作用
水(shui)布埡水(shui)利樞(shu)紐工程由(you)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)利委員(yuan)會(hui)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)勘(kan)測(ce)規劃(hua)設計研究院(yuan)勘(kan)測(ce)、設計,壩(ba)(ba)址位(wei)于巴東縣境內,上距恩(en)施市117km,下(xia)距隔(ge)(ge)河(he)(he)(he)巖(yan)水(shui)利樞(shu)紐92km,是清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)梯級開發的(de)(de)(de)龍頭樞(shu)紐。水(shui)庫(ku)正常蓄水(shui)位(wei)400m,相應(ying)庫(ku)容(rong)43.12億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)米(mi),總45.8億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)米(mi)庫(ku)容(rong),裝機(ji)容(rong)量1600MW,是以發電、防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)、航運為主,并(bing)兼顧其他的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)利樞(shu)紐工程。據初步測(ce)算(suan),水(shui)布埡電站(zhan)投產后,將顯著(zhu)增(zeng)加清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)游(you)已建隔(ge)(ge)河(he)(he)(he)巖(yan)和高壩(ba)(ba)洲兩座電站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)調峰調頻能(neng)力(li),屆時清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)3座電站(zhan)(水(shui)布埡、隔(ge)(ge)河(he)(he)(he)巖(yan)、高壩(ba)(ba)洲)將可(ke)承擔華(hua)(hua)中電網10%左右的(de)(de)(de)調峰任務,清(qing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)域(yu)成(cheng)為華(hua)(hua)中電網清(qing)潔、可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)調峰調頻電源基地。水(shui)布埡水(shui)庫(ku)是長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中下(xia)游(you)防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分,水(shui)布埡水(shui)庫(ku)預留的(de)(de)(de)5億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)米(mi)防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)庫(ku)容(rong)與(yu)隔(ge)(ge)河(he)(he)(he)巖(yan)水(shui)庫(ku)已預留的(de)(de)(de)5億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)米(mi)防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)庫(ku)容(rong)聯合(he)調度(du)運行(xing),可(ke)有效(xiao)減輕荊江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)河(he)(he)(he)段的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)壓(ya)力(li),提高長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中下(xia)游(you)地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)標準。
主體建筑
簡介
水(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡水(shui)(shui)利樞紐(niu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)為一等大(da)型水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。主體建筑(zhu)(zhu)物有:混凝土(tu)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)堆石壩(ba)(ba)、河岸式(shi)溢洪道(dao)(dao)、右(you)岸地下(xia)式(shi)電(dian)站廠房和放(fang)空洞等。水(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡水(shui)(shui)利樞紐(niu)混凝土(tu)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)堆石壩(ba)(ba)為目前世界(jie)上(shang)(shang)最(zui)高的面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)壩(ba)(ba),壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)高程(cheng)(cheng)409m,壩(ba)(ba)軸線長660m,最(zui)大(da)壩(ba)(ba)高233m,壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)寬(kuan)12m。大(da)壩(ba)(ba)上(shang)(shang)游壩(ba)(ba)坡1:1.4,下(xia)游平(ping)均壩(ba)(ba)坡1:1.4。大(da)壩(ba)(ba)填筑(zhu)(zhu)量包括上(shang)(shang)游鋪蓋在內共1526萬(wan)立方米(mi)。