壽(shou)縣位地處淮河中(zhong)游(you)南岸,依八公山,傍淮、淠河,古稱壽(shou)春、壽(shou)陽、壽(shou)州(zhou),自楚考烈王二(er)十二(er)年(公元前241年)遷(qian)都(dou)于此,屢為州(zhou)、府(fu)、道、郡等(deng)治所,是(shi)楚文化的(de)故鄉(xiang),是(shi)中(zhong)國豆腐(fu)的(de)發祥地,是(shi)“淝水之戰”的(de)古戰場。
壽縣古城墻特殊形制構造主要體現在三個方面:一是城墻外側壁腳處特設一道護城石堤,二是甕城內外門向交角處理,三是城涵(水關)上建筑月壩。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池所處的(de)(de)(de)地理(li)環境,匠心獨運,于軍事防御(yu)之外,還能具有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)防水(shui)功(gong)能。這也是(shi)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池能完整保存至今(jin)的(de)(de)(de)重要原因(yin)之一。明代(dai)為了(le)加固城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji),于墻外側以條石(shi)迭砌(qi)一周護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)泊岸,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內北部東(dong)、西兩隅各有(you)一泄水(shui)涵閘(zha),平時城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內積水(shui)可由此排出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外。當(dang)洪(hong)水(shui)季(ji)節,又可自行關閉涵閘(zha),防止外水(shui)倒灌入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。涵額鐫(juan)有(you)“金(jin)湯鞏(gong)固”、“崇墉障流”題名,是(shi)對這堅固雄(xiong)偉的(de)(de)(de)壽州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)(de)真實(shi)寫照。1991年(nian),古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)抵御(yu)了(le)百年(nian)未遇的(de)(de)(de)特(te)大洪(hong)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)圍(wei)困,顯示了(le)它的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊功(gong)能。
壽縣古城至(zhi)今保(bao)存唐、宋、明、清建筑10多(duo)(duo)處(chu),古墓葬多(duo)(duo)達80多(duo)(duo)座,古遺址29處(chu),其中全國重點文(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)護單位3處(chu),省(sheng)級文(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)護單位7處(chu),縣博(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)館珍藏國家一級文(wen)物(wu)(wu)160多(duo)(duo)件(jian),二、三級文(wen)物(wu)(wu)2000多(duo)(duo)件(jian),有“地下博(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)館”之(zhi)稱。
壽(shou)縣(xian)這座(zuo)古城(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)因戰爭古人建了(le)這座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng),因洪水后(hou)人保(bao)存(cun)加固(gu)了(le)這座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)。壽(shou)縣(xian)古城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)始建于南宋(song),磚壁石基(ji),城(cheng)(cheng)開四門(men),各有(you)(you)甕城(cheng)(cheng),既擁有(you)(you)完整(zheng)的(de)軍事防御體(ti)系(xi),也具備防水防洪功能。壽(shou)縣(xian)古城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)自明清以來(lai),按照防御戰爭和防洪的(de)需要,不斷進行整(zheng)修。至今(jin)仍(reng)保(bao)持(chi)著明清兩朝(chao)風格。古城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)不僅是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國國內保(bao)存(cun)最(zui)為(wei)完好(hao)(hao)的(de)宋(song)代古城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang),也是(shi)(shi)世(shi)界上保(bao)存(cun)最(zui)為(wei)完好(hao)(hao)的(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)防體(ti)系(xi)。
壽縣的古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在(zai)壁(bi)腳處加筑了一周高3米(mi)、寬8米(mi)堤岸(an),它是明(ming)代(dai)壽州御史楊瞻(zhan)創建的護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)堤,又(you)叫泊岸(an),它的內口與墻(qiang)根(gen)基(ji)連為(wei)(wei)一體,外(wai)(wai)口則(ze)以條石(shi)疊砌。護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)堤為(wei)(wei)整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)增加了一道堅固的防線,頂住了洪水對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)根(gen)基(ji)的直接沖擊,為(wei)(wei)加強(qiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)防爭(zheng)得了時間,并使(shi)加高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)工(gong)程具(ju)有重要的意(yi)義,堪稱城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)之(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。清(qing)代(dai)以來,石(shi)堤幾(ji)經修葺。
