地理位置
松花湖(hu)(hu)位于吉(ji)林(lin)省東部山(shan)地的西側(ce),地處(chu)(chu)松花江上(shang)游(you),位于吉(ji)林(lin)市東南14公(gong)(gong)里(li),是豐滿水電站攔江合攏后形成的大型人工河谷(gu)水庫(ku)。松花湖(hu)(hu)全長180公(gong)(gong)里(li),湖(hu)(hu)面最寬處(chu)(chu)約5公(gong)(gong)里(li),水深平均30-40米(mi)(mi),最深處(chu)(chu)達75米(mi)(mi),湖(hu)(hu)面面積550平方公(gong)(gong)里(li),湖(hu)(hu)水正常高水位261米(mi)(mi),最大庫(ku)容量為108億立方米(mi)(mi)。
發電裝機容量55.4萬千瓦(wa),年發電18.9億度,是東北電網主(zhu)力電廠。下(xia)游堤防(fang)可(ke)保證吉(ji)林(lin)、哈爾濱(bin)兩(liang)城市和沿江城鄉安全。灌溉(gai)農田3.5萬公(gong)頃,并供應吉(ji)林(lin)市熱電、化學、造(zao)紙、冶(ye)金等(deng)工業用水(shui)(shui)和百(bai)(bai)萬人口生活用水(shui)(shui)。湖區(qu)水(shui)(shui)運線百(bai)(bai)余公(gong)里,連接(jie)永吉(ji)、蛟河和樺甸(dian)等(deng)地。湖中水(shui)(shui)生動植物豐富,屬營養型(xing)湖泊。可(ke)養魚水(shui)(shui)面3萬多公(gong)頃,產鰱、鯉、鯽、白(bai)魚、扁花和鰲(ao)花等(deng),以“白(bai)魚”和“湖鯽”著名(ming)(ming),是吉(ji)林(lin)省重(zhong)要漁業基地。湖區(qu)群山(shan)(shan)疊翠(cui),山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)優美,湖岸有公(gong)路、湖濱(bin)游泳場、高山(shan)(shan)滑雪場、療養院等(deng),是著名(ming)(ming)游覽勝地。
水庫特點
豐(feng)滿水(shui)(shui)庫以上為(wei)高山區(qu),山嶺重疊(die),河谷狹窄,且(qie)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)豐(feng)富(fu),是水(shui)(shui)力開發的(de)理想河段。水(shui)(shui)庫區(qu)的(de)氣候特點(dian)是:冬(dong)季漫長(chang)寒冷,夏季濕潤多雨,日照充足,四季分明。庫區(qu)以上流(liu)域植被(bei)良(liang)好(hao),水(shui)(shui)質總(zong)體良(liang)好(hao),2005年環(huan)保部(bu)門鑒定為(wei)Ⅳ級水(shui)(shui)體(總(zong)氮超標(biao)),含沙量(liang)較小。
豐滿水(shui)(shui)庫多年平(ping)均(jun)入庫流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)441.3立方(fang)米每秒,多年平(ping)均(jun)年徑流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)139.O億立方(fang)米,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)62.9%的(de)徑流(liu)(liu)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)6—9月(yue),11月(yue)至次年4月(yue)枯水(shui)(shui)期(qi)僅占20.5%,最(zui)枯的(de)2月(yue)僅占0.93%。汛期(qi)的(de)徑流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由幾次集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)洪水(shui)(shui)所形(xing)成。
豐滿(man)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)為多年調(diao)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)。工(gong)程由混凝(ning)土(tu)重力壩(ba)(ba)(ba)、溢(yi)流壩(ba)(ba)(ba)、壩(ba)(ba)(ba)后廠房(fang)、左岸(an)(an)泄(xie)洪(hong)放空洞(dong)及三(san)期發電(dian)廠房(fang)組成,大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)按500年一(yi)遇(yu)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)設(she)計,10000年一(yi)遇(yu)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)校核,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)高程267.7米(mi)(mi)(mi),最大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高91.7米(mi)(mi)(mi),壩(ba)(ba)(ba)長1080米(mi)(mi)(mi),總(zong)庫(ku)容(rong)(rong)109.88億立方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。左側為溢(yi)流壩(ba)(ba)(ba)段(duan),共(gong)11孔(kong),空口尺(chi)寸12米(mi)(mi)(mi)×6米(mi)(mi)(mi),最大(da)(da)泄(xie)流量(liang)10450立方米(mi)(mi)(mi)每(mei)秒。泄(xie)洪(hong)洞(dong)位于左岸(an)(an),直徑9.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),最大(da)(da)泄(xie)流量(liang)1234立方米(mi)(mi)(mi)每(mei)秒。