江(jiang)口水電(dian)(dian)(dian)站位(wei)于重(zhong)(zhong)慶市武隆縣江(jiang)口鎮以(yi)上1.5km處,距(ju)(ju)重(zhong)(zhong)慶直(zhi)線(xian)距(ju)(ju)離140km,距(ju)(ju)涪(fu)陵直(zhi)線(xian)距(ju)(ju)離72km,是芙蓉江(jiang)干流梯(ti)級開發(fa)方案中的(de)最(zui)末一(yi)級。大(da)壩為混(hun)凝土橢圓(yuan)曲(qu)線(xian)型(xing)雙曲(qu)拱壩,最(zui)大(da)壩高139m。電(dian)(dian)(dian)站裝機容量30萬kW。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)主要任務是發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian),兼顧旅游等綜(zong)合利(li)用的(de)大(da)型(xing)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。首臺(tai)機組于2003年(nian)3月開始(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian),2003年(nian)10月建成。
工程概述
江(jiang)口水電(dian)站位于(yu)(yu)重慶市武隆(long)縣(xian)江(jiang)口鎮以上1.5km處,距重慶直(zhi)線距離140km,距涪(fu)陵直(zhi)線距離72km,是(shi)芙(fu)蓉江(jiang)干流梯級開發(fa)方案(an)中的最(zui)末一級。大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)為混凝土(tu)橢圓曲線型雙(shuang)曲拱壩(ba)(ba)(ba),最(zui)大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)139m。電(dian)站裝機容量30萬kW。工(gong)(gong)程的主要任務是(shi)發(fa)電(dian),兼顧旅游(you)等綜合利(li)用的大(da)型水電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程。首臺機組于(yu)(yu)2003年3月(yue)開始(shi)發(fa)電(dian),2003年10月(yue)建成。
壩址(zhi)距河(he)口2.2km,壩址(zhi)控制流域面(mian)積7740平方(fang)(fang)公里(li),芙蓉江(jiang)是烏江(jiang)下游最大的支流,發源于貴(gui)州省遵義市綏陽縣(xian),于重慶市武隆(long)縣(xian)江(jiang)口鎮匯入(ru)烏江(jiang),干流全長231km。多(duo)年(nian)平均(jun)流量166立方(fang)(fang)米/秒,多(duo)年(nian)平均(jun)年(nian)徑(jing)流量52.3億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米。流域植(zhi)被較好,屬少沙河(he)流。
江口(kou)水電站正(zheng)常蓄(xu)水位300m,水庫(ku)總庫(ku)容4.97億立方(fang)米,有效庫(ku)容3.02億立方(fang)米,淹(yan)沒(mei)耕地5123畝,遷(qian)移人口(kou)1759人。
樞紐布置及主要建筑物
工程施工
采用右岸(an)隧洞過(guo)(guo)流,一次攔斷全河(he)床,汛(xun)期土石過(guo)(guo)水圍(wei)堰,過(guo)(guo)水的(de)施工導流方案。于(yu)1999年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)開(kai)工興(xing)建導流隧洞,2000年(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)建成,并(bing)開(kai)始通水。2000年(nian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)開(kai)始開(kai)挖兩岸(an)壩肩(jian),2000年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)20日截流。2000年(nian)底開(kai)始澆筑拱壩。
主要技術問題
江(jiang)口水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)位于(yu)復雜的(de)巖(yan)溶(rong)地區。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)岸溶(rong)滲漏(lou)是關系到江(jiang)口水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)能否興(xing)建的(de)關鍵問題。經過(guo)長江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)委員會設計(ji)院30余年的(de)勘(kan)察研究(jiu),采(cai)用大面積巖(yan)溶(rong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文地質調查、鉆探與長期觀測(ce)、航片(pian)解釋、岸溶(rong)洞穴(xue)追索(suo)、電(dian)磁測(ce)探及連通(tong)試驗等綜合勘(kan)測(ce)手(shou)段,從巖(yan)溶(rong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文地質結構、巖(yan)溶(rong)系統(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)均衡、巖(yan)溶(rong)發育史、地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)補排條(tiao)件及地表地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網演變等方面進(jin)行綜合分(fen)析研究(jiu),得出了水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)不(bu)存在巖(yan)溶(rong)管(guan)道(dao)型(xing)滲漏(lou);可(ke)能存在的(de)溶(rong)隙性(xing)滲漏(lou),不(bu)影響水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)安(an)全和正(zheng)常運行,并(bing)可(ke)采(cai)取防滲措(cuo)施(shi)處理的(de)結論,為江(jiang)口水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)興(xing)建奠定了基(ji)礎(chu)。
