北京故宮(gong)于明成(cheng)祖永樂(le)四(si)(si)年(1406年)開始建(jian)(jian)(jian)設,以南京故宮(gong)為藍本(ben)營建(jian)(jian)(jian),到永樂(le)十八年(1420年)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)。它是(shi)一座(zuo)長方(fang)形城(cheng)(cheng)池,南北長961米,東西寬(kuan)753米,四(si)(si)面圍有高10米的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)墻,城(cheng)(cheng)外有寬(kuan)52米的(de)(de)護城(cheng)(cheng)河。紫禁城(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)分為外朝和(he)(he)內廷兩部分。外朝的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心為太和(he)(he)殿(dian)、中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)殿(dian)、保和(he)(he)殿(dian),統稱三大殿(dian),是(shi)國(guo)家舉(ju)行大典禮的(de)(de)地方(fang)。內廷的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心是(shi)乾清(qing)宮(gong)、交泰(tai)殿(dian)、坤寧宮(gong),統稱后三宮(gong),是(shi)皇帝和(he)(he)皇后居住(zhu)的(de)(de)正宮(gong)。
北京(jing)故(gu)宮(gong)被譽(yu)為(wei)世界五大宮(gong)之(zhi)首(法國(guo)凡爾(er)賽宮(gong)、英國(guo)白金漢(han)宮(gong)、美國(guo)白宮(gong)、俄羅(luo)斯克里姆(mu)林宮(gong)),是(shi)國(guo)家AAAAA級旅游景區(qu),1961年被列為(wei)第一(yi)批全國(guo)重點文物保護單位。
沈陽(yang)故(gu)宮又(you)稱盛京皇(huang)宮,為清朝初期的皇(huang)宮。沈陽(yang)故(gu)宮始建于(yu)努爾(er)哈赤(chi)時(shi)(shi)期的1625年,建成于(yu)皇(huang)太極時(shi)(shi)期的1636年。
清(qing)朝遷都北(bei)京后(hou)(hou),故宮(gong)被稱(cheng)作“陪都宮(gong)殿”、“留都宮(gong)殿”。后(hou)(hou)來就稱(cheng)之為(wei)沈陽故宮(gong)。后(hou)(hou)經康熙、乾隆時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)改建(jian)(jian)、增建(jian)(jian),形成了今日(ri)有宮(gong)殿亭臺樓閣齋堂等建(jian)(jian)筑100余(yu)(yu)座、500余(yu)(yu)間,占地(di)面積達(da)6萬平(ping)方米的(de)(de)(de)格局面貌。在宮(gong)廷(ting)(ting)遺址上建(jian)(jian)立的(de)(de)(de)沈陽故宮(gong)博物(wu)院(yuan)是(shi)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)古代宮(gong)廷(ting)(ting)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)博物(wu)館,藏品中(zhong)包含(han)十分豐富的(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)廷(ting)(ting)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)品。
沈陽故宮按照建筑布(bu)局和建造(zao)先后,可以分為3個(ge)部(bu)分:東路(lu)、中(zhong)(zhong)路(lu)和西(xi)路(lu)。東路(lu)包(bao)括努爾哈赤時期(qi)建造(zao)的大政殿與十王亭,是(shi)皇(huang)帝舉(ju)行(xing)大典和八旗(qi)大臣(chen)辦公的地(di)方(fang)。中(zhong)(zhong)路(lu)為清太(tai)宗(zong)時期(qi)續建,是(shi)皇(huang)帝進行(xing)政治活(huo)動和后妃(fei)居(ju)住(zhu)的場所。西(xi)路(lu)則是(shi)清朝(chao)皇(huang)帝“東巡”盛京時,讀(du)書(shu)看(kan)戲和存放(fang)《四庫(ku)全書(shu)》的場所。
1961年(nian),國(guo)(guo)務院將沈陽故(gu)宮(gong)確定為國(guo)(guo)家第一(yi)批全國(guo)(guo)重點文物(wu)保護單位;2004年(nian)7月(yue)1日,在中國(guo)(guo)蘇州召開(kai)的(de)第28屆(jie)世(shi)界遺(yi)產委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)會(hui)議批準沈陽故(gu)宮(gong)作為明清皇宮(gong)文化遺(yi)產擴展項目列(lie)入(ru)《世(shi)界遺(yi)產名錄》。 2017年(nian),沈陽故(gu)宮(gong)博物(wu)院成功晉級(ji)“國(guo)(guo)家一(yi)級(ji)博物(wu)館”。
故宮四門
午門
午門(men)是(shi)故宮的(de)(de)正(zheng)門(men)。俗稱五鳳(feng)樓。東西北三面以12米高的(de)(de)城(cheng)臺相(xiang)連(lian),環抱一(yi)個方形廣(guang)場(chang)。有(you)(you)1組(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。正(zheng)中(zhong)有(you)(you)重樓,是(shi)9間面寬的(de)(de)大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),重檐(yan)廡殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂,在左右伸出兩(liang)闕城(cheng)墻(qiang)上(shang),建(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)聯檐(yan)通脊的(de)(de)樓閣四座,明廊相(xiang)連(lian),兩(liang)翼各(ge)有(you)(you)13間的(de)(de)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)屋向南伸出,四隅各(ge)有(you)(you)高大(da)的(de)(de)角亭,輔翼著正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。這組(zu)城(cheng)上(shang)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑,是(shi)故宮宮殿(dian)(dian)(dian)群(qun)中(zhong)第一(yi)高峰。午門(men)是(shi)皇帝下詔書、下令出征的(de)(de)地方。它(ta)當中(zhong)的(de)(de)正(zheng)門(men)平時只有(you)(you)皇帝才(cai)可以出入;皇帝大(da)婚時皇后進一(yi)次(ci);殿(dian)(dian)(dian)試考(kao)中(zhong)狀元、榜眼(yan)、探花的(de)(de)三人可以從此門(men)走出一(yi)次(ci)。文(wen)武大(da)臣進出東側(ce)(ce)門(men),宗室王公出入西側(ce)(ce)門(men)。
神武門
神武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)在明朝時為“玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)”,玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為古代四神獸之一(yi),從(cong)方位上講,左青龍,右白虎(hu),前朱雀,后玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主北方,所以(yi)帝王宮殿(dian)的(de)(de)北宮門(men)(men)多取名“玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”。清康熙年間(jian)因避諱(hui)改稱“神武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)”。神武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)也是一(yi)座城門(men)(men)樓(lou)形(xing)(xing)式(shi),用(yong)的(de)(de)最高等級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)重檐廡殿(dian)式(shi)屋頂,但它的(de)(de)大殿(dian)只有五開間(jian)加圍廊,沒有左右向(xiang)前伸展的(de)(de)兩(liang)翼,所以(yi)在形(xing)(xing)制上要比(bi)午門(men)(men)低一(yi)個等級(ji)(ji)。神武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)是宮內日常出入(ru)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)禁。現神武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)為故宮博物院正門(men)(men)。
東、西華門
東、西(xi)華(hua)門(men) 東華(hua)門(men)與西(xi)華(hua)門(men)遙相對應,門(men)外(wai)設有下馬碑(bei)石,門(men)內(nei)金水河南北流(liu)向(xiang),上(shang)(shang)架石橋1座,橋北為三座門(men)。東華(hua)門(men)與西(xi)華(hua)門(men)形制相同(tong),平面矩形,紅色城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺,白(bai)玉須彌座,當中辟3座券門(men),券洞外(wai)方內(nei)圓。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)建有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou),黃(huang)琉璃瓦重檐廡殿頂,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),四(si)周(zhou)出廊。