廠房(fang)位于河床(chuang)右側,電(dian)站初期裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)8臺(tai),總(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)552.5兆瓦(wa);二期工(gong)程裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)2臺(tai),總(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)170兆瓦(wa);水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站的三(san)期工(gong)程是利用左岸(an)(an)泄(xie)洪(hong)洞(dong)(泄(xie)洪(hong)時不發電(dian))安裝(zhuang)2臺(tai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組,總(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)280兆瓦(wa)。豐滿(man)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)站三(san)期合計總(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)1002,5兆瓦(wa),多年平均年發電(dian)量(liang)19.68億千(qian)瓦(wa)時。
水庫效益
豐滿(man)水庫建庫以來,效(xiao)(xiao)益顯(xian)(xian)著。1953年豐滿(man)水庫開始進行完全人工調節以后,對(dui)幾場大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水豐滿(man)水庫削減洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)實(shi)際數據進行了統計。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)超過7000立方(fang)米每秒的(de)(de)1953、1957、1960、1964、197l、1975、1995、2010年等8場大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水,豐滿(man)水庫削減下游洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)分別為56.1%、63.8%、79.2%、44.6%、56.9%、76.3%、72%、79%,削峰(feng)效(xiao)(xiao)果十分顯(xian)(xian)著;1993、1957、1960年的(de)(de)大(da)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水削減松花江(jiang)干流的(de)(de)哈爾濱(bin)站(zhan)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)l8.5%、14.7%、9.0%。充(chong)分說明豐滿(man)水庫對(dui)水庫以下的(de)(de)吉林(lin)、松原乃至(zhi)哈爾濱(bin)等城市以及沿(yan)江(jiang)廣(guang)大(da)農村的(de)(de)防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)作用是很大(da)的(de)(de)。
其次是(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效益,據統計豐(feng)滿(man)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠截至2005年年底,累計發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)915.16億千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi),其中1943年2月至1948年年底發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)28.40億千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi),1949-1985年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)576.21億千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi),1986-2000年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)241.93億千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi),2001-2005年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)68.61億千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)。歷史(shi)最大(da)年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)1960年的27.5億千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi),最小年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)1978年的5.48億千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)。豐(feng)滿(man)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠是(shi)東(dong)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調峰、調相和事故備用(yong)的主為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠,為(wei)(wei)東(dong)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全經濟(ji)運(yun)行作出(chu)了巨大(da)貢獻。
生態特征
