北(bei)京(jing)故宮(gong)于明(ming)成祖永樂(le)四(si)年(1406年)開始建(jian)(jian)設,以南京(jing)故宮(gong)為藍本營建(jian)(jian),到永樂(le)十(shi)八(ba)年(1420年)建(jian)(jian)成。它是(shi)(shi)一座(zuo)長方(fang)形(xing)城(cheng)池,南北(bei)長961米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西寬(kuan)753米(mi)(mi),四(si)面圍有高10米(mi)(mi)的城(cheng)墻(qiang),城(cheng)外(wai)有寬(kuan)52米(mi)(mi)的護(hu)城(cheng)河。紫禁城(cheng)內的建(jian)(jian)筑分為外(wai)朝和內廷(ting)兩部分。外(wai)朝的中(zhong)心為太和殿(dian)(dian)、中(zhong)和殿(dian)(dian)、保(bao)和殿(dian)(dian),統稱三(san)大殿(dian)(dian),是(shi)(shi)國(guo)家舉行(xing)大典(dian)禮的地方(fang)。內廷(ting)的中(zhong)心是(shi)(shi)乾清宮(gong)、交泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)、坤寧宮(gong),統稱后三(san)宮(gong),是(shi)(shi)皇帝(di)和皇后居(ju)住的正宮(gong)。
北京故宮被(bei)譽為世界五大宮之(zhi)首(法國(guo)(guo)凡爾賽宮、英國(guo)(guo)白(bai)金漢宮、美國(guo)(guo)白(bai)宮、俄羅斯克里姆林宮),是國(guo)(guo)家AAAAA級旅(lv)游景區,1961年(nian)被(bei)列為第一批全國(guo)(guo)重點(dian)文物(wu)保護(hu)單位。
沈陽故(gu)宮(gong)又稱(cheng)盛京皇(huang)宮(gong),為清(qing)朝初期(qi)(qi)的皇(huang)宮(gong)。沈陽故(gu)宮(gong)始建于(yu)努(nu)爾哈(ha)赤時期(qi)(qi)的1625年,建成于(yu)皇(huang)太(tai)極時期(qi)(qi)的1636年。
清朝遷都(dou)北京(jing)后,故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)被稱作“陪(pei)都(dou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿”、“留都(dou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿”。后來就稱之為(wei)沈(shen)陽故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。后經康(kang)熙、乾隆時期的(de)改(gai)建、增建,形成了今日有宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿亭臺樓(lou)閣齋堂等(deng)建筑(zhu)100余(yu)座、500余(yu)間,占(zhan)地(di)面積(ji)達6萬(wan)平(ping)方米的(de)格局面貌。在宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)遺址上(shang)建立的(de)沈(shen)陽故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)博(bo)物院是著名的(de)古(gu)代宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)藝術博(bo)物館,藏品中包(bao)含十分豐富的(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)藝術品。
沈陽故宮按照建筑布局和建造先后(hou),可以(yi)分為3個(ge)部分:東路(lu)、中路(lu)和西路(lu)。東路(lu)包括(kuo)努爾哈赤(chi)時期建造的(de)大(da)政殿與十(shi)王亭,是(shi)皇帝舉行大(da)典和八旗大(da)臣辦公的(de)地(di)方。中路(lu)為清(qing)太宗時期續建,是(shi)皇帝進行政治活動和后(hou)妃居住的(de)場所。西路(lu)則是(shi)清(qing)朝皇帝“東巡(xun)”盛京時,讀書看(kan)戲和存放《四(si)庫全書》的(de)場所。
1961年,國務院(yuan)將沈陽故宮(gong)確(que)定為國家第一批(pi)全(quan)國重點文物保護單位;2004年7月1日,在中國蘇州(zhou)召開的第28屆(jie)世界遺產(chan)委員(yuan)會會議批(pi)準沈陽故宮(gong)作為明(ming)清皇宮(gong)文化遺產(chan)擴展(zhan)項目列入《世界遺產(chan)名錄》。 2017年,沈陽故宮(gong)博(bo)物院(yuan)成功晉(jin)級(ji)“國家一級(ji)博(bo)物館”。
故宮四門
午門