外廷建筑
太和門
太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)是紫禁城內(nei)最大(da)的(de)宮(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men),也是外朝(chao)宮(gong)殿的(de)正門(men)(men)(men)(men)。建成于明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),當時(shi)稱奉天門(men)(men)(men)(men)。嘉靖四十一(yi)年(nian)(1562年(nian))改稱皇極門(men)(men)(men)(men),清(qing)(qing)順治二年(nian)(1645年(nian))改今名。太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)面(mian)(mian)闊9間,進深(shen)3間,建筑面(mian)(mian)積1300平方米。上覆重檐歇山頂,下為漢白玉基座(zuo),梁枋等構件施以和(he)(he)(he)(he)璽彩(cai)畫。門(men)(men)(men)(men)前列(lie)銅獅一(yi)對。太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)左右各設一(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men),東為昭(zhao)德門(men)(men)(men)(men)(明代(dai)稱弘政門(men)(men)(men)(men)),西為貞(zhen)度門(men)(men)(men)(men)(明代(dai)稱宣治門(men)(men)(men)(men))。太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)在明代(dai)是“御(yu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)聽政”之處。清(qing)(qing)初的(de)皇帝(di)(di)也曾在太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)聽政、賜宴,后來“御(yu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)聽政”改在乾清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。順治元年(nian)(1644年(nian))九月,滿族統治者(zhe)定鼎北(bei)京后的(de)第一(yi)個皇帝(di)(di)福臨即在太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)頒布大(da)赦令(ling)。
太和門廣場
太和(he)(he)門(men)前有面積約26000平方米的(de)廣場,內(nei)金水河自西向東蜿(wan)蜒流過。河上橫架五座石橋,習稱內(nei)金水橋。廣場兩(liang)側(ce)是排列(lie)整齊的(de)廊廡,習稱東、西朝房(fang),并(bing)有協和(he)(he)門(men)(明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)稱會(hui)極門(men))和(he)(he)熙和(he)(he)門(men)(明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)稱歸(gui)極門(men))東西對峙。東側(ce)廊廡在明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)用作實錄(lu)館、玉(yu)牒館和(he)(he)起居注館,清代(dai)(dai)改(gai)作稽(ji)察欽奉上諭事件處(chu)和(he)(he)內(nei)誥敕(chi)房(fang)。西側(ce)廊廡在明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)為(wei)編修《大明(ming)(ming)會(hui)典》的(de)會(hui)典館,清代(dai)(dai)改(gai)為(wei)繙書房(fang)和(he)(he)起居注館。
太和殿
太(tai)和殿(dian)(dian),俗稱(cheng)“金鑾殿(dian)(dian)”,明(ming)永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成(cheng),稱(cheng)奉天殿(dian)(dian)。嘉靖四(si)(si)十(shi)一年(nian)(1562年(nian))改稱(cheng)皇(huang)極殿(dian)(dian)。清順治二年(nian)(1645年(nian))改今名。是皇(huang)帝(di)舉行大(da)典的地(di)方。自建成(cheng)后屢遭焚毀,又多次重建,今天所(suo)見為清代康(kang)熙三(san)十(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(1695年(nian))重建后的形制。太(tai)和殿(dian)(dian)面闊(kuo)11間(jian),進深5間(jian),建筑面積(ji)2377平方米,高26.92米,連同臺基通(tong)高35.05米,為紫禁(jin)城內規模最(zui)大(da)的殿(dian)(dian)宇,檐角安放10個走(zou)獸(shou)。明(ming)清兩朝(chao)24個皇(huang)帝(di)都(dou)在太(tai)和殿(dian)(dian)舉行盛大(da)典禮,如皇(huang)帝(di)登極即位(wei)、皇(huang)帝(di)大(da)婚(hun)、冊(ce)立皇(huang)后、命(ming)將出征,此(ci)外(wai)每年(nian)萬壽節(jie)、元旦、冬至(zhi)三(san)大(da)節(jie),皇(huang)帝(di)在此(ci)接(jie)受(shou)文武官員的朝(chao)賀,并向王公大(da)臣賜宴(yan)。
中和殿
中(zhong)和(he)(he)殿(dian)位于太(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)后(hou),高27米,平面(mian)呈正方(fang)形,面(mian)闊(kuo)、進深各為3間,四(si)面(mian)出廊,建筑面(mian)積580平方(fang)米。黃(huang)琉璃瓦單檐四(si)角攢(zan)尖頂,正中(zhong)有鎏(liu)金寶頂。中(zhong)和(he)(he)殿(dian)是皇帝去太(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)舉行(xing)大典前(qian)稍(shao)事休息(xi)和(he)(he)演習禮儀的地方(fang)。皇帝在(zai)(zai)去太(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)之前(qian)先(xian)在(zai)(zai)此稍(shao)作停留,接受內閣大臣和(he)(he)禮部官員行(xing)禮,然后(hou)進太(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)舉行(xing)儀式。另外,皇帝祭(ji)祀天地和(he)(he)太(tai)廟之前(qian),也(ye)要(yao)先(xian)在(zai)(zai)這里審(shen)閱一下寫(xie)有祭(ji)文的“祝版(ban)”;在(zai)(zai)到中(zhong)南海演耕前(qian),也(ye)要(yao)在(zai)(zai)這里審(shen)視一下耕具。
保和殿
保(bao)(bao)和(he)殿(dian)(謹身殿(dian)、建極殿(dian))也是(shi)故宮三大殿(dian)之(zhi)一,在中和(he)殿(dian)后(hou)。保(bao)(bao)和(he)殿(dian)高29米(mi),平面(mian)呈(cheng)長方形(xing),面(mian)闊9間,進深5間,建筑面(mian)積1240平方米(mi)。黃琉璃瓦重(zhong)檐(yan)歇(xie)(xie)山式(shi)屋頂。屋頂正中有(you)一條(tiao)(tiao)正脊(ji)(ji),前后(hou)各(ge)有(you)2條(tiao)(tiao)垂(chui)脊(ji)(ji),在各(ge)條(tiao)(tiao)垂(chui)脊(ji)(ji)下部(bu)再斜出一條(tiao)(tiao)岔脊(ji)(ji),連同正脊(ji)(ji)、垂(chui)脊(ji)(ji)、岔脊(ji)(ji)共(gong)9條(tiao)(tiao),建筑術語上叫歇(xie)(xie)山式(shi)。保(bao)(bao)和(he)殿(dian)是(shi)每年除夕皇帝賜宴外藩王公的(de)場所。保(bao)(bao)和(he)殿(dian)也是(shi)科舉考試舉行殿(dian)試的(de)地方。
體仁閣
體仁閣(ge)位于(yu)太和殿(dian)前廣場內(nei)東側,面西。始建(jian)于(yu)明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),明初稱文(wen)樓,嘉靖時改(gai)稱文(wen)昭閣(ge),清(qing)初改(gai)稱體仁閣(ge)。體仁閣(ge)高(gao)25米,座(zuo)落(luo)于(yu)崇(chong)基之(zhi)上,上下(xia)兩層(ceng),黃色琉璃瓦廡殿(dian)頂(ding)。下(xia)層(ceng)面闊9間(jian),進深3間(jian)。康熙年(nian)間(jian),曾詔內(nei)外大(da)臣舉薦博學之(zhi)士在體仁閣(ge)試詩比賦,清(qing)代(dai)各朝御(yu)容也曾收藏(zang)于(yu)此(ci)。乾隆年(nian)間(jian)重(zhong)建(jian)后(hou),此(ci)處作為清(qing)代(dai)內(nei)務府緞庫,內(nei)設收貯緞繡木架143座(zuo)。
弘義閣
弘(hong)(hong)義閣高23.8米(mi),屬前三殿區。黃琉璃瓦,廡殿頂,面闊9間, 進深(shen)3間,上下二層,四面出(chu)廊。弘(hong)(hong)義閣侍(shi)立(li)于(yu)太和殿西南側。初建于(yu)明永樂(le)年,名為(wei)武樓(lou),明嘉靖朝改稱(cheng)武成閣,清初改為(wei)今(jin)名,意為(wei)弘(hong)(hong)揚大義。清代的弘(hong)(hong)義閣長期用于(yu)收(shou)儲宮廷使(shi)用的金銀器具等。現(xian)辟為(wei)“皇朝禮樂(le)展”展廳(ting)。
內廷中路
乾清門
