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簡介

白山水庫位于吉林省中部、第二松花江上。匯水面積(ji)1.9萬平(ping)方公里，年徑(jing)流量75.3億立方米。庫容65.1億立方米，主要用于發電。

第二松花江(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)屬(shu)大陸(lu)性季風氣(qi)候區。白山水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)地區冬季漫長寒冷(leng)，夏季濕潤多(duo)雨，四季分(fen)明(ming)。多(duo)年(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)溫4.3攝氏度，一般(ban)在11月上(shang)旬江(jiang)(jiang)面開始流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)冰。中下旬封江(jiang)(jiang)，直(zhi)到次年(nian)(nian)4月上(shang)中旬開江(jiang)(jiang)，年(nian)(nian)平均封凍期長達(da)(da)135天(tian)(tian)，1970年(nian)(nian)實測(ce)最(zui)低氣(qi)溫曾(ceng)達(da)(da)-44.5攝氏度。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)平均年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)800毫米左右(you)，水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)壩址處多(duo)年(nian)(nian)平均流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)239立方(fang)米每秒，多(duo)年(nian)(nian)平均年(nian)(nian)徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)7 5.3億立方(fang)米0 7-8月降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)占(zhan)全年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)的47.1%。大洪水(shui)(shui)多(duo)發生在8月，洪峰(feng)過程具有峰(feng)高量(liang)大、歷時短的特點(dian)。1960年(nian)(nian)實測(ce)最(zui)大洪峰(feng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)11800立方(fang)米每秒，相應7天(tian)(tian)洪量(liang)19.4億立方(fang)米，實測(ce)最(zui)小流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)9.25立方(fang)米每秒。庫(ku)區植被良(liang)好，江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)含沙量(liang)較(jiao)小，年(nian)(nian)輸沙量(liang)僅105萬噸。

作用

白山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)是(shi)(shi)以發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為主(zhu)(zhu)，兼顧防(fang)洪等(deng)綜合利用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)利工程，建成后在各方(fang)面均發(fa)揮了(le)很好的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。首先，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)充分發(fa)揮了(le)調(diao)峰、調(diao)頻與(yu)事(shi)故(gu)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)，為東北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)科學調(diao)度與(yu)安全(quan)運行期發(fa)揮了(le)積極的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。1984-1992年(nian)(nian)，白山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)累計發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量為137億千瓦(wa)(wa)時，占東北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)22.58%，占全(quan)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)2.51%；白山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力(li)的(de)(de)92.6%都用(yong)(yong)在調(diao)峰上(shang)；承擔全(quan)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)(de)18.5%，起(qi)到了(le)主(zhu)(zhu)導調(diao)峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。其次，白山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)是(shi)(shi)東北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)理想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，在用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰期，白山(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)約(yue)(yue)要擔負全(quan)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)1/2的(de)(de)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)容(rong)量，非高 峰時也要有條(tiao)件承擔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一臺30兆(zhao)瓦(wa)(wa)機組的(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)，年(nian)(nian)均 負載備(bei)用(yong)(yong)約(yue)(yue)150兆(zhao)瓦(wa)(wa)。

為進一(yi)步(bu)發揮白山、紅(hong)石與豐滿等三座(zuo)大型(xing)水(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)聯合(he)調(diao)度，特別(bie)是調(diao)峰作用，在(zai)白山電(dian)站(zhan)現(xian)有工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)基礎上建設了(le)以(yi)紅(hong)石水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)為下庫(ku)(ku)的(de)抽水(shui)蓄(xu)能電(dian)站(zhan)，裝機2臺(tai)共(gong)300兆(zhao)瓦，現(xian)已投(tou)入(ru)運行。