午(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)是(shi)故(gu)宮(gong)的(de)正門(men)(men)。俗稱五鳳樓(lou)(lou)。東(dong)西北三(san)面(mian)以(yi)(yi)12米高(gao)的(de)城臺(tai)相連,環抱一(yi)個(ge)方(fang)形廣(guang)場。有(you)1組建筑。正中有(you)重(zhong)樓(lou)(lou),是(shi)9間(jian)面(mian)寬的(de)大(da)殿(dian)(dian),重(zhong)檐(yan)廡殿(dian)(dian)頂,在左右伸(shen)出(chu)(chu)兩闕城墻上(shang),建有(you)聯檐(yan)通脊的(de)樓(lou)(lou)閣四座,明廊相連,兩翼各(ge)有(you)13間(jian)的(de)殿(dian)(dian)屋向南伸(shen)出(chu)(chu),四隅各(ge)有(you)高(gao)大(da)的(de)角亭,輔翼著正殿(dian)(dian)。這組城上(shang)的(de)建筑,是(shi)故(gu)宮(gong)宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)群中第一(yi)高(gao)峰(feng)。午(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)是(shi)皇(huang)(huang)帝下(xia)詔(zhao)書、下(xia)令(ling)出(chu)(chu)征的(de)地方(fang)。它(ta)當中的(de)正門(men)(men)平時(shi)(shi)只(zhi)有(you)皇(huang)(huang)帝才可(ke)以(yi)(yi)出(chu)(chu)入(ru);皇(huang)(huang)帝大(da)婚時(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)進一(yi)次(ci);殿(dian)(dian)試考中狀元(yuan)、榜眼、探花(hua)的(de)三(san)人(ren)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)從此門(men)(men)走出(chu)(chu)一(yi)次(ci)。文(wen)武(wu)大(da)臣(chen)進出(chu)(chu)東(dong)側門(men)(men),宗室王(wang)公出(chu)(chu)入(ru)西側門(men)(men)。
神武門
神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)在明朝時為(wei)(wei)“玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)”,玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)古(gu)代(dai)四神(shen)(shen)獸(shou)之一,從方位上(shang)講,左(zuo)青龍(long),右(you)白虎(hu),前朱雀,后(hou)玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主北方,所以(yi)帝王(wang)宮(gong)(gong)殿的北宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)多取(qu)名“玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”。清(qing)康(kang)熙年間(jian)因避諱(hui)改稱“神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)”。神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)也是一座城門(men)(men)樓形(xing)式(shi)(shi),用的最高等級的重檐廡(wu)殿式(shi)(shi)屋頂,但它的大殿只有五開(kai)間(jian)加圍廊,沒有左(zuo)右(you)向前伸展(zhan)的兩翼,所以(yi)在形(xing)制上(shang)要比(bi)午門(men)(men)低一個等級。神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)是宮(gong)(gong)內日常出入(ru)的門(men)(men)禁。現神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博物(wu)院正門(men)(men)。
東、西華門
東(dong)、西華(hua)門(men) 東(dong)華(hua)門(men)與西華(hua)門(men)遙相對應,門(men)外設有(you)下馬碑石,門(men)內(nei)金水河南北流向(xiang),上架石橋1座,橋北為三座門(men)。東(dong)華(hua)門(men)與西華(hua)門(men)形制相同,平面矩形,紅色城(cheng)臺(tai),白(bai)玉須彌座,當(dang)中辟3座券(quan)門(men),券(quan)洞外方內(nei)圓。城(cheng)臺(tai)上建有(you)城(cheng)樓,黃琉璃(li)瓦(wa)重檐廡殿頂,城(cheng)樓面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),四周出(chu)廊。
外廷建筑
太和門