乾清門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)紫禁城內(nei)(nei)廷(ting)的(de)正宮門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。建于明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian)),清順治十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1655年(nian)(nian)(nian))重修。乾清門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)面闊5間,進深3間,高(gao)約16米,單檐歇山屋(wu)頂,座落在高(gao)1.5米的(de)漢白(bai)玉石(shi)須彌(mi)座上,周圍環(huan)以(yi)雕(diao)石(shi)欄(lan)桿(gan)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)前三出三階(jie),中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)御(yu)路石(shi),兩側列銅鎏金獅(shi)子一對,中(zhong)開三門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。乾清門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)東(dong)為(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)左(zuo)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)及九卿(qing)值房,西邊(bian)內(nei)(nei)右門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)及軍機處。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)前廣場(chang)東(dong)西兩端為(wei)(wei)景運門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、隆宗門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。乾清門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)是連接內(nei)(nei)廷(ting)與外朝往(wang)來的(de)重要通(tong)道,在清代又(you)兼(jian)為(wei)(wei)處理政務的(de)場(chang)所(suo),清代的(de)“御(yu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)聽政”、齋(zhai)戒、請(qing)寶接寶等典禮儀式都在乾清門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)舉行。
乾清宮
乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)是(shi)內廷后(hou)三宮(gong)之一。始建(jian)于明永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),明清(qing)(qing)兩代曾(ceng)因數次被焚毀(hui)而重(zhong)建(jian),現有(you)(you)建(jian)筑為(wei)清(qing)(qing)嘉(jia)慶三年(nian)(nian)(1798年(nian)(nian))所建(jian)。乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)為(wei)黃琉璃瓦重(zhong)檐廡殿(dian)頂,座落在單層漢(han)白玉(yu)石臺(tai)(tai)基之上(shang),連廊面(mian)闊9間,進深5間,建(jian)筑面(mian)積1400平方(fang)米,自臺(tai)(tai)面(mian)至正脊高20余米 ,檐角置脊9個。殿(dian)前寬敞(chang)的(de)月臺(tai)(tai)上(shang),左右分(fen)別有(you)(you)銅龜、銅鶴,日晷(gui)、嘉(jia)量,前設鎏金香爐(lu)4座,正中出丹陛(bi),接高臺(tai)(tai)甬路(lu)與乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)門相連。乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)建(jian)筑規模為(wei)內廷之首,明代共有(you)(you)14位皇帝曾(ceng)在此(ci)居住。明代乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)也(ye)(ye)曾(ceng)作為(wei)皇帝守喪之處。清(qing)(qing)順治、康(kang)熙也(ye)(ye)在此(ci)居住。雍正以后(hou),密建(jian)皇儲的(de)建(jian)儲匣存放乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)“正大光(guang)明”匾(bian)后(hou)。康(kang)熙、乾(qian)(qian)(qian)隆兩朝(chao)這里也(ye)(ye)曾(ceng)舉行(xing)過千叟宴。現為(wei)宮(gong)廷生活原(yuan)狀(zhuang)陳列。
交泰殿
交泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)內(nei)廷后三宮(gong)之一(yi),位于(yu)(yu)乾清(qing)宮(gong)和坤寧宮(gong)之間,約為(wei)明(ming)嘉靖(jing)年間建(jian)。交泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)平(ping)面為(wei)方(fang)形,深、廣各3間。明(ming)間設寶座,上(shang)(shang)懸康熙帝御書“無為(wei)”匾,寶座后有板屏(ping)一(yi)面,上(shang)(shang)書乾隆帝御制(zhi)《交泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)銘(ming)》。交泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)皇后千秋(qiu)節受(shou)慶賀禮的地方(fang)。清(qing)代于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)殿(dian)(dian)貯(zhu)清(qing)二十五寶璽。每(mei)年正月,由欽(qin)天監選擇吉(ji)(ji)日(ri)吉(ji)(ji)時(shi),設案開封陳寶,皇帝來此(ci)(ci)拈香行禮。清(qing)世祖(zu)所立“內(nei)宮(gong)不許干預政事”的鐵牌曾(ceng)立于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)殿(dian)(dian)。皇帝大婚時(shi),皇后的冊(ce)、寶安設殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)左(zuo)右案上(shang)(shang)。每(mei)年春季祀先(xian)蠶(can),皇后先(xian)一(yi)日(ri)在此(ci)(ci)查閱采桑(sang)的用具。
坤寧宮
坤寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)是內廷后(hou)三宮(gong)之(zhi)一,始建(jian)于明永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian)),清(qing)沿(yan)明制(zhi)于順(shun)治二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)修,順(shun)治十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1655年(nian)(nian)(nian))仿沈陽盛京清(qing)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)再次重(zhong)修。坤寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)座北面南(nan),面闊連(lian)廊(lang)9間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),進(jin)深(shen)3間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),黃琉(liu)璃(li)瓦重(zhong)檐廡殿頂(ding)。明代(dai)是皇(huang)后(hou)的(de)寢宮(gong)。清(qing)順(shun)治十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)改建(jian)后(hou),為(wei)薩(sa)滿教祭神(shen)的(de)主(zhu)要場所。改原(yuan)明間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)開(kai)門(men)為(wei)東(dong)次間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)開(kai)門(men),門(men)的(de)西(xi)側四間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設南(nan)、北、西(xi)三面炕(kang),作為(wei)祭神(shen)的(de)場所。清(qing)康(kang)熙(xi)、同治、光緒皇(huang)帝在此(ci)大婚,溥儀結婚也(ye)都是在坤寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)舉行。現(xian)為(wei)宮(gong)廷生活原(yuan)狀陳列。
御花園
御(yu)花園位于(yu)紫(zi)禁城中軸線上(shang),坤寧(ning)宮后(hou)方(fang),明代稱(cheng)為“宮后(hou)苑”,清代稱(cheng)御(yu)花園。始建(jian)于(yu)明永(yong)樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),以(yi)后(hou)曾有增(zeng)修(xiu),現仍保留初建(jian)時的(de)(de)基本格局。全園南北(bei)縱(zong)80米(mi),東西寬140米(mi),占地面積12000㎡。園內主體建(jian)筑欽安殿為重(zhong)檐盝(lu)頂式,座落(luo)于(yu)紫(zi)禁城的(de)(de)南北(bei)中軸線上(shang),以(yi)其為中心,向前方(fang)及兩側鋪展亭臺樓閣(ge)。園內的(de)(de)松(song)、柏、竹(zhu)與(yu)山(shan)石(shi),形(xing)成四季長青的(de)(de)園林景觀。