明萬歷元年(1573年)壽縣出現了月壩。所謂月壩,即以城內涵段之轉角角頂為圓心,向上建筑一磚石結構的圓筒狀壩墻,其直徑7.7米,壁厚0.5米,高于城墻。周圍又圍護以厚實的堤坡,遠遠看去像個小山包。月壩內設石階,可沿級遞下,壩底涵溝上砌磚旋,設閘數道。月壩有四個功能:第一,從整體上保護涵閘,使之與外隔離,避免了內河積水的淹沒,第二,可以隨時進壩啟閉閘門,控流自如;第三,可及時比較內外水位;第四,可以徹底消除外水倒灌成災的隱患,光緒年間重修時,東西月壩分別榮膺了“崇墉障流”、“金湯鞏固”的譽稱。壽縣(xian)城墻內東北(bei)方向,有(you)個類似(si)山包(bao)的(de)建筑就是古涵洞,即水(shui)關月壩。壽縣(xian)的(de)“月壩”有(you)三處(chu),即城東北(bei)、西(xi)北(bei)和西(xi)南各(ge)一處(chu),現存的(de)只有(you)東北(bei)和西(xi)北(bei)角兩處(chu)。
壽(shou)縣的古(gu)城(cheng)墻有4座城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men),名(ming)“賓(bin)(bin)陽”,意思是(shi)東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)每(mei)天迎來的嘉賓(bin)(bin)是(shi)萬(wan)物景仰的太(tai)陽。原(yuan)“賓(bin)(bin)陽樓”毀于日本侵略軍的戰火(huo),1986年,由蘇州(zhou)古(gu)典園林設計室(shi),參照宋制設計圖施工,1987年4月(yue)修復(fu)。弱(ruo)勝(sheng)強的“淝水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)戰”的古(gu)戰場(chang)就在壽(shou)縣。西門(men)(men)(men)(men)面對壽(shou)西湖,取(qu)名(ming)“定湖”。北(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)喚(huan)“靖(jing)淮(huai)(huai)”,面臨淮(huai)(huai)河(he)(he),水(shui)(shui)患不斷,常憂人意,取(qu)其名(ming)希望淮(huai)(huai)河(he)(he)平靜安(an)靖(jing)。而南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的護城(cheng)河(he)(he)與(yu)淝水(shui)(shui)通(tong),象征舟楫往來,商貿繁榮,賓(bin)(bin)朋四海,故(gu)取(qu)名(ming)“淝通(tong)”。四城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)均設甕城(cheng),呈(cheng)內、外(wai)(wai)(wai)二門(men)(men)(men)(men)。明(ming)朝嘉靖(jing)后,除南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)內外(wai)(wai)(wai)仍為一線通(tong)達開闊之(zhi)式,東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)北(bei)移偏離中軸線4米(mi),西、北(bei)兩門(men)(men)(men)(men)的內外(wai)(wai)(wai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)道,均呈(cheng)90度直角,成“ㄣ”形門(men)(men)(men)(men)道,西門(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)向北(bei),北(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)向西;這(zhe)樣,洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)若入甕城(cheng),便成渦流,可減(jian)輕(qing)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)對內門(men)(men)(men)(men)的壓(ya)力。
城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)腳下今(jin)存二涵(han)(han),城(cheng)(cheng)涵(han)(han)的(de)(de)作用主要(yao)是及時(shi)(shi)排泄城(cheng)(cheng)內積水,以保城(cheng)(cheng)內安全,明代以前(qian),壽縣城(cheng)(cheng)涵(han)(han)與一般涵(han)(han)洞無甚(shen)區別,平地設涵(han)(han),其一端通于城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)之下達于城(cheng)(cheng)外,另一端,即與內河相接的(de)(de)涵(han)(han)段則無法適應洪水連年的(de)(de)形勢,每在緊要(yao)時(shi)(shi)刻,常被(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)內積水吞沒,毀壞,更有甚(shen)者,因涵(han)(han)閘啟閉失控,又時(shi)(shi)有外水倒(dao)灌(guan)入城(cheng)(cheng)之慮。
壽縣古城墻城門東、南、西三門舊有名勝石刻。東門內北壁有二,一曰“人(ren)(ren)心不足蛇吞相(象(xiang))”,二曰“鳳凰(huang)落毛不如(ru)雞”,南門(men)甕城內(nei)東壁緊貼門(men)后,刻一(yi)(yi)石人(ren)(ren)像(xiang),謂“門(men)里人(ren)(ren)”。取自李園藏刺客(ke)于(yu)(yu)壽春(chun)棘(ji)門(men)刺死春(chun)申君黃歇(xie)的(de)故事(shi),為楚文(wen)化又一(yi)(yi)珍貴遺跡,1975年,改建(jian)南門(men)時沒有修復于(yu)(yu)門(men)內(nei)。
1、壽(shou)縣(xian)縣(xian)古城(cheng)墻(qiang)位于(yu)壽(shou)縣(xian)城(cheng)區(qu),從壽(shou)縣(xian)汽車(che)客運站進入203省道,行(xing)(xing)駛3.5公里進入環島,行(xing)(xing)駛2.5公里達(da)到終點。
2、淮南市內可乘坐淮南公交29路(lu)抵達壽縣南門公交樞紐,步行至通淝門。