面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)厚0.3m-1.1m,受壓(ya)區面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)16.0m,受拉區寬(kuan)8.0m,面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)面(mian)積13.84萬(wan)平(ping)方米(mi)。趾(zhi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)采用(yong)壩(ba)(ba)前設(she)標(biao)準(zhun)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),下(xia)接防(fang)滲(shen)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的結(jie)構(gou)型式(shi),標(biao)準(zhun)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)6m-8m,厚0.6m-1.2m。防(fang)滲(shen)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)4m-12m,趾(zhi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與基巖間設(she)有錨(mao)筋聯(lian)接。周邊(bian)縫結(jie)構(gou)在高程(cheng)(cheng)275m以下(xia)采用(yong)底(di)、中(zhong)、頂(ding)三道(dao)(dao)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui),高程(cheng)(cheng)275m以上(shang)(shang)取消(xiao)中(zhong)部止(zhi)水(shui)(shui),設(she)底(di)、頂(ding)兩道(dao)(dao)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui);面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)垂直縫設(she)有底(di)、頂(ding)兩道(dao)(dao)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)。
環境
河岸式(shi)溢洪道(dao)布(bu)(bu)置在左岸,由(you)(you)引(yin)水(shui)渠、控制段(duan)、泄槽(cao)段(duan)(含(han)挑流鼻坎(kan))和(he)下游防沖(chong)段(duan)組(zu)(zu)成。下游防沖(chong)段(duan)采用防淘墻(qiang)的(de)結構型式(shi)。放(fang)空(kong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)布(bu)(bu)置在右(you)岸,其主(zhu)要作(zuo)用為水(shui)庫放(fang)空(kong),中、后(hou)期導流和(he)施工期向下游供水(shui)等。由(you)(you)引(yin)水(shui)渠、有壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(含(han)喇叭(ba)口)、事(shi)故檢修閘(zha)門(men)井、工作(zuo)閘(zha)門(men)室(shi)、無壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、交通洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、通氣洞(dong)(dong)(dong)以及出口段(duan)(含(han)挑流鼻坎(kan))等組(zu)(zu)成。有壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)長(chang)530.24m,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)徑11.0m-9.0m。無壓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)段(duan)長(chang)532.63m,底板坡(po)度為i=0.2-0.055,洞(dong)(dong)(dong)室(shi)凈空(kong)尺寸(cun)為7.2m×12.0m,為城門(men)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)型。
引(yin)水(shui)(shui)式(shi)地下電站,布置于(yu)壩址NE30°河段的右岸(an)山(shan)體(ti)內(nei),電站安裝(zhuang)4臺混(hun)流(liu)式(shi)水(shui)(shui)輪發電機(ji)組,單機(ji)容量(liang)400MW,總裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)1600MW。保證出(chu)力310MW,每年平均發電量(liang)39.2×108KW·H。電站建筑(zhu)物包括:引(yin)水(shui)(shui)渠、進(jin)水(shui)(shui)口、引(yin)水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、主廠(chang)房、安裝(zhuang)場、母線(xian)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)平臺、尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)渠、500kV變(bian)電所、交(jiao)通洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、通風洞(dong)(dong)(dong)和廠(chang)外排水(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)等。引(yin)水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)采用一機(ji)一洞(dong)(dong)(dong),平均長387.9m,圓形斷面內(nei)徑(jing)為(wei)(wei)8.5m-6.9m;地下廠(chang)房尺(chi)寸為(wei)(wei)168.5m×23m×67m(長×寬×高),裝(zhuang)機(ji)高程187.2m;尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)亦采用一機(ji)一洞(dong)(dong)(dong),平均長313.18m,圓形斷面內(nei)徑(jing)為(wei)(wei)11.3m。
專題研究
簡介