御景亭
御(yu)景亭(ting)位(wei)于御(yu)花(hua)園(yuan)內東側的假山(shan)頂上(shang)。原是明代觀花(hua)殿的舊址,萬歷間改堆假山(shan)。山(shan)的東西(xi)山(shan)石間各有登道,拾(shi)級而上(shang)可達(da)山(shan)頂御(yu)景亭(ting)。亭(ting)子(zi)平面(mian)方(fang)形,四柱,一斗二升(sheng)交(jiao)蔴葉(xie)斗栱,攢尖頂,上(shang)覆(fu)翠綠琉璃瓦,黃色琉璃瓦剪邊,鎏金寶(bao)頂,四面(mian)設隔扇門。四周圍(wei)繞著(zhu)漢白(bai)玉(yu)石欄(lan)板。亭(ting)內天花(hua)藻井,面(mian)南設寶(bao)座(zuo)。御(yu)景亭(ting)是皇帝(di)、皇后在農(nong)歷九(jiu)月(yue)初九(jiu)重陽節登高的地方(fang)。自亭(ting)上(shang)可俯瞰(kan)宮苑(yuan),遠眺紫禁城、景山(shan)、西(xi)苑(yuan)。
摛藻堂
摛藻堂(tang)位于御(yu)花園內堆秀山(shan)東側,依墻面南,面闊5間,黃(huang)琉璃瓦硬山(shan)式頂,堂(tang)西(xi)墻辟(pi)有一小門(men),可通(tong)西(xi)耳房。堂(tang)前出廊(lang),明間開門(men),次梢間為檻窗。室(shi)內放置書(shu)架,為宮中藏書(shu)之所。乾隆四(si)十四(si)年(1779年)后,《四(si)庫(ku)全書(shu)薈要》曾貯藏于此。
內廷西路
養心殿
養心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)內廷后三宮(gong)的(de)(de)西(xi)側,西(xi)六宮(gong)的(de)(de)南面(mian)。初建于(yu)(yu)明(ming)嘉靖年間(16世(shi)紀中),一(yi)直做為皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)的(de)(de)便殿(dian)。自從清(qing)雍(yong)正朝開(kai)始,這里做為皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要居(ju)所和日常理政(zheng)之處,遂(sui)成(cheng)清(qing)代皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)實際上的(de)(de)正寢。“養心(xin)(xin)(xin)”意為涵養心(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)。養心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)在宮(gong)中的(de)(de)位(wei)置比較(jiao)便利,殿(dian)內空間布局豐富(fu)而(er)功能(neng)集中,廳堂、書(shu)房、寢室(shi)以(yi)及分別(bie)用來批(pi)閱奏(zou)折、密談、休(xiu)憩、禮佛的(de)(de)小室(shi)等一(yi)應俱(ju)全,比大殿(dian)宇更宜于(yu)(yu)宵衣旰食的(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)周旋(xuan)其間,是(shi)清(qing)代高(gao)度集權的(de)(de)政(zheng)治體制下更適宜皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)起居(ju)活動的(de)(de)場所。養心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)中最著(zhu)名的(de)(de)是(shi)雍(yong)正皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)的(de)(de)“勤政(zheng)親賢”室(shi)、乾隆皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)的(de)(de)三希堂以(yi)及東暖閣的(de)(de)晚(wan)清(qing)垂簾聽政(zheng)處。
長春宮
長春宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一(yi),明永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian))建(jian)成(cheng),清康熙二十二年(nian)(nian)(1683年(nian)(nian))重修(xiu),后又(you)多(duo)次修(xiu)整。咸豐(feng)九年(nian)(nian)(1859年(nian)(nian))拆(chai)除長春宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的宮(gong)(gong)(gong)門長春門,并將啟(qi)祥宮(gong)(gong)(gong)后殿(dian)改為(wei)穿堂殿(dian),咸豐(feng)帝題額曰“體元殿(dian)”。長春宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、啟(qi)祥宮(gong)(gong)(gong)兩宮(gong)(gong)(gong)院由此連通。長春宮(gong)(gong)(gong)面闊5間,黃琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)歇山式(shi)頂。殿(dian)前(qian)左右(you)設銅龜、銅鶴各1對。東配(pei)殿(dian)曰綏壽殿(dian),西(xi)配(pei)殿(dian)曰承禧(xi)殿(dian),各3間,前(qian)出廊,與轉角廊相連,可通各殿(dian)。
翊坤宮
翊坤(kun)(kun)宮(gong)(gong),內(nei)廷西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)之一(yi),明清時為(wei)妃嬪(pin)居所。建于明永樂十八年(1420年)。原為(wei)二進院(yuan),清晚(wan)期將翊坤(kun)(kun)宮(gong)(gong)后殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改成穿堂(tang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曰(yue)體和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),東西(xi)耳房各改一(yi)間為(wei)通道(dao),使翊坤(kun)(kun)宮(gong)(gong)與儲秀宮(gong)(gong)相(xiang)連,形(xing)成四進院(yuan)的(de)格局。正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)面闊(kuo)5間,黃琉璃瓦(wa)(wa)歇山頂(ding),前后出廊。檐下施斗拱,梁枋飾以蘇式(shi)彩畫。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前設“光明盛昌”屏門(men),臺(tai)基下陳設銅(tong)鳳、銅(tong)鶴、銅(tong)爐各一(yi)對(dui)。東西(xi)有配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曰(yue)延洪殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、元和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),均為(wei)3間黃琉璃瓦(wa)(wa)硬山頂(ding)建筑。
儲秀宮
儲(chu)秀(xiu)宮,內廷西六宮之(zhi)一,明清時為(wei)(wei)妃(fei)嬪(pin)所居。始建(jian)(jian)于(yu)明永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian)),光緒十年(nian)(1884年(nian))為(wei)(wei)慶祝慈禧五十壽辰,耗費白銀63萬(wan)兩進(jin)(jin)行大規模整修,現存建(jian)(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)光緒十年(nian)重修后(hou)的形制。儲(chu)秀(xiu)宮原為(wei)(wei)二進(jin)(jin)院(yuan)(yuan),清晚期拆(chai)除了儲(chu)秀(xiu)門(men)及(ji)圍墻,并將翊(yi)坤宮后(hou)殿改(gai)為(wei)(wei)穿堂殿,稱(cheng)體和殿,連通儲(chu)秀(xiu)宮與翊(yi)坤宮,形成(cheng)相(xiang)通的四進(jin)(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)落。
太極殿
太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian),內廷西六宮(gong)之一,建(jian)于明永樂十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian))。原名(ming)未央宮(gong),因嘉靖皇帝的生父興獻王朱祐杬生于此,故于嘉靖十(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(1535年(nian)(nian))更名(ming)啟祥宮(gong),清(qing)(qing)代(dai)晚期改(gai)稱太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)。清(qing)(qing)代(dai)曾多(duo)次修(xiu)(xiu)葺。太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)原為二進院(yuan),清(qing)(qing)后期改(gai)修(xiu)(xiu)長(chang)春宮(gong)時,將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)后殿(dian)辟為穿堂(tang)殿(dian),后檐(yan)接(jie)出抱廈,并與長(chang)春宮(gong)及其東西配殿(dian)以轉(zhuan)角(jiao)游(you)廊相連(lian),形成(cheng)回(hui)廊,東西耳房各開一間(jian)為通道,使太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)與長(chang)春宮(gong)連(lian)接(jie)成(cheng)相互貫通的四進院(yuan)。
永壽宮