松花湖2013年的營養狀態屬(shu)中(zhong)營養階段,湖泊水(shui)質(zhi)的主要污染(ran)指標是:COD、非離子氨、亞硝(xiao)酸鹽氮、硝(xiao)酸鹽氮,以及一些重(zhong)金屬(shu)和其他(ta)有害物(wu)質(zhi)(如砷等);5月(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)平均(jun)水(shui)溫16~18℃,7月(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)25~26.7℃,9月(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)18~21℃;豐(feng)滿(man)大壩未建成前(qian)有56種(zhong)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)和其他(ta)水(shui)族(zu)生物(wu),現只(zhi)有魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)48種(zhong),隸屬(shu)于(yu)9科(ke)36屆,其中(zhong)鯉(li)科(ke)魚(yu)(yu)35種(zhong),七鰓鰻科(ke)2種(zhong),鰍科(ke)2種(zhong),鮠科(ke)1種(zhong),鮨科(ke)1種(zhong),鮭科(ke)1種(zhong),塘(tang)鱧科(ke)2種(zhong),鯉(li)科(ke)1種(zhong),這(zhe)些魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)中(zhong),土(tu)著種(zhong)42種(zhong)、青、草、鰱、鳙、團頭(tou)魴等基本(ben)屬(shu)于(yu)放(fang)養魚(yu)(yu)類(lei),逆魚(yu)(yu)系從(cong)南方運家魚(yu)(yu)苗時無意帶進庫的、并在(zai)整個(ge)庫區(qu)形成。
形態描述
松(song)花(hua)湖(hu)形態為(wei)沿(yan)山谷呈(cheng)狹(xia)長多彎之(zhi)狀(zhuang),似松(song)花(hua)狀(zhuang);湖(hu)區狹(xia)長,南北長約77km,東西寬約94km,平均水(shui)深30—40米(mi),最深處77.5米(mi),寬10km,回(hui)水(shui)全長180km,湖(hu)面總(zong)面積550平方公里,最大蓄水(shui)量(liang)為(wei)108億立方米(mi),湖(hu)面海(hai)拔266.5米(mi);入湖(hu)的河(he)(he)水(shui)源主(zhu)要來自松(song)花(hua)江、輝發河(he)(he)、金沙河(he)(he)、拉拉河(he)(he)、木(mu)箕河(he)(he)、漂(piao)河(he)(he)。
風光描述
1988年吉林松(song)花湖風(feng)(feng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)被國(guo)務院批準為國(guo)家(jia)級風(feng)(feng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)名勝區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),1994年松(song)花湖風(feng)(feng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)總體規劃(hua)得(de)到批復,風(feng)(feng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)東西(xi)長33公(gong)里,南北寬31公(gong)里,總面(mian)積500平(ping)方公(gong)里,水面(mian)面(mian)積131、5平(ping)方公(gong)里,劃(hua)分為九個(ge)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),即:青山(shan)(shan)子(zi)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、雙峰嶺景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、駱駝峰景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、五虎島(dao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、臥(wo)龍潭景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、鳳舞池景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、石龍壁景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、海浪山(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、北天門景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),其中以五虎島(dao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、臥(wo)龍潭景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、海浪山(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為旅游(you)核(he)心景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),規劃(hua)豐滿(man)、海浪、旺(wang)起三(san)個(ge)旅游(you)村鎮和松(song)光(guang)(guang)、湖光(guang)(guang)、旺(wang)起湖濱三(san)個(ge)休養區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。
松花湖(hu)風(feng)(feng)景(jing)區(qu)湖(hu)面廣闊,水質優良,“三花”、“五羅(luo)”、“十八子”等48種魚類古今聞(wen)名。松花湖(hu)區(qu)群山(shan)環抱,山(shan)巒疊嶂,石壁峻峭(qiao),林(lin)海(hai)(hai)茫茫,千米以上的山(shan)峰有幾十座(zuo),這(zhe)里石壁峻峭(qiao),140種野生動物(wu)在這(zhe)里棲息(xi)繁殖,為(wei)湖(hu)區(qu)增添了無限生機。松花湖(hu)風(feng)(feng)景(jing)區(qu)湖(hu)既是理想的旅(lv)游(you)佳境和避暑勝地,又具(ju)有開(kai)展(zhan)春、夏、秋、冬四季(ji)皆宜的各項(xiang)體(ti)育和游(you)覽活(huo)動的優越條件(jian)。它以水曠(kuang)、山(shan)幽、林(lin)秀、雪佳迎(ying)接四海(hai)(hai)賓(bin)朋。
松花(hua)湖一年四季季節(jie)分明,春天是(shi)踏青勝地(di),夏天是(shi)避暑勝地(di),秋天賞(shang)紅葉,冬天滑(hua)雪(xue)。