ke)達地(di)質公園南部芨芨湖入口處，沿(yan)(yan)228省道至硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木園，沿(yan)(yan)途(tu)可(ke)領(ling)略將軍戈壁的廣袤(mao)，參(can)觀將軍廟遺址，了解將軍戈壁名稱的由來。在(zai)(zai)硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木景(jing)區(qu)(qu)，游(you)亞洲最(zui)大的硅(gui)化(hua)(hua)木群：在(zai)(zai)恐龍溝景(jing)區(qu)(qu)實地(di)參(can)觀恐龍化(hua)(hua)石采坑了解現已絕滅的恐龍在(zai)(zai)侏(zhu)羅紀(ji)曾怎樣生活(huo)在(zai)(zai)地(di)球(qiu) 上，最(zui)后或(huo)直(zhi)接回(hui)奇(qi)臺，或(huo)沿(yan)(yan)228省道向(xiang)北至喀納(na)斯景(jing)區(qu)(qu)。