永(yong)(yong)壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)內廷西(xi)(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一。建于明永(yong)(yong)樂十八年(1420年),初名長樂宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。永(yong)(yong)壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)兩進院(yuan)(yuan),前院(yuan)(yuan)正殿永(yong)(yong)壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)面闊(kuo)5間,黃琉璃瓦歇山頂。殿內高懸乾(qian)隆皇(huang)帝(di)御(yu)筆匾(bian)額“令德(de)淑儀”,東壁(bi)懸乾(qian)隆《圣制班(ban)(ban)姬辭輦(nian)贊》,西(xi)(xi)壁(bi)懸《班(ban)(ban)姬辭輦(nian)圖》。乾(qian)隆六年(1741年),乾(qian)隆皇(huang)帝(di)下令,內廷東西(xi)(xi)十一宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的匾(bian)額“俱照永(yong)(yong)壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)式樣制造(zao)”,自掛起(qi)之(zhi)后,不許(xu)擅動或更換。
重華宮
重華宮(gong)(gong)位(wei)于內廷西(xi)路西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)以北,原為明代乾(qian)西(xi)五所(suo)之二(er)所(suo)。雍(yong)正十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(1733年(nian)),弘(hong)歷被封(feng)為“和碩寶(bao)親王(wang)”,住地賜名(ming)“樂(le)善堂”。弘(hong)歷登(deng)極(ji)后,名(ming)重華。重華宮(gong)(gong)沿用(yong)乾(qian)西(xi)二(er)所(suo)的(de)(de)三進院落格局。前院正殿為崇敬殿。殿內正中懸弘(hong)歷為和碩寶(bao)親王(wang)時親筆書匾額“樂(le)善堂”。此后嘉慶皇帝將重華宮(gong)(gong)茶(cha)宴(yan)聯(lian)句作為家法,于每年(nian)的(de)(de)正月初二(er)至初十(shi)期(qi)間舉行。道光年(nian)間仍時有舉行,咸豐以后終止(zhi)。
咸福宮
咸福(fu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)內(nei)廷西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一。為(wei)兩進院(yuan),正門咸福(fu)門為(wei)琉(liu)璃(li)門,面闊3間,黃(huang)琉(liu)璃(li)瓦(wa)廡殿頂,形制高于西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)其它五(wu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),與東六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)相對稱位置(zhi)的景陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)形制相同。后院(yuan)正殿名“同道(dao)堂”,室內(nei)設(she)落地罩隔斷,頂棚為(wei)海墁天花。咸福(fu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)后妃所居,前殿為(wei)行禮升座(zuo)之(zhi)處(chu),后殿為(wei)寢宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。道(dao)光帝琳貴人(莊順皇貴妃)、成貴妃、彤(tong)貴妃、常妃等都曾在此(ci)居住。
漱芳齋
漱(shu)芳齋(zhai)(zhai)原為乾西(xi)五(wu)所(suo)(suo)之頭所(suo)(suo)。清(qing)乾隆皇帝(di)即位(wei)后(hou),改(gai)乾西(xi)二所(suo)(suo)為重(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)宮(gong),遂將(jiang)頭所(suo)(suo)改(gai)為漱(shu)芳齋(zhai)(zhai),并建戲臺,作(zuo)為重(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)宮(gong)宴(yan)集(ji)演戲之所(suo)(suo)。漱(shu)芳齋(zhai)(zhai)為工字形殿,前(qian)殿與南(nan)房、東西(xi)配(pei)殿圍成(cheng)獨立(li)的小院,其間有游廊相連(lian)。乾隆年間,逢(feng)萬壽節、圣(sheng)壽節、中元節、除夕等重(zhong)(zhong)要節日(ri),常侍奉皇太(tai)后(hou)在后(hou)殿進膳、看戲,并賜宴(yan)于(yu)王公大臣。宣(xuan)統皇帝(di)遜位(wei)后(hou),同治帝(di)瑜妃(fei)、瑨(jin)妃(fei)曾(ceng)居漱(shu)芳齋(zhai)(zhai)芝蘭室,遇(yu)太(tai)妃(fei)誕(dan)辰日(ri),仍于(yu)此處傳戲,直至溥儀被(bei)迫(po)“即日(ri)出宮(gong)”。
內廷東路
奉先殿
奉(feng)先殿,位于(yu)(yu)紫禁(jin)城(cheng)內廷東側,為(wei)明清(qing)(qing)皇(huang)室祭祀祖先的家(jia)(jia)廟,始建于(yu)(yu)明初。清(qing)(qing)沿明制(zhi),于(yu)(yu)清(qing)(qing)順(shun)治十(shi)四(si)年(1657年)重建,后又(you)多次修(xiu)繕。奉(feng)先殿建筑面(mian)積(ji)1225.00㎡。黃色琉璃瓦重檐廡殿頂,檐下彩繪(hui)金線大(da)點(dian)金旋子(zi)彩畫。按(an)清(qing)(qing)制(zhi),凡遇(yu)朔望、萬(wan)壽(shou)圣節(jie)、元旦及國家(jia)(jia)大(da)慶等(deng),大(da)祭于(yu)(yu)前(qian)殿;遇(yu)列圣列后圣誕、忌(ji)辰及元宵(xiao)、清(qing)(qing)明、中(zhong)元、霜降(jiang)、歲除等(deng)日,于(yu)(yu)后殿上(shang)香行(xing)禮;凡上(shang)徽號、冊(ce)(ce)立(li)、冊(ce)(ce)封(feng)、御經筵、耕耤(ji)、謁(ye)陵、巡狩、回鑾及諸慶典,均祗告于(yu)(yu)后殿。
承乾宮
承乾宮,內廷東(dong)六宮之一。明永(yong)樂十八年(1420年)建(jian)成,初曰永(yong)寧宮。宮為兩進(jin)院,后院正殿5間,明間開門。此宮在(zai)明代(dai)為貴妃所居(ju)。清代(dai)為后妃所居(ju),清順(shun)治帝(di)皇(huang)貴妃董鄂氏,道光帝(di)孝全(quan)成皇(huang)后等都曾(ceng)在(zai)此居(ju)住。
景仁宮
景仁宮(gong)(gong),內廷(ting)東六宮(gong)(gong)之一(yi)。明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建(jian)成(cheng),初曰長安(an)宮(gong)(gong)。宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)二進院,正門(men)南向,門(men)內有石影壁一(yi)座,傳(chuan)為(wei)元代遺物(wu)。后院正殿5間(jian),明間(jian)開(kai)門(men)。景仁宮(gong)(gong)明代為(wei)嬪妃(fei)(fei)居所。清順治十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(1654年(nian))三(san)月(yue),康熙帝生于此(ci)宮(gong)(gong)。乾隆帝生母(mu)孝圣憲皇后、咸豐帝婉貴妃(fei)(fei)、光緒帝珍(zhen)妃(fei)(fei)均曾在此(ci)居住(zhu)。
延禧宮
延(yan)禧(xi)宮(gong)(gong)為內廷東六宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一,建于明(ming)永樂(le)十(shi)八年(1420年),初名(ming)長壽宮(gong)(gong)。殿(dian)前有東西配殿(dian)各(ge)3間。后院正殿(dian)5間,亦有東西配殿(dian)各(ge)3間,均(jun)為黃琉璃瓦(wa)硬山頂。宣統元年(1909年)在延(yan)禧(xi)宮(gong)(gong)原(yuan)址興(xing)工修建一座3層(ceng)西洋式建筑--水殿(dian)。水殿(dian)四(si)周浚(jun)池(chi),引玉泉山水環繞(rao)。主樓每層(ceng)9間,底層(ceng)四(si)面當中各(ge)開一門,四(si)周環以圍廊。隆裕(yu)太后題匾(bian)額曰“靈沼(zhao)軒”,俗(su)稱“水晶宮(gong)(gong)”。1917年張勛(xun)復(fu)辟時(shi),延(yan)禧(xi)宮(gong)(gong)北部被直系部隊飛機投彈炸毀。
景陽宮
景(jing)(jing)陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong),為內廷東六宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)一,位于(yu)鐘粹宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)東、永(yong)和(he)宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)北。明永(yong)樂十八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成(cheng),初(chu)名(ming)長陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong),嘉靖十四年(nian)(1535年(nian))更(geng)名(ming)景(jing)(jing)陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)。明代為嬪(pin)妃所居(ju)。清代改作收貯圖書之(zhi)(zhi)地。宮(gong)(gong)為二進院(yuan),正(zheng)門南(nan)向,名(ming)景(jing)(jing)陽(yang)門,前院(yuan)正(zheng)殿(dian)即景(jing)(jing)陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong),面(mian)闊3間(jian),黃琉璃(li)瓦廡(wu)殿(dian)頂(ding)(ding),與(yu)東六宮(gong)(gong)中其(qi)它五宮(gong)(gong)的屋頂(ding)(ding)形(xing)式(shi)不(bu)同。后(hou)院(yuan)正(zheng)殿(dian)為御書房,面(mian)闊5間(jian),明間(jian)開門,黃琉璃(li)瓦歇山式(shi)頂(ding)(ding)。次、梢間(jian)為檻(jian)墻、檻(jian)窗,檐下施以斗栱,飾龍和(he)璽彩畫。東西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)年(nian)節張(zhang)掛的《宮(gong)(gong)訓圖》原收藏于(yu)此。