在水(shui)(shui)工設計中(zhong),為(wei)適應江口水(shui)(shui)電站的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜壩(ba)基,在壩(ba)體(ti)(ti)應力分析中(zhong),采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)長(chang)(chang)江委長(chang)(chang)江科學院提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)多(duo)梁法(fa)與(yu)有限元壩(ba)基的(de)(de)(de)(de)耦(ou)合算法(fa),還采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)經長(chang)(chang)江科學院改進后可快(kuai)速求解(jie)大型(xing)(xing)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)P型(xing)(xing)有限元程序FIESTA進行三維(wei)應力分析;采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)徑向纖維(wei)直線理論的(de)(de)(de)(de)全調整分載(zai)法(fa)編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“拱(gong)(gong)(gong)壩(ba)分析與(yu)優(you)化軟件系統(tong)”作為(wei)體(ti)(ti)形優(you)化設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本工具,比較了近百(bai)種體(ti)(ti)型(xing)(xing),最終采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)拋物線雙曲拱(gong)(gong)(gong)壩(ba),厚高比0.16,達(da)(da)到了經濟合理、安全可靠目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。江口水(shui)(shui)電站設計流量12000立(li)方米/秒、校核流量17000立(li)方米/秒,采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)壩(ba)身集(ji)中(zhong)泄洪(hong),壩(ba)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)墊(dian)塘(tang)消能(neng)方案。為(wei)解(jie)決拱(gong)(gong)(gong)壩(ba)集(ji)中(zhong)泄洪(hong),壩(ba)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)墊(dian)塘(tang)消能(neng)方案。為(wei)解(jie)決拱(gong)(gong)(gong)壩(ba)集(ji)中(zhong)泄洪(hong)空中(zhong)碰撞消能(neng)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)霧化嚴重問題,表孔采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)平面擴散加齒坎、中(zhong)孔采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)不對稱(cheng)寬尾墩,縱向拉開,挑跌流結合方式,達(da)(da)到了減輕(qing)霧化,均化水(shui)(shui)墊(dian)塘(tang)負擔(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de);結合優(you)化調度(du),水(shui)(shui)墊(dian)塘(tang)長(chang)(chang)度(du)縮(suo)短至160m。地下(xia)廠房采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)巖錨式吊車(che)梁,減少了主廠房的(de)(de)(de)(de)開挖跨度(du)。
江口水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站機(ji)站的選擇設計充分考慮了電(dian)(dian)(dian)站調峰(feng)調頻運行、中低水(shui)頭(tou)、長引(yin)水(shui)系(xi)統地(di)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站要求,并(bing)據此確定(ding)機(ji)組(zu)參數、水(shui)輪機(ji)加權平均(jun)效(xiao)率達93.48%,達到目前國際先(xian)(xian)進水(shui)平。地(di)下(xia)廠(chang)(chang)房通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)空(kong)調采用串聯直(zhi)流(liu)式氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)系(xi)統,室外(wai)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi),經通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)洞(dong)引(yin)入到廠(chang)(chang)房發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)層拱頂(ding),下(xia)送(song)至發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)層、水(shui)輪機(ji)層,母線洞(dong)、主變洞(dong),最(zui)后排出廠(chang)(chang)外(wai);送(song)風(feng)(feng)(feng)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)一次使(shi)用,不回風(feng)(feng)(feng),確保(bao)了廠(chang)(chang)內空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)環境的品質;在控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統中,采用分層分布全(quan)計算機(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統,LCU與現地(di)設備(bei)采用數字通(tong)信,調節和控(kong)制(zhi)應用冗余容錯等先(xian)(xian)進技(ji)術,實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)站無人值(zhi)班,少(shao)人值(zhi)守(shou)。
在施工(gong)導(dao)流工(gong)程中(zhong),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)鋼筋(jin)(jin)籠塊石、土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)格柵加(jia)筋(jin)(jin)溢流面的土(tu)(tu)(tu)石過水(shui)圍堰;對石渣堆積的堰體(ti)、砂(sha)礫覆蓋層(ceng)及(ji)石灰巖溶地基(ji),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)混合(he)漿(jiang)液及(ji)穩定漿(jiang)液的塑性灌漿(jiang)技術形成防滲帷幕,基(ji)坑實(shi)測滲水(shui)量小(xiao)于50m/h。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)二次風冷(leng)骨料新技術,使夏(xia)季混凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)出機口溫(wen)度(du)(du)降至7℃以下,滿(man)足了在高(gao)溫(wen)季節澆筑(zhu)基(ji)礎約束區混凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)的溫(wen)度(du)(du)控制要(yao)(yao)求。通過深入研究(jiu)改善(shan)混凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)自生體(ti)積變化及(ji)通水(shui)幕冷(leng)卻技術,延長(chang)接(jie)縫灌漿(jiang)時間至5月底,滿(man)足了拱(gong)壩封拱(gong)和提前擋水(shui)發電要(yao)(yao)求。
工程效益
地(di)下(xia)廠(chang)房(fang)安(an)裝水輪發(fa)電機3臺,單(dan)機容量100MW,總裝機容量300MW,保證(zheng)出力(li)49.7MW。年發(fa)電量10.71億kW·h。