水布埡水利樞(shu)紐兩岸地(di)形(xing)陡峻,庫(ku)首近壩(ba)(ba)地(di)段及壩(ba)(ba)區環(huan)境地(di)質(zhi)問題(ti)比較復雜(za),壩(ba)(ba)址區環(huan)境地(di)質(zhi)條件較差(cha),有較多的危巖(yan)體廣泛分(fen)布,在這種地(di)形(xing)地(di)質(zhi)條件下,修建230多米高的大(da)壩(ba)(ba),長江委設計院進行(xing)了多項(xiang)專題(ti)研(yan)究,主(zhu)要有:
研究
砼面板堆(dui)石壩與心(xin)墻(qiang)堆(dui)石壩兩種壩型的比選研究
國(guo)(guo)外已有多座200m-300m左右的心墻堆(dui)石壩(ba)建設經(jing)驗(yan),在中國(guo)(guo)建設227m的高心墻堆(dui)石壩(ba)還(huan)屬首次,通過大(da)量的筑壩(ba)材料(liao)室內試驗(yan),現(xian)場碾壓試驗(yan)以及壩(ba)體應力(li)應變,水力(li)劈裂和滲流控制等分析研究(jiu)論證,在采取適當(dang)工程措施后技術(shu)上是可行的。
砼面板堆石壩在(zai)國(guo)內均有較(jiao)快發(fa)展,但(dan)要修建當(dang)今(jin)世界最高的(de)(de)233m的(de)(de)砼面板堆石壩具有一定(ding)的(de)(de)難度(du),通過筑壩材(cai)(cai)料(liao)特性(xing),堆石體(ti)變形控(kong)制,壩體(ti)應(ying)力應(ying)變分析,面板砼的(de)(de)防(fang)裂與耐(nai)久性(xing),周邊(bian)縫的(de)(de)止(zhi)水材(cai)(cai)料(liao)和結構型式等研究表明,在(zai)采(cai)取(qu)適當(dang)的(de)(de)工程措施(shi)后技術上是可行的(de)(de)。
滑坡治理
庫首近壩(ba)地段大壩(ba)上(shang)(shang)游(you)河段9km范圍內分(fen)布有18個(ge)滑(hua)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)組(zu)成(cheng)的滑(hua)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)群體,總(zong)(zong)方量8342萬立方米(mi)(mi),5個(ge)危巖體總(zong)(zong)方量357萬 立方米(mi)(mi),1個(ge)穩定性(xing)差(cha)的斜坡(po)(po)(po)(po),方量為385萬立方米(mi)(mi)。壩(ba)后滑(hua)坡(po)(po)(po)(po),在大壩(ba)下(xia)游(you)分(fen)布有大巖淌、馬巖灣、臺(tai)子上(shang)(shang)、古樹包四個(ge)大滑(hua)坡(po)(po)(po)(po),設計研究分(fen)別采用開挖減載,地下(xia)地表排水,前緣護(hu)(hu)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)、抗滑(hua)支(zhi)擋(dang)等措施。右岸(an)峽(xia)口馬崖高陡自然邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po),坡(po)(po)(po)(po)高達360余米(mi)(mi),巖性(xing)為上(shang)(shang)硬(ying)下(xia)軟(ruan)(ruan),且上(shang)(shang)部硬(ying)巖中還(huan)夾有多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)軟(ruan)(ruan)弱(ruo)夾層(ceng)(ceng),處理(li)措施為卸(xie)荷開挖,邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)錨固,坡(po)(po)(po)(po)面噴護(hu)(hu),排水坡(po)(po)(po)(po)腳護(hu)(hu)岸(an)等。
軟巖成洞問題
由于壩(ba)(ba)型為當(dang)地(di)(di)材料壩(ba)(ba),故(gu)地(di)(di)下洞(dong)室相(xiang)對(dui)較多(duo)(duo),壩(ba)(ba)址區巖(yan)體中的軟(ruan)(ruan)層(ceng)甚多(duo)(duo),如泥盆系寫(xie)經(jing)寺組(zu),二(er)迭系馬鞍組(zu)與棲霞組(zu)─極薄層(ceng)含泥質(zhi)生物碎屑灰巖(yan)、泥巖(yan)、泥灰巖(yan)及頁(ye)巖(yan)等均屬軟(ruan)(ruan)巖(yan)。軟(ruan)(ruan)巖(yan)大多(duo)(duo)遭受了不同程度的剪切破壞,工程性(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)較差,加之(zhi)產(chan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)平緩,軟(ruan)(ruan)巖(yan)成(cheng)洞(dong)問題突出。
志留系強風化頁巖作為防滲材料的問題
志留系砂頁巖(yan)具有明顯的垂直風(feng)化分帶性,風(feng)化程度(du)劃(hua)分為全風(feng)化帶,強風(feng)化上(shang)帶、下帶、弱風(feng)化及(ji)微風(feng)化帶。經(jing)研究全風(feng)化帶可直接(jie)作為防滲材料(liao)上(shang)壩(ba),而強風(feng)化下帶及(ji)弱、微風(feng)化帶不能作為防滲材料(liao)。
消能型式研究
溢洪(hong)道下(xia)游消(xiao)能(neng)區(qu)位于壩址峽谷出口大(da)(da)崖沱深潭,左(zuo)有(you)大(da)(da)巖淌滑坡,右有(you)馬崖高陡邊坡和馬巖灣滑坡,河床(chuang)巖層主要是泥盆(pen)系上統寫經寺組和志留系砂頁巖,抗(kang)沖能(neng)力低,而本工程泄(xie)洪(hong)量大(da)(da),萬年一(yi)遇時(shi)最大(da)(da)下(xia)泄(xie)流量達18280立方(fang)米/秒(miao),相應單寬流量為(wei)181 立方(fang)米/秒(miao),汛期(qi)水頭在171m-180m以上,經計(ji)算、試驗、分析綜合(he)考慮(lv),最后(hou)選擇分區(qu)陡槽接(jie)窄縫式排坎(kan)消(xiao)能(neng)方(fang)案,消(xiao)能(neng)區(qu)保(bao)護采用防淘墻方(fang)案。
歷史發展
簡介