永和宮
永和宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內(nei)廷東(dong)(dong)六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),位(wei)于承乾宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)、景陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)南。明(ming)(ming)代(dai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)妃(fei)(fei)嬪所居(ju),清(qing)代(dai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)后妃(fei)(fei)所居(ju)。清(qing)康熙帝(di)孝恭仁皇后久居(ju)此宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。其(qi)后,道光帝(di)靜貴妃(fei)(fei),咸豐帝(di)麗(li)貴人等先(xian)后在此居(ju)住(zhu)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)二進(jin)院,正(zheng)門(men)(men)南向,名永和門(men)(men),前院正(zheng)殿(dian)即(ji)永和宮(gong)(gong)(gong),面闊5間。明(ming)(ming)間開門(men)(men),次、梢(shao)間皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)檻墻(qiang),上安支窗。正(zheng)間室(shi)內(nei)懸乾隆御題“儀(yi)昭淑(shu)慎”匾,吊白(bai)樘箅子頂棚,方磚墁地。東(dong)(dong)西有配殿(dian)各3間,明(ming)(ming)間開門(men)(men),黃琉璃(li)瓦硬山式頂,檐下飾旋子彩畫。東(dong)(dong)西配殿(dian)的北側皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)耳房,各3間。
毓慶宮
毓慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位于內廷(ting)東路奉先殿(dian)與(yu)齋宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之間(jian)(jian)(jian),系清康熙十八年(1679年)在明代奉慈殿(dian)基(ji)址上修建而成。是(shi)由長(chang)方形院(yuan)(yuan)落(luo)組成的建筑群(qun),前(qian)后共四進(jin)。正門(men)前(qian)星門(men),門(men)內為(wei)第(di)一進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)落(luo),有值(zhi)房(fang)3座,西墻(qiang)開陽曜(yao)門(men)與(yu)齋宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)相通。過院(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)祥旭門(men)為(wei)第(di)二進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)落(luo),正殿(dian)惇本殿(dian),東西配殿(dian)各3間(jian)(jian)(jian)。第(di)三進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)東西兩(liang)側各有圍房(fang)20間(jian)(jian)(jian),直抵(di)第(di)四進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan),正殿(dian)即毓慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),建筑為(wei)工(gong)字殿(dian)。毓慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)康熙年間(jian)(jian)(jian)特(te)為(wei)皇(huang)太(tai)子允(yun)礽所建,后作為(wei)皇(huang)子居所。同(tong)治、光(guang)緒兩(liang)朝,此宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)均(jun)作為(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)讀書處,光(guang)緒皇(huang)帝(di)曾在此居住。
齋宮
齋宮(gong)位于(yu)紫(zi)禁城東六宮(gong)之南,毓慶宮(gong)西(xi),為皇(huang)帝(di)行(xing)祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)地典(dian)禮前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)齋戒(jie)(jie)(jie)之所。明代(dai)和清前(qian)(qian)(qian)期,祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)地前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)齋戒(jie)(jie)(jie)均在宮(gong)外進(jin)行(xing)。齋宮(gong)系(xi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)朝后(hou)寢兩(liang)(liang)進(jin)的(de)長方形院(yuan)落。前(qian)(qian)(qian)殿齋宮(gong),面闊5間(jian)(jian)(jian),黃琉璃(li)瓦歇山(shan)頂,前(qian)(qian)(qian)出(chu)抱(bao)廈3間(jian)(jian)(jian),明間(jian)(jian)(jian)、兩(liang)(liang)次間(jian)(jian)(jian)開(kai)隔扇門,兩(liang)(liang)梢間(jian)(jian)(jian)為檻窗。凡祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)地及祈谷(gu)、常雩大祀(si)前(qian)(qian)(qian),皇(huang)帝(di)致齋于(yu)此。遇皇(huang)帝(di)宿齋宮(gong),恭(gong)設齋戒(jie)(jie)(jie)牌(pai)、銅(tong)人于(yu)齋宮(gong)丹陛左側。齋戒(jie)(jie)(jie)日(ri),皇(huang)帝(di)與陪祀(si)大臣佩戴齋戒(jie)(jie)(jie)牌(pai),各宮(gong)懸(xuan)齋戒(jie)(jie)(jie)木牌(pai)于(yu)簾額。齋戒(jie)(jie)(jie)期間(jian)(jian)(jian),不作樂,不飲酒,忌(ji)辛辣(la)。
其他建筑
武英殿
武(wu)英殿(dian)(dian)(dian)始(shi)建于(yu)(yu)明初(chu),位于(yu)(yu)外(wai)朝熙和(he)門以西。正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)武(wu)英殿(dian)(dian)(dian)南向,面闊(kuo)5間,進深3間,黃(huang)琉璃瓦歇山頂。東西配(pei)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)分別是(shi)凝道殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、煥章(zhang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),左(zuo)右共(gong)有(you)廊房63間。院落東北有(you)恒壽齋(zhai),西北為浴德堂。明初(chu)帝王(wang)齋(zhai)居、召見大臣皆于(yu)(yu)武(wu)英殿(dian)(dian)(dian),后移(yi)至文華殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。清(qing)兵入關之初(chu),攝政(zheng)王(wang)多爾袞先(xian)行抵京(jing),以武(wu)英殿(dian)(dian)(dian)作(zuo)為理事之所。
皇極殿
皇極(ji)殿為(wei)寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)區的(de)主體建筑,始建于(yu)清康熙(xi)二十八(ba)年(1689年),初名寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)。皇極(ji)殿位(wei)于(yu)寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)區中(zhong)軸線(xian)前(qian)部,與后殿寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)前(qian)后排列于(yu)單層石臺基之(zhi)上(shang)。殿座北朝南,面闊(kuo)9間,進深5間,取帝(di)尊九五之(zhi)制(zhi)。皇極(ji)殿丹陛左右分(fen)置(zhi)日晷、嘉量,是(shi)體現皇權的(de)重要陳設。御(yu)道兩側各有六(liu)方(fang)須彌座一個,座上(shang)置(zhi)重檐(yan)六(liu)角亭,亭身每面鐫篆體壽(shou)(shou)字各三。
