水庫概況
黃蒿溝(gou)中游(you)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku),位于黑龍江省甘南縣查哈陽農(nong)場境內(nei)。始建(jian)于1941-1943年(nian)日偽時(shi)期(qi)。原名(ming)為(wei)黃蒿溝(gou)蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi),因水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)大(da)壩左(zuo)側(ce)有座山名(ming)為(wei)太平(ping)(ping)山,故(gu)于1958年(nian)更名(ming)為(wei)太平(ping)(ping)湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)。太平(ping)(ping)湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)是一座以防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)、灌溉為(wei)主,兼顧養魚、旅游(you)等綜合利用的多年(nian)調節大(da)型水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)。按100年(nian)一遇(yu)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)設計,2000年(nian)一遇(yu)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)校核。設計洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位198.17米(mi),相(xiang)應庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)1.15億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi);校核洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位199.6米(mi),相(xiang)應庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)1.53億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi),正常蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)位196.33米(mi),相(xiang)應庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)0.74億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi),死水(shui)(shui)(shui)位190.7米(mi),死庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)0.07億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi),調節庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)0.7億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi),防(fang)洪(hong)(hong)庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)0.947億(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)集水(shui)(shui)(shui)面積683平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)千米(mi)。
太平(ping)湖(hu)地處中溫(wen)(wen)帶大(da)陸(lu)性季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)候。春季(ji)風(feng)大(da)、雨少(shao)、空氣(qi)(qi)干燥,溫(wen)(wen)度(du)變化劇烈;夏季(ji)溫(wen)(wen)熱,雨量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo),降(jiang)水(shui)集(ji)中;秋季(ji)涼(liang)爽.多(duo)(duo)晴朗天(tian)氣(qi)(qi),晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da);冬(dong)季(ji)漫長,寒冷少(shao)雪。在西風(feng)環流(liu)控(kong)制下(xia),常年(nian)(nian)(nian)盛行西北風(feng)。多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)1.6攝(she)氏(shi)(shi)度(du).最低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-39攝(she)氏(shi)(shi)度(du),最高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)37.5攝(she)氏(shi)(shi)度(du),有效(xiao)積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)2470攝(she)氏(shi)(shi)度(du)。全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)無霜期124天(tian),多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)凍結(jie)期5個月(yue),最大(da)凍土深(shen)2.8米(mi)。多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)460毫米(mi),降(jiang)水(shui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)內分配不均(jun),6-8月(yue)降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)70%。多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)年(nian)(nian)(nian)蒸發量(liang)(liang)1400毫米(mi),4-6月(yue)的(de)蒸發量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)50%。
多年平均入庫(ku)流量(liang)0.735立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)每(mei)秒(miao)。在20年一(yi)遇(yu)(yu)洪水(shui)(shui)時,可保障(zhang)下(xia)(xia)游1200公(gong)頃耕地免(mian)受洪澇災害。1998年7月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬至(zhi)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬,水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)發(fa)生了超(chao)過100年一(yi)遇(yu)(yu)的特大(da)洪水(shui)(shui),8月(yue)(yue)(yue)10日最大(da)入庫(ku)流量(liang)1490立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)每(mei)秒(miao),8月(yue)(yue)(yue)11日最大(da)出庫(ku)流量(liang)420立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)每(mei)秒(miao),水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)水(shui)(shui)位197.59米(mi)(mi),相應(ying)庫(ku)容1.10億(yi)立方(fang)米(mi)(mi),溢洪道(dao)過流水(shui)(shui)深3.09米(mi)(mi)。
水(shui)庫(ku)不(bu)僅是查哈陽灌(guan)區興(xing)利防洪的控制性工程(cheng),更(geng)是灌(guan)區安全(quan)度過缺水(shui)期(qi)的保證水(shui)源。水(shui)庫(ku)除險(xian)加固后,可為灌(guan)區枯水(shui)期(qi)補水(shui)灌(guan)溉水(shui)田O.9萬公頃(qing),保護下(xia)游耕地4.32萬公頃(qing)、草原(yuan)2. 29萬公頃(qing),以及3個鄉(xiang)鎮、7 7個自然村屯、4.77萬人民生命財產的安全(quan)。
水庫樞紐
水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫樞紐(niu)工(gong)程主要由(you)(you)土(tu)壩、溢洪(hong)道、輸(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)洞三部分組成。土(tu)壩為(wei)(wei)(wei)均質土(tu)壩,全長(chang)750米,最大壩高16.15米,壩頂高程為(wei)(wei)(wei)200.45米,壩頂寬度為(wei)(wei)(wei)8米,壩頂設防浪(lang)墻(qiang),防浪(lang)墻(qiang)頂高程201.65米。溢洪(hong)道位于壩肩(jian)右(you)側,為(wei)(wei)(wei)側槽(cao)式,基礎為(wei)(wei)(wei)致密的玄武巖,設置6孔(kong)平板(ban)鑄鐵(tie)閘門,每孔(kong)凈(jing)寬7米,最大泄(xie)流(liu)量750立(li)方米每秒。輸(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)洞位于左(zuo)岸山體內,由(you)(you)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)塔、隧(sui)洞、出口消力池三部分組成,底(di)檻(jian)高程187.2米,由(you)(you)單孔(kong)平板(ban)鋼閘門控制,隧(sui)洞全長(chang)255.3米,為(wei)(wei)(wei)馬蹄(ti)形無壓隧(sui)洞,洞徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)3.8米,最大泄(xie)流(liu)量5 0立(li)方米每秒。
建設歷史
太平湖水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)原名(ming)黃篙溝(gou)水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)。1958年,中共黑(hei)龍(long)江省委書(shu)記(ji)(ji)處書(shu)記(ji)(ji)楊易辰(chen)來(lai)水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)視察時,以水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)臨近太平山而命(ming)名(ming)為(wei)太平湖水(shui)庫(ku)(ku)。
太平(ping)湖水庫是東(dong)北淪陷時期,日本“開拓(tuo)團(tuan)”為解決在甘(gan)南(nan)縣查(cha)哈(ha)陽種水稻的灌溉用水補助水源問題而(er)建的。1941年動工,1943年建成。
當時的(de)工程情況(kuang)是(shi):溢(yi)洪道(dao)堰寬35米(mi)(mi)(mi),側壁局(ju)部(bu)(bu)有(you)漿(jiang)砌(qi)(qi)石砌(qi)(qi)護(hu);輸(shu)水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)(dong)洞(dong)(dong)徑4.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),洞(dong)(dong)身除進(jin)(jin)口(kou)有(you)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)襯砌(qi)(qi)外,絕大部(bu)(bu)分未襯砌(qi)(qi),進(jin)(jin)口(kou)建有(you)鋼筋混(hun)凝土(tu)取(qu)水(shui)(shui)塔,分3孔(kong)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui),出口(kou)未建消力池,輸(shu)水(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)閘孔(kong)泄(xie)量小,閘門啟閉不靈;壩(ba)(ba)基承壓(ya)水(shui)(shui)未作處理,設計標準低,施工質量差。1948年5月庫內水(shui)(shui)位196.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)時,溢(yi)洪道(dao)泄(xie)洪,土(tu)壩(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)腳出現(xian)(xian)3處漏(lou)水(shui)(shui)。1949年對(dui)漏(lou)水(shui)(shui)點的(de)壩(ba)(ba)坡培厚(hou)維護(hu),1952年秋季又(you)發生4處漏(lou)水(shui)(shui),迎水(shui)(shui)坡發現(xian)(xian)下沉現(xian)(xian)象。1956年9月土(tu)壩(ba)(ba)下游(you)壩(ba)(ba)腳又(you)出現(xian)(xian)管(guan)涌(yong)現(xian)(xian)象,1957年5月在老河道(dao)下游(you)坡腳出現(xian)(xian)了漏(lou)斗狀陷(xian)坑(keng),直徑2米(mi)(mi)(mi),深1米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
整修加固
為解決(jue)漏水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)消除水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫險情,1963—1965年(nian)(nian)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進行全(quan)面(mian)整(zheng)(zheng)修(xiu)加固。由(you)(you)(you)省(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利勘測設計院設計,省(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利第(di)一工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)處施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。整(zheng)(zheng)修(xiu)加固工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)有(you):(1)土(tu)壩前護坡新修(xiu)及局部(bu)翻修(xiu),壩后(hou)培厚(hou),碎(sui)石(shi)鎮壓。壩頂高程(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)部(bu)達到(dao)199.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)。(2)溢洪道擴寬加深砌護,堰寬由(you)(you)(you)35米(mi)(mi)(mi)擴寬到(dao)48米(mi)(mi)(mi)。(3)輸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)隧洞洞身全(quan)部(bu)用(yong)混凝土(tu)襯砌,重(zhong)建(jian)鋼筋(jin)(jin)混凝土(tu)結(jie)構進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塔,出口新修(xiu)擴散型消力池,長37米(mi)(mi)(mi)。整(zheng)(zheng)修(xiu)加固工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)1963年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)動工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),1965年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。共完成(cheng)土(tu)方量(liang)1.14萬(wan)立方米(mi)(mi)(mi),石(shi)方量(liang)13.16萬(wan)立方米(mi)(mi)(mi),混凝土(tu)和鋼筋(jin)(jin)混凝土(tu)0.73萬(wan)立方米(mi)(mi)(mi),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價290萬(wan)元。1965年(nian)(nian)9月(yue),由(you)(you)(you)省(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利廳(ting)、省(sheng)農墾廳(ting)、查哈(ha)陽農墾局、嫩江專署水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利局、建(jian)設銀行齊齊哈(ha)爾分行、甘南(nan)縣人民委員(yuan)會(hui)以及設計、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等單(dan)位,共同組成(cheng)太平湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫整(zheng)(zheng)修(xiu)加固工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收委員(yuan)會(hui),對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進行檢查驗收。
水庫管理
太平(ping)湖水庫由黑龍江省國營農場(chang)總(zong)局查哈陽農場(chang)管(guan)理。灌(guan)溉效益(yi)在(zai)保證(zheng)(zheng)率75%情況下,可補(bu)償(chang)灌(guan)溉水田10.5萬(wan)畝。防洪(hong)效益(yi)在(zai)二十(shi)年一遇洪(hong)水時,保證(zheng)(zheng)下游十(shi)字橋以下18萬(wan)畝可耕地免受洪(hong)水災(zai)害(hai)。