另(ling)外在(zai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)方(fang)面(mian)．為(wei)提(ti)高(gao)與(yu)(yu)豐滿水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)聯(lian)合(he)調度的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)作(zuo)用，白(bai)(bai)山水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)還預留了(le)(le)4.5億立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)錯峰庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)容，小于100年一(yi)(yi)遇洪(hong)水(shui)時，可使豐滿水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)下泄流量減(jian)少(shao)500～1000立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)每(mei)秒，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)流域的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)抗(kang)災(zai)效用。1986年汛期大(da)(da)水(shui)，白(bai)(bai)山水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)洪(hong)峰削減(jian)率(lv)達78.4%，整(zheng)個(ge)洪(hong)水(shui)期白(bai)(bai)山攔蓄洪(hong)水(shui)20.2億立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，極大(da)(da)地(di)減(jian)輕了(le)(le)洪(hong)水(shui)對下游特別是對哈爾濱(bin)(bin)市(shi)的(de)(de)威(wei)脅。1991年松花(hua)江(jiang)大(da)(da)水(shui)，8月上(shang)旬松花(hua)江(jiang)出(chu)(chu)現了(le)(le)緊(jin)張的(de)(de)汛情(qing)，8月中旬哈爾濱(bin)(bin)最(zui)大(da)(da)流量達10800立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)每(mei)秒，最(zui)高(gao)水(shui)位高(gao)達120.09米(mi)(mi)(mi)，距堤頂(ding)只差20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，豐滿水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)一(yi)(yi)直保(bao)(bao)持出(chu)(chu)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)流量不超過3000立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)每(mei)秒。為(wei)此白(bai)(bai)山水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)進行了(le)(le)控泄，減(jian)少(shao)豐滿水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)壓(ya)力，實(shi)現了(le)(le)與(yu)(yu)豐滿水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)科學(xue)聯(lian)調，在(zai)確保(bao)(bao)白(bai)(bai)、豐兩(liang)(liang)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)調度安(an)全的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)緩解了(le)(le)下游兩(liang)(liang)岸與(yu)(yu)哈爾濱(bin)(bin)市(shi)的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)洪(hong)壓(ya)力。

紀實

1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)白山(shan)水(shui)電站(zhan)被(bei)列入第(di)(di)二個五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)計劃，1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)開(kai)(kai)工(gong)建(jian)設。1962年(nian)(nian)(nian)6月(yue)，白山(shan)水(shui)電站(zhan)緩(huan)建(jian)。至此，工(gong)程(cheng)已經(jing)完成左(zuo)岸(an)(an)導流(liu)洞(dong)的施(shi)工(gong)導洞(dong)，右岸(an)(an)修建(jian)了(le)木籠圍堰(yan)及臨 時建(jian)筑。1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)工(gong)程(cheng)復工(gong)，同年(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)1日，白山(shan)水(shui)電站(zhan)主體工(gong)程(cheng)開(kai)(kai)始施(shi)工(gong)，至1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)11月(yue)1 6日，導流(liu)底孔9米×21米閘門下(xia)閘，水(shui)庫開(kai)(kai)始蓄水(shui)，1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)30日，第(di)(di)一臺300 兆瓦水(shui)輪發(fa)電機組正(zheng)式(shi)并網(wang)發(fa)電，第(di)(di)二臺和(he)第(di)(di)三臺各300兆水(shui)輪發(fa)電機組于1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)7月(yue)和(he)12月(yue)正(zheng)式(shi)并網(wang)發(fa)電。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)底1982電站(zhan)第(di)(di)一期工(gong)程(cheng)完成。

白山水(shui)(shui)庫工程(cheng)在(zai)設(she)(she)計和施(shi)工中選用的(de)(de)(de)單曲(qu)三心圓混凝土(tu)重(zhong)力拱壩，高(gao)、深孔(kong)相間布置，挑(tiao)流水(shui)(shui)舌互相穿射、橫向擴(kuo) 散、縱向分(fen)層的(de)(de)(de)三維綜合消能的(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)洪設(she)(she)施(shi)、在(zai)300兆(zhao)瓦(wa)水(shui)(shui)輪發 電機(ji)組上采用靜(jing)止式可控硅自并激勵磁系(xi)統、220千伏高(gao)壓(ya)設(she)(she)備采用六(liu)氟化硫全封閉組合電器等技(ji)術，在(zai)當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電建(jian)設(she)(she)中是(shi)非常先進的(de)(de)(de)，為(wei)中國水(shui)(shui)電建(jian)設(she)(she)史寫下了(le)光(guang)輝(hui)的(de)(de)(de)一筆(bi)。