慈(ci)(ci)(ci)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong) 慈(ci)(ci)(ci)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)位于內(nei)廷外西路隆(long)宗門西側。始(shi)建(jian)于明嘉靖十五年(nian)(1536年(nian))。乾(qian)隆(long)三十四(si)年(nian)(1769年(nian))興(xing)工將慈(ci)(ci)(ci)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)正(zheng)殿(dian)由(you)單檐改為重檐,并將后寢殿(dian)后移,始(shi)定今之形(xing)制。正(zheng)殿(dian)慈(ci)(ci)(ci)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)居(ju)中,前后出(chu)廊,黃琉璃瓦重檐歇山(shan)頂。面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)7間,當中5間各開(kai)4扇雙交(jiao)四(si)椀菱花(hua)槅扇門。兩梢間為磚砌坎墻(qiang),各開(kai)4扇雙交(jiao)四(si)椀菱花(hua)槅扇窗。殿(dian)前出(chu)月(yue)臺,正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)出(chu)三階,左右各出(chu)一階,臺上陳鎏金銅香(xiang)爐4座。東西兩山(shan)設卡墻(qiang),各開(kai)垂(chui)花(hua)門,可通后院。
文淵閣
文(wen)淵閣是文(wen)華殿后的藏書(shu)(shu)樓(lou),乾隆四十一(yi)年(nian)(1776年(nian))仿浙江(jiang)藏書(shu)(shu)名(ming)樓(lou)“天(tian)一(yi)閣”建造。閣分上下(xia)兩(liang)層,黑(hei)色(se)琉璃(li)瓦覆頂(ding),綠色(se)琉璃(li)瓦剪邊,色(se)調深沉雅致(zhi),又寓含五行中黑(hei)色(se)主水,以水克火的用意。閣內(nei)藏《四庫全書(shu)(shu)》與《欽定(ding)古今圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)集成》,清代乾隆朝(chao)以后,除了(le)皇帝來這里讀書(shu)(shu)外,也允許臣工和學士(shi)們來此查(cha)閱(yue)圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)。
暢音閣
暢音(yin)閣通高(gao)(gao)20.71米,在寧壽(shou)宮區的(de)中(zhong)部,養(yang)性殿東側,是紫(zi)禁城中(zhong)最大(da)的(de)戲樓。清(qing)乾隆四十(shi)一年(1776年)建成,嘉慶年(19世紀初)又增建扮戲樓。閣高(gao)(gao)20余米,從城墻外也能望見樓閣的(de)綠琉璃瓦(wa)頂。“暢音(yin)”即盡情賞(shang)樂(le)音(yin)之意。高(gao)(gao)閣分(fen)(fen)上、中(zhong)、下(xia)三(san)層(ceng),分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)福、祿、壽(shou)臺(tai)。壽(shou)臺(tai)臺(tai)面有五口井通地下(xia)室,上有三(san)個天井通祿臺(tai)。此閣朝北(bei),與帝后等賞(shang)戲的(de)閱是樓相對(dui)。每逢年節,宮中(zhong)即在此開演大(da)戲,臺(tai)上、臺(tai)下(xia)都熱鬧非凡。
壽安宮
壽安宮(gong)位(wei)于內廷外西路壽康宮(gong)以(yi)北,英華殿以(yi)南(nan)。始建于明(ming)代(dai),初(chu)名咸熙宮(gong),嘉靖四年(nian)(nian)(1525年(nian)(nian))改(gai)(gai)稱咸安宮(gong)。清初(chu)沿明(ming)制,雍(yong)正(zheng)年(nian)(nian)間在此(ci)興辦咸安宮(gong)官(guan)學(xue),乾(qian)隆(long)十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(1751年(nian)(nian))咸安宮(gong)官(guan)學(xue)移出。同(tong)年(nian)(nian),乾(qian)隆(long)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)為慶(qing)賀(he)皇(huang)(huang)太后(hou)六十(shi)壽誕,將(jiang)此(ci)宮(gong)修(xiu)葺一新后(hou)改(gai)(gai)稱壽安宮(gong)。乾(qian)隆(long)二(er)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1760年(nian)(nian)),為皇(huang)(huang)太后(hou)七(qi)十(shi)圣壽慶(qing)典(dian),在院(yuan)中添建一座3層大戲(xi)臺(tai)。嘉慶(qing)四年(nian)(nian)(1799年(nian)(nian))將(jiang)戲(xi)臺(tai)拆除(chu),扮戲(xi)樓改(gai)(gai)建為春禧殿后(hou)卷殿。
養性殿
養(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)殿(dian)(dian)位于寧(ning)(ning)壽宮后的養(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)門內。為寧(ning)(ning)壽宮后寢主體建筑之(zhi)一。清(qing)乾隆(long)三十七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1772年(nian)(nian)(nian))仿(fang)內廷養(yang)(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)建造,體量略小,平面(mian)布局(ju)特殊。養(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)殿(dian)(dian)作(zuo)為太上(shang)皇帝(di)寢宮,原(yuan)為和(he)(he)璽彩(cai)畫。光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間慈禧(xi)太后居樂壽堂時(shi),曾在(zai)養(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)殿(dian)(dian)東暖(nuan)閣進早(zao)、晚膳(shan)。此殿(dian)(dian)在(zai)光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)十七年(nian)(nian)(nian)重修后,除墨云室仍(reng)為和(he)(he)璽彩(cai)畫外,其它均改為蘇(su)式彩(cai)畫。
九龍壁
九龍壁位于紫禁城寧壽宮區皇(huang)極門外。壁長29.47m,高(gao)3.59m,厚0.45.9m,是一座背倚宮墻而(er)建的(de)單(dan)面琉璃影壁,為(wei)乾隆(long)三十七年(1770年)改(gai)建寧壽宮時燒造。
珍妃井
位于北(bei)京故宮(gong)寧壽宮(gong)北(bei)端的貞(zhen)(zhen)順(shun)門(men)內,原為宮(gong)中普通水井(jing)(jing)(jing)。珍(zhen)(zhen)妃(fei)井(jing)(jing)(jing)井(jing)(jing)(jing)眼上置井(jing)(jing)(jing)口石(shi),石(shi)兩側鑿小洞,用以穿入(ru)鐵棍(gun)上鎖。清光緒二十六年(nian)(1900年(nian))八國聯(lian)軍攻打京城(cheng),慈禧太(tai)后與光緒皇帝倉惶西逃。臨行之(zhi)前,慈禧太(tai)后將幽(you)禁在(zai)景(jing)祺閣北(bei)小院(yuan)的珍(zhen)(zhen)妃(fei)召至(zhi)頤和軒,命太(tai)監(jian)崔玉(yu)貴等人(ren)將她(ta)推(tui)入(ru)貞(zhen)(zhen)順(shun)門(men)內井(jing)(jing)(jing)中溺死(si),此井(jing)(jing)(jing)因而得名“珍(zhen)(zhen)妃(fei)井(jing)(jing)(jing)”。
大政殿
大(da)政(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)是一座八角(jiao)重(zhong)(zhong)檐(yan)亭式建(jian)筑,俗稱八角(jiao)殿(dian)。始建(jian)于(yu)1625年,是清(qing)太(tai)(tai)祖努爾哈赤營建(jian)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要宮殿(dian),是盛京(jing)皇宮內(nei)最(zui)莊嚴最(zui)神圣的(de)(de)地方。初稱大(da)衙門,1636定(ding)名(ming)篤(du)恭殿(dian),后改大(da)政(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)。八角(jiao)重(zhong)(zhong)檐(yan)攢尖(jian)式,八面出廊(lang),其下為(wei)(wei)(wei)須(xu)彌(mi)座臺基。殿(dian)頂滿(man)鋪黃琉璃瓦,鑲綠剪邊,正中(zhong)相(xiang)輪(lun)火焰珠(zhu)頂,寶頂周圍有八條鐵鏈各與力士(shi)相(xiang)連。殿(dian)前兩(liang)明柱(zhu)各有金(jin)龍(long)盤(pan)柱(zhu),殿(dian)內(nei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)梵(fan)文天花和(he)降龍(long)藻井。殿(dian)內(nei)設有寶座、屏風及熏爐、香亭、鶴式燭臺等。大(da)政(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)用于(yu)舉行大(da)典(dian)(dian),如皇帝即位,頒(ban)布詔書,宣布軍隊出征(zheng),迎接將士(shi)凱(kai)旋等。此(ci)殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)清(qing)太(tai)(tai)宗皇太(tai)(tai)極舉行重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)典(dian)(dian)禮及重(zhong)(zhong)要政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)活動的(de)(de)場所。