根(gen)據壩(ba)址處的(de)(de)地形(xing)地質條件(jian)、水(shui)(shui)文(wen)特征和樞紐總(zong)體布置,以及面板堆石壩(ba)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)特點,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)導流(liu)采用圍堰(yan)一(yi)次攔斷河床(chuang),隧(sui)洞(dong)導流(liu),枯水(shui)(shui)期圍堰(yan)擋水(shui)(shui),汛期淹沒基坑的(de)(de)方式。工(gong)(gong)程計劃總(zong)工(gong)(gong)期8.5年(nian)。2000年(nian)以前為(wei)籌建(jian)期,2001年(nian)-2002年(nian)為(wei)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備期。2003年(nian)-2007年(nian)為(wei)主體工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)期,2007年(nian)7月(yue)-2009年(nian)6月(yue)底為(wei)工(gong)(gong)程完(wan)(wan)建(jian)期。2002年(nian)10月(yue)26日,水(shui)(shui)布埡水(shui)(shui)電站在充分準(zhun)備下完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)各(ge)項(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)形(xing)象進(jin)度(du),成(cheng)功實(shi)施(shi)截流(liu)。
勘測設計概況
從流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)到(dao)預可行(xing)性(xing)研(yan)究,再到(dao)可研(yan)階段壩址選(xuan)擇,長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)委人(ren)(ren)付出(chu)了幾代(dai)(dai)人(ren)(ren)的努(nu)力。從1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)委員會(hui)就對(dui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)的綜合利(li)用與開發進行(xing)了研(yan)究,于1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)提出(chu)了《清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)》。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)又提出(chu)了《清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)補充(chong)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)》,推薦恩施以下清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)干流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)最上一級以水(shui)(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡壩址為代(dai)(dai)表(biao)的三(san)級梯級開發方(fang)案。1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)底(di),對(dui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)進行(xing)了補充(chong)修訂,提出(chu)了《清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)修訂)》。該報(bao)(bao)告(gao)于1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)通(tong)過(guo)審(shen)查(cha),1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)2月(yue),湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)民政府會(hui)同(tong)原(yuan)電力工業部審(shen)查(cha)批(pi)復(fu)了《清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)》(1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)修訂);1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue),湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)民政府會(hui)同(tong)原(yuan)電力工業部審(shen)查(cha)批(pi)復(fu)了湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡水(shui)(shui)(shui)電站預可行(xing)性(xing)研(yan)究報(bao)(bao)告(gao);1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue),湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)民政府會(hui)同(tong)原(yuan)電力工業部審(shen)查(cha)批(pi)復(fu)了湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡水(shui)(shui)(shui)電站壩址選(xuan)擇報(bao)(bao)告(gao);1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue),湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)民政府會(hui)同(tong)國家經濟貿易委員會(hui)審(shen)查(cha)批(pi)復(fu)了湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)布(bu)埡水(shui)(shui)(shui)電站可行(xing)性(xing)研(yan)究報(bao)(bao)告(gao)(等同(tong)初步(bu)設計)。