太和(he)門(men)(men)是紫禁城內(nei)最大的(de)宮門(men)(men),也(ye)是外(wai)朝宮殿(dian)的(de)正門(men)(men)。建成(cheng)于(yu)明永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian)),當時稱奉天門(men)(men)。嘉(jia)靖四(si)十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1562年(nian)(nian)(nian))改稱皇(huang)極門(men)(men),清順治(zhi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian)(nian))改今名(ming)。太和(he)門(men)(men)面(mian)闊(kuo)9間(jian),進深3間(jian),建筑面(mian)積1300平方米(mi)。上覆重檐(yan)歇山頂,下(xia)為漢白(bai)玉基座,梁枋等構件施以和(he)璽彩畫。門(men)(men)前列銅獅一對。太和(he)門(men)(men)左右(you)各設一門(men)(men),東為昭德門(men)(men)(明代稱弘政(zheng)門(men)(men)),西為貞度門(men)(men)(明代稱宣(xuan)治(zhi)門(men)(men))。太和(he)門(men)(men)在(zai)明代是“御門(men)(men)聽(ting)(ting)政(zheng)”之處。清初的(de)皇(huang)帝(di)也(ye)曾在(zai)太和(he)門(men)(men)聽(ting)(ting)政(zheng)、賜(si)宴,后來“御門(men)(men)聽(ting)(ting)政(zheng)”改在(zai)乾清門(men)(men)。順治(zhi)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1644年(nian)(nian)(nian))九月,滿族統治(zhi)者定(ding)鼎北京后的(de)第一個皇(huang)帝(di)福(fu)臨(lin)即在(zai)太和(he)門(men)(men)頒布大赦令。
太和門廣場
太(tai)和(he)(he)門(men)前(qian)有面積約26000平方米的廣(guang)場,內金水(shui)河(he)自西(xi)(xi)(xi)向東蜿蜒流過。河(he)上橫架五座石橋,習稱內金水(shui)橋。廣(guang)場兩(liang)側是排列整齊的廊(lang)廡,習稱東、西(xi)(xi)(xi)朝房,并有協和(he)(he)門(men)(明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)稱會(hui)(hui)極(ji)門(men))和(he)(he)熙和(he)(he)門(men)(明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)稱歸極(ji)門(men))東西(xi)(xi)(xi)對(dui)峙。東側廊(lang)廡在明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)用作實錄館(guan)、玉牒館(guan)和(he)(he)起(qi)居注館(guan),清(qing)代(dai)(dai)改作稽(ji)察欽奉上諭事件處和(he)(he)內誥敕房。西(xi)(xi)(xi)側廊(lang)廡在明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)為(wei)(wei)編(bian)修《大(da)明(ming)(ming)會(hui)(hui)典》的會(hui)(hui)典館(guan),清(qing)代(dai)(dai)改為(wei)(wei)繙(fan)書房和(he)(he)起(qi)居注館(guan)。
太和殿
太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian),俗稱“金鑾殿(dian)”,明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成,稱奉天殿(dian)。嘉靖四(si)十一(yi)年(nian)(1562年(nian))改稱皇(huang)極殿(dian)。清順治(zhi)二年(nian)(1645年(nian))改今名。是皇(huang)帝(di)(di)舉行大典的地方。自建成后屢遭焚毀,又多次重建,今天所見為(wei)清代康熙(xi)三(san)十四(si)年(nian)(1695年(nian))重建后的形制。太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)面闊(kuo)11間,進深5間,建筑面積(ji)2377平方米(mi)(mi),高26.92米(mi)(mi),連同臺基(ji)通高35.05米(mi)(mi),為(wei)紫禁城內規模最大的殿(dian)宇(yu),檐角安放(fang)10個走獸。明清兩(liang)朝24個皇(huang)帝(di)(di)都在太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)舉行盛大典禮,如皇(huang)帝(di)(di)登極即位(wei)、皇(huang)帝(di)(di)大婚、冊立皇(huang)后、命將出(chu)征,此外每年(nian)萬(wan)壽(shou)節(jie)、元旦(dan)、冬至三(san)大節(jie),皇(huang)帝(di)(di)在此接受(shou)文武官(guan)員的朝賀(he),并向王公大臣賜宴。
中和殿
中(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)位于太(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)后(hou)(hou),高27米(mi),平(ping)面(mian)呈正方形(xing),面(mian)闊(kuo)、進深(shen)各為3間,四面(mian)出(chu)廊,建(jian)筑面(mian)積580平(ping)方米(mi)。黃(huang)琉璃瓦單檐四角攢尖頂(ding),正中(zhong)有鎏金(jin)寶頂(ding)。中(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)是皇帝去太(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)舉行(xing)大典前稍事休(xiu)息和(he)(he)(he)演(yan)習禮儀(yi)的地(di)方。皇帝在(zai)(zai)去太(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)之前先(xian)在(zai)(zai)此稍作停(ting)留,接受(shou)內閣大臣(chen)和(he)(he)(he)禮部官員行(xing)禮,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)進太(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)舉行(xing)儀(yi)式。另外,皇帝祭(ji)(ji)祀天地(di)和(he)(he)(he)太(tai)(tai)(tai)廟之前,也要(yao)(yao)先(xian)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里審閱(yue)一下寫有祭(ji)(ji)文的“祝版”;在(zai)(zai)到中(zhong)南海(hai)演(yan)耕(geng)前,也要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里審視一下耕(geng)具(ju)。
保和殿
保(bao)和殿(dian)(謹身殿(dian)、建(jian)極殿(dian))也是(shi)故(gu)宮(gong)三大殿(dian)之一,在(zai)(zai)中和殿(dian)后(hou)。保(bao)和殿(dian)高29米(mi),平(ping)面呈長方形,面闊(kuo)9間(jian)(jian),進深5間(jian)(jian),建(jian)筑面積1240平(ping)方米(mi)。黃琉璃瓦重(zhong)檐(yan)歇山式(shi)屋頂。屋頂正中有一條(tiao)正脊(ji)(ji)(ji),前后(hou)各有2條(tiao)垂(chui)脊(ji)(ji)(ji),在(zai)(zai)各條(tiao)垂(chui)脊(ji)(ji)(ji)下部再斜出一條(tiao)岔脊(ji)(ji)(ji),連同正脊(ji)(ji)(ji)、垂(chui)脊(ji)(ji)(ji)、岔脊(ji)(ji)(ji)共(gong)9條(tiao),建(jian)筑術語上叫歇山式(shi)。保(bao)和殿(dian)是(shi)每年除夕皇(huang)帝賜宴外(wai)藩王(wang)公的場所。保(bao)和殿(dian)也是(shi)科舉考試舉行(xing)殿(dian)試的地(di)方。
體仁閣
體仁(ren)閣(ge)位(wei)于(yu)太(tai)和殿前廣場內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)東側,面西。始建于(yu)明永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),明初稱文(wen)樓,嘉(jia)靖時(shi)改稱文(wen)昭(zhao)閣(ge),清(qing)初改稱體仁(ren)閣(ge)。體仁(ren)閣(ge)高25米(mi),座落于(yu)崇基之上,上下(xia)兩層,黃色(se)琉璃瓦廡殿頂。下(xia)層面闊9間(jian),進深3間(jian)。康熙年(nian)(nian)間(jian),曾詔內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)大臣(chen)舉薦博(bo)學(xue)之士在(zai)體仁(ren)閣(ge)試詩比賦(fu),清(qing)代各朝御容也曾收(shou)(shou)藏(zang)于(yu)此(ci)。乾(qian)隆年(nian)(nian)間(jian)重(zhong)建后,此(ci)處作(zuo)為清(qing)代內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)務府緞庫,內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)設收(shou)(shou)貯(zhu)緞繡木架143座。
弘義閣
弘(hong)義閣高23.8米,屬前三殿(dian)區。黃(huang)琉璃(li)瓦,廡殿(dian)頂,面(mian)闊(kuo)9間, 進深(shen)3間,上下二(er)層,四面(mian)出廊。弘(hong)義閣侍立于(yu)(yu)太和殿(dian)西南側。初(chu)建于(yu)(yu)明(ming)永樂年,名為(wei)(wei)武(wu)樓,明(ming)嘉靖朝改(gai)稱武(wu)成閣,清初(chu)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)今名,意(yi)為(wei)(wei)弘(hong)揚(yang)大(da)義。清代的弘(hong)義閣長(chang)期(qi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)收(shou)儲宮廷使用(yong)的金銀器具等(deng)。現(xian)辟(pi)為(wei)(wei)“皇(huang)朝禮樂展”展廳。
內廷中路
乾清門
乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)為紫禁城內(nei)廷(ting)的正宮門(men)(men)。建(jian)于明永樂(le)十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),清(qing)(qing)順治十二年(nian)(nian)(1655年(nian)(nian))重修。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),高(gao)約16米,單檐(yan)歇山屋頂,座(zuo)落在高(gao)1.5米的漢(han)白玉石(shi)須彌座(zuo)上,周圍(wei)環(huan)以雕石(shi)欄(lan)桿。門(men)(men)前三(san)出三(san)階,中(zhong)為御(yu)路(lu)石(shi),兩側(ce)列銅鎏金獅子一(yi)對(dui),中(zhong)開三(san)門(men)(men)。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)東(dong)為內(nei)左門(men)(men)及九(jiu)卿值房,西邊內(nei)右門(men)(men)及軍機(ji)處(chu)。門(men)(men)前廣場東(dong)西兩端為景(jing)運門(men)(men)、隆(long)宗門(men)(men)。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)是連接(jie)內(nei)廷(ting)與外朝往來的重要通道,在清(qing)(qing)代又兼為處(chu)理政務的場所(suo),清(qing)(qing)代的“御(yu)門(men)(men)聽政”、齋戒(jie)、請寶(bao)接(jie)寶(bao)等典禮儀式(shi)都在乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)舉行。
乾清宮
乾(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)是內(nei)(nei)廷后三宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一。始建(jian)于明永樂十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian)),明清(qing)兩(liang)代曾(ceng)(ceng)因數次(ci)被焚(fen)毀(hui)而重(zhong)建(jian),現(xian)有建(jian)筑(zhu)為清(qing)嘉(jia)(jia)慶三年(nian)(1798年(nian))所建(jian)。乾(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)為黃(huang)琉璃瓦重(zhong)檐廡殿頂,座落在單層漢白玉(yu)石臺(tai)(tai)基之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,連廊面(mian)闊9間,進深5間,建(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)積1400平(ping)方(fang)米,自臺(tai)(tai)面(mian)至正脊(ji)高20余(yu)米 ,檐角(jiao)置脊(ji)9個(ge)。殿前寬敞的月臺(tai)(tai)上,左右分(fen)別有銅龜、銅鶴,日晷、嘉(jia)(jia)量(liang),前設(she)鎏(liu)金香爐4座,正中出丹(dan)陛,接高臺(tai)(tai)甬路(lu)與(yu)乾(qian)清(qing)門相連。乾(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)規模(mo)為內(nei)(nei)廷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首,明代共有14位皇帝曾(ceng)(ceng)在此(ci)居住。明代乾(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)也曾(ceng)(ceng)作為皇帝守喪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。清(qing)順治、康熙也在此(ci)居住。雍正以后,密建(jian)皇儲的建(jian)儲匣存放乾(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)“正大光明”匾后。康熙、乾(qian)隆兩(liang)朝這里(li)也曾(ceng)(ceng)舉行(xing)過(guo)千叟宴(yan)。現(xian)為宮(gong)廷生(sheng)活原狀陳列。
交泰殿
交(jiao)泰殿為內(nei)(nei)廷后(hou)三宮之一,位于(yu)乾清(qing)(qing)宮和坤寧宮之間(jian),約為明(ming)(ming)嘉靖年(nian)間(jian)建。交(jiao)泰殿平面為方形,深、廣(guang)各(ge)3間(jian)。明(ming)(ming)間(jian)設寶(bao)(bao)座(zuo),上(shang)懸(xuan)康熙帝(di)御書“無為”匾,寶(bao)(bao)座(zuo)后(hou)有板屏一面,上(shang)書乾隆帝(di)御制《交(jiao)泰殿銘》。交(jiao)泰殿為皇后(hou)千秋節受慶賀禮的地方。清(qing)(qing)代于(yu)此(ci)(ci)殿貯(zhu)清(qing)(qing)二十(shi)五(wu)寶(bao)(bao)璽。每(mei)年(nian)正月,由欽天(tian)監選擇吉(ji)日(ri)吉(ji)時,設案(an)(an)開封陳寶(bao)(bao),皇帝(di)來此(ci)(ci)拈香行禮。清(qing)(qing)世祖所立(li)(li)“內(nei)(nei)宮不許干(gan)預政事”的鐵牌曾立(li)(li)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)殿。皇帝(di)大婚時,皇后(hou)的冊(ce)、寶(bao)(bao)安設殿內(nei)(nei)左右案(an)(an)上(shang)。每(mei)年(nian)春季祀先蠶,皇后(hou)先一日(ri)在(zai)此(ci)(ci)查閱采桑的用(yong)具。
坤寧宮
坤寧(ning)宮(gong)(gong)是(shi)內廷(ting)后(hou)三(san)宮(gong)(gong)之一,始建(jian)(jian)于(yu)明永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian)),清沿明制于(yu)順治(zhi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu),順治(zhi)十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1655年(nian)(nian)(nian))仿沈陽盛京(jing)清寧(ning)宮(gong)(gong)再次(ci)重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)。坤寧(ning)宮(gong)(gong)座北(bei)面(mian)南,面(mian)闊連廊(lang)9間(jian),進(jin)深3間(jian),黃琉璃瓦重(zhong)檐(yan)廡殿頂。明代是(shi)皇(huang)后(hou)的(de)寢宮(gong)(gong)。清順治(zhi)十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)改建(jian)(jian)后(hou),為(wei)薩滿(man)教祭神(shen)的(de)主要場所。改原(yuan)明間(jian)開門(men)為(wei)東次(ci)間(jian)開門(men),門(men)的(de)西側四間(jian)設南、北(bei)、西三(san)面(mian)炕(kang),作(zuo)為(wei)祭神(shen)的(de)場所。清康熙、同治(zhi)、光緒皇(huang)帝(di)在(zai)此大(da)婚,溥儀(yi)結婚也都是(shi)在(zai)坤寧(ning)宮(gong)(gong)舉行。現為(wei)宮(gong)(gong)廷(ting)生活原(yuan)狀(zhuang)陳列。
御花園
御花園位(wei)于紫禁城中軸(zhou)線上,坤(kun)寧宮(gong)后方,明代(dai)稱(cheng)為“宮(gong)后苑”,清代(dai)稱(cheng)御花園。始建于明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),以后曾有增修,現仍保(bao)留初建時的基(ji)本格局。全園南(nan)(nan)北(bei)縱80米,東西寬140米,占地面積12000㎡。園內(nei)主體(ti)建筑欽(qin)安(an)殿為重檐盝(lu)頂式(shi),座落(luo)于紫禁城的南(nan)(nan)北(bei)中軸(zhou)線上,以其為中心,向前方及兩(liang)側鋪展亭(ting)臺樓(lou)閣。園內(nei)的松、柏、竹與山石,形成四(si)季(ji)長青(qing)的園林景(jing)觀。
御景亭
御景(jing)亭位于御花(hua)園(yuan)內東側的(de)假山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)上。原是(shi)明代觀花(hua)殿的(de)舊址,萬歷間(jian)改堆(dui)假山(shan)(shan)。山(shan)(shan)的(de)東西山(shan)(shan)石間(jian)各有登(deng)道,拾(shi)級而(er)上可達山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)御景(jing)亭。亭子平(ping)面(mian)方形,四柱,一斗(dou)二升交蔴葉斗(dou)栱,攢尖(jian)頂(ding),上覆翠(cui)綠琉璃瓦,黃色琉璃瓦剪邊,鎏金寶(bao)頂(ding),四面(mian)設隔扇門(men)。四周圍繞著(zhu)漢白玉(yu)石欄板。亭內天花(hua)藻井,面(mian)南設寶(bao)座。御景(jing)亭是(shi)皇帝(di)、皇后在(zai)農歷九(jiu)月初九(jiu)重(zhong)陽節(jie)登(deng)高的(de)地方。自亭上可俯瞰(kan)宮苑(yuan),遠眺(tiao)紫禁城、景(jing)山(shan)(shan)、西苑(yuan)。
摛藻堂
摛藻堂位(wei)于(yu)御花園內(nei)堆秀山東側,依墻(qiang)面(mian)南,面(mian)闊5間,黃琉璃瓦(wa)硬山式頂,堂西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)辟有一(yi)小門,可通西(xi)(xi)耳房(fang)。堂前出(chu)廊,明間開門,次(ci)梢(shao)間為檻(jian)窗。室內(nei)放(fang)置書架,為宮中藏(zang)書之所。乾隆四十四年(nian)(1779年(nian))后,《四庫全書薈要》曾(ceng)貯藏(zang)于(yu)此。
內廷西路
養心殿
養心(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)位于(yu)(yu)內廷后三(san)宮的(de)西側,西六宮的(de)南面。初(chu)建于(yu)(yu)明嘉(jia)靖(jing)年間(16世紀(ji)中),一直做(zuo)(zuo)為皇帝的(de)便殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。自(zi)從清雍正(zheng)(zheng)朝開(kai)始,這里做(zuo)(zuo)為皇帝的(de)主(zhu)要居(ju)所(suo)和日常理政之處,遂成(cheng)清代皇帝實際上的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)寢。“養心(xin)”意(yi)為涵養心(xin)性。養心(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)在宮中的(de)位置比較便利,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內空間布局(ju)豐富(fu)而功能集中,廳堂、書房(fang)、寢室(shi)以及(ji)分別(bie)用(yong)來批閱奏折、密談、休憩、禮(li)佛的(de)小(xiao)室(shi)等一應俱全,比大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宇更(geng)宜(yi)于(yu)(yu)宵衣旰食的(de)君主(zhu)周旋(xuan)其間,是清代高度集權的(de)政治體制下更(geng)適宜(yi)皇帝起居(ju)活動的(de)場所(suo)。養心(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)中最著名的(de)是雍正(zheng)(zheng)皇帝的(de)“勤(qin)政親賢”室(shi)、乾隆皇帝的(de)三(san)希堂以及(ji)東暖閣的(de)晚清垂簾(lian)聽政處。
長春宮
長(chang)春(chun)宮(gong)(gong),內廷西六宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一,明(ming)永樂十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian))建(jian)成,清(qing)康熙二十(shi)二年(nian)(1683年(nian))重(zhong)修(xiu),后(hou)又多次修(xiu)整。咸(xian)豐九年(nian)(1859年(nian))拆除長(chang)春(chun)宮(gong)(gong)的(de)宮(gong)(gong)門長(chang)春(chun)門,并將(jiang)啟祥宮(gong)(gong)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)改為穿堂殿(dian)(dian),咸(xian)豐帝題額曰“體元殿(dian)(dian)”。長(chang)春(chun)宮(gong)(gong)、啟祥宮(gong)(gong)兩宮(gong)(gong)院(yuan)由此(ci)連通。長(chang)春(chun)宮(gong)(gong)面闊(kuo)5間,黃(huang)琉璃瓦(wa)歇(xie)山式頂(ding)。殿(dian)(dian)前左(zuo)右設(she)銅龜、銅鶴各(ge)1對。東配殿(dian)(dian)曰綏(sui)壽殿(dian)(dian),西配殿(dian)(dian)曰承(cheng)禧(xi)殿(dian)(dian),各(ge)3間,前出廊,與轉(zhuan)角(jiao)廊相連,可通各(ge)殿(dian)(dian)。
翊坤宮