1644年(順治元年)皇帝福臨(lin)在此登(deng)基繼位。
十王亭
十王亭位于大政殿(dian)兩側(ce)八字形(xing)依次(ci)排列,是滿族八旗制度在宮(gong)殿(dian)建(jian)筑的(de)反映,此建(jian)筑布局為中國古代宮(gong)廷建(jian)筑史所僅見。
其東(dong)側五(wu)亭由北往南依次為左翼王亭、鑲(xiang)黃(huang)旗亭、正(zheng)白(bai)旗亭、鑲(xiang)白(bai)旗亭、正(zheng)藍(lan)旗亭;
西側五亭依次為右翼王亭、正黃旗亭、正紅旗亭、鑲紅旗亭、鑲藍旗亭。
是清(qing)初八旗各主旗貝勒(le)、大(da)(da)臣議政(zheng)及處理政(zheng)務之處。這種君臣合(he)署(shu)在(zai)宮(gong)殿(dian)辦事的(de)(de)現象(xiang),歷史上少見。從建筑上看,大(da)(da)政(zheng)殿(dian)也是一(yi)個亭(ting)子(zi)(zi),不(bu)過它的(de)(de)體量較(jiao)大(da)(da),裝飾比較(jiao)華(hua)麗,因此(ci)稱(cheng)為宮(gong)殿(dian)。大(da)(da)政(zheng)殿(dian)和成(cheng)八字(zi)形排(pai)開的(de)(de)10座(zuo)亭(ting)子(zi)(zi),其建筑格局乃脫胎于少數民族的(de)(de)帳(zhang)殿(dian)。這11座(zuo)亭(ting)子(zi)(zi),就是11座(zuo)帳(zhang)篷的(de)(de)化(hua)身。帳(zhang)篷是可以(yi)流動(dong)遷(qian)移的(de)(de),而亭(ting)子(zi)(zi)就固(gu)定(ding)起來了,顯(xian)示(shi)了滿(man)族文化(hua)發(fa)展的(de)(de)一(yi)個里程。
大清門
大清門(men)是盛京皇宮(gong)(今沈陽故(gu)宮(gong)博物院(yuan))的(de)正門(men),俗稱(cheng)午門(men),它是一(yi)座面闊五(wu)間的(de)硬山(shan)式(shi)建筑,房頂(ding)滿鋪琉(liu)璃瓦,飾以綠剪(jian)邊,尤其是大清門(men)山(shan)墻的(de)最上端(duan),南北突出(chu)(chu)的(de)四個墀頭,三面皆用五(wu)彩(cai)琉(liu)璃鑲嵌而成,紋飾為凸出(chu)(chu)的(de)海水云龍(long)及(ji)象征吉祥的(de)各種動物,做工精(jing)巧,栩栩如生(sheng)。此門(men)莊嚴富麗,與整個宮(gong)殿(dian)建筑混成一(yi)體,顯(xian)得十分協調(diao)。
大清門(men)建于天聰六年(1632年)之前,為(wei)(wei)盛京皇宮中皇太極續修(xiu)的(de)早期建筑(zhu)之一(yi)。原(yuan)稱大門(men)、正門(men)。1636年定(ding)宮殿名時(shi)稱大門(men)為(wei)(wei)大清門(men)。大清門(men)的(de)滿文(wen)譯音為(wei)(wei)“代(dai)青杜(du)卡(ka)”(代(dai)青即大清,杜(du)卡(ka)為(wei)(wei)門(men))。
崇政殿
崇政殿(dian)(dian)(dian)在中路(lu)前院正中,俗稱(cheng)“金(jin)鑾殿(dian)(dian)(dian)”,是(shi)沈陽故宮(gong)最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)建筑。整座大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)全是(shi)木結構,面(mian)闊五間(jian)進深(shen)三(san)間(jian)。前后(hou)出(chu)廊(lang)硬(ying)山式,辟有(you)隔扇(shan)門,前后(hou)出(chu)廊(lang),圍以石雕的(de)(de)欄桿(gan)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂(ding)(ding)鋪黃(huang)琉璃瓦,鑲綠剪邊,正脊飾(shi)五彩(cai)琉璃龍紋及火焰珠。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)身的(de)(de)廊(lang)柱是(shi)方形的(de)(de),望(wang)柱下有(you)吐水的(de)(de)螭首,頂(ding)(ding)蓋黃(huang)琉璃瓦鑲綠剪邊;殿(dian)(dian)(dian)前月臺兩角,東(dong)立日(ri)晷,西設嘉量;殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內“徹上明造”繪以彩(cai)飾(shi)。內陳寶座、屏風;兩側有(you)熏爐、香亭、燭(zhu)臺一堂(tang);殿(dian)(dian)(dian)柱是(shi)圓形的(de)(de),兩柱間(jian)用(yong)一條雕刻的(de)(de)整龍連接,龍頭探出(chu)檐外(wai),龍尾直入殿(dian)(dian)(dian)中,實用(yong)與裝(zhuang)飾(shi)完美地結合為一體,增加了(le)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宇的(de)(de)帝王氣魄。此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)為清(qing)太宗皇太極陛見臣下,宴(yan)請外(wai)國使臣以及處理大(da)政的(de)(de)常(chang)朝之處。公元(yuan)1636年,后(hou)金(jin)改(gai)國號為大(da)清(qing)的(de)(de)大(da)典就(jiu)在此(ci)舉(ju)行(xing)。“東(dong)巡”諸帝于(yu)此(ci)舉(ju)行(xing)“展謁山陵(ling)禮成(cheng)”等慶賀典禮。
鳳凰樓
崇政(zheng)殿北首的(de)鳳(feng)(feng)凰樓(lou)(lou),建造在4米(mi)高(gao)的(de)青磚(zhuan)臺基(ji)上,有三(san)層,三(san)滴水歇山式圍廊(lang),頂鋪黃(huang)琉璃瓦(wa),鑲綠剪邊。此樓(lou)(lou)為盛(sheng)京(jing)最(zui)高(gao)建筑,故有《盛(sheng)京(jing)八景》之一“鳳(feng)(feng)樓(lou)(lou)曉日”、“鳳(feng)(feng)樓(lou)(lou)觀塔(ta)”等傳(chuan)稱。鳳(feng)(feng)凰樓(lou)(lou)上藏有乾隆御筆親題的(de)“紫氣東來”匾(bian)。
清寧宮
清(qing)(qing)寧宮為(wei)五開間(jian)前(qian)后(hou)廊硬山(shan)式。是清(qing)(qing)太宗皇(huang)太極和皇(huang)后(hou)博爾濟(ji)吉特氏居住的(de)“中宮”。
室門開于東(dong)次間,屋內西側形成“筒(tong)子房”格局,東(dong)梢間為(wei)帝后(hou)寢宮。寬(kuan)大的支摘窗式(shi)樣樸素,欞(ling)條皆以(yi)“碼三箭”式(shi)相交,宮門亦不用(yong)隔(ge)扇(shan)式(shi)。正對宮門豎立祭天的“索(suo)倫竿(gan)”,此均為(wei)源自滿族民間的傳統風(feng)格。殿頂鋪黃(huang)琉璃瓦鑲緣剪邊,前后(hou)皆方形檐柱,柱頭飾獸面,檀枋(fang)施彩繪等,則是吸收(shou)漢、藏民族建筑藝術。
文溯閣
文(wen)溯(su)閣建(jian)于(yu)1782年(nian)(乾(qian)隆(long)四十(shi)七年(nian))。專為存放(fang)《文(wen)溯(su)閣四庫(ku)全書(shu)》而建(jian)。另有《古今(jin)圖書(shu)集成(cheng)》亦存于(yu)閣內。是(shi)沈陽故(gu)宮(gong)西路的(de)主(zhu)體建(jian)筑,建(jian)筑形式仿照浙江寧波的(de)天一(yi)閣,面(mian)闊(kuo)六間,二樓三層重(zhong)檐(yan)硬(ying)山式,前后出(chu)廊(lang)(lang),上邊蓋黑(hei)色(se)琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)加(jia)綠(lv)剪邊,前后廊(lang)(lang)檐(yan)柱都(dou)裝(zhuang)飾有綠(lv)色(se)的(de)地仗。所有的(de)門(men)、窗、柱都(dou)漆成(cheng)綠(lv)色(se),外(wai)檐(yan)彩(cai)畫(hua)也(ye)(ye)以藍、綠(lv)、白(bai)相(xiang)間的(de)冷色(se)調為主(zhu),這與其(qi)它宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)紅金(jin)為主(zhu)的(de)外(wai)檐(yan)彩(cai)飾迥然不同(tong)。其(qi)彩(cai)繪畫(hua)題材也(ye)(ye)不用宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)常見(jian)的(de)行龍飛鳳,而是(shi)以“白(bai)馬獻書(shu)”、“翰墨卷冊”等與藏書(shu)樓功用相(xiang)諧(xie)的(de)圖案,給人以古雅清(qing)新之感。采用黑(hei)色(se)琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)為頂,主(zhu)要是(shi)為了使整座建(jian)筑外(wai)觀(guan)風格相(xiang)統一(yi)。 文(wen)溯(su)閣后面(mian),有抄手殿(dian)(dian)(dian)廊(lang)(lang)連接(jie)著仰熙齋,齋后為九間房(fang),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有芍藥(yao)圃、梧(wu)桐院等。這是(shi)乾(qian)隆(long)皇帝“東巡”時的(de)讀書(shu)之所。
金水橋
沈陽故(gu)宮博物院副院長李聲能透露,沈陽故(gu)宮正門(men)前的“金水橋(qiao)”屬于違規建筑,與(yu)整個風貌不相符。沈陽市(shi)文物部門(men)已經下發了(le)整改拆除(chu)通知(zhi)限期拆除(chu)。
2014年9月25日14時30分許,沈陽故宮東南側,在(zai)“金(jin)水橋”施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)墻外(wai),有一大片被圍(wei)擋(dang)圍(wei)起的施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地。從圍(wei)擋(dang)的縫隙中可以看(kan)到(dao),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地中一輛作業車正(zheng)在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。