翊坤宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷西(xi)(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一,明(ming)(ming)清時(shi)為妃嬪(pin)居所(suo)。建(jian)于(yu)明(ming)(ming)永樂十八(ba)年(1420年)。原(yuan)為二進(jin)院,清晚(wan)期將翊坤宮(gong)(gong)(gong)后殿改成穿(chuan)堂殿曰(yue)體和殿,東西(xi)(xi)耳房各改一間(jian)(jian)為通道,使翊坤宮(gong)(gong)(gong)與儲(chu)秀宮(gong)(gong)(gong)相連,形成四進(jin)院的格局。正殿面闊5間(jian)(jian),黃琉璃(li)瓦歇山頂,前后出廊。檐下(xia)施斗拱,梁枋(fang)飾以蘇式(shi)彩(cai)畫。殿前設“光明(ming)(ming)盛昌”屏(ping)門(men),臺基下(xia)陳設銅(tong)鳳(feng)、銅(tong)鶴、銅(tong)爐(lu)各一對。東西(xi)(xi)有(you)配殿曰(yue)延洪(hong)殿、元(yuan)和殿,均為3間(jian)(jian)黃琉璃(li)瓦硬山頂建(jian)筑。
儲秀宮
儲(chu)秀(xiu)宮,內廷西六宮之一,明清(qing)時為(wei)妃嬪所居。始建(jian)于明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),光(guang)緒(xu)十(shi)年(nian)(1884年(nian))為(wei)慶祝慈(ci)禧五十(shi)壽(shou)辰,耗費白銀(yin)63萬兩(liang)進(jin)(jin)行大規模整修,現存建(jian)筑為(wei)光(guang)緒(xu)十(shi)年(nian)重(zhong)修后的(de)形制(zhi)。儲(chu)秀(xiu)宮原為(wei)二進(jin)(jin)院(yuan),清(qing)晚期拆(chai)除(chu)了儲(chu)秀(xiu)門及(ji)圍(wei)墻,并將翊坤(kun)(kun)宮后殿改為(wei)穿堂殿,稱體(ti)和(he)殿,連通儲(chu)秀(xiu)宮與翊坤(kun)(kun)宮,形成相通的(de)四(si)進(jin)(jin)院(yuan)落(luo)。
太極殿
太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian),內廷西(xi)六宮(gong)之一,建于(yu)明永(yong)樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))。原(yuan)名未央宮(gong),因嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)皇帝(di)的生父興獻(xian)王朱(zhu)祐杬生于(yu)此,故(gu)于(yu)嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)十四年(nian)(1535年(nian))更(geng)名啟祥宮(gong),清代(dai)晚期(qi)改(gai)稱太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)。清代(dai)曾(ceng)多次修葺。太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)原(yuan)為二進(jin)院,清后(hou)期(qi)改(gai)修長(chang)春宮(gong)時,將太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)辟為穿堂殿(dian)(dian),后(hou)檐接出抱廈,并與長(chang)春宮(gong)及其(qi)東(dong)西(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)以轉角游廊相連(lian),形成回廊,東(dong)西(xi)耳房(fang)各(ge)開一間為通道,使(shi)太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)與長(chang)春宮(gong)連(lian)接成相互貫通的四進(jin)院。
永壽宮
永壽(shou)宮為(wei)內(nei)廷(ting)西(xi)六宮之(zhi)一。建于(yu)明永樂(le)十八(ba)年(1420年),初名(ming)長(chang)樂(le)宮。永壽(shou)宮為(wei)兩進院,前院正(zheng)殿永壽(shou)宮面闊5間,黃(huang)琉璃(li)瓦歇山(shan)頂(ding)。殿內(nei)高懸乾隆(long)皇帝御筆(bi)匾額“令(ling)德淑儀”,東壁(bi)懸乾隆(long)《圣制(zhi)班姬(ji)辭(ci)輦贊》,西(xi)壁(bi)懸《班姬(ji)辭(ci)輦圖》。乾隆(long)六年(1741年),乾隆(long)皇帝下(xia)令(ling),內(nei)廷(ting)東西(xi)十一宮的匾額“俱照永壽(shou)宮式樣制(zhi)造”,自掛起之(zhi)后,不許擅動或更換。
重華宮
重(zhong)(zhong)華宮位于(yu)內(nei)廷西路(lu)西六(liu)宮以(yi)北(bei),原(yuan)為明代乾西五所(suo)之二(er)所(suo)。雍正(zheng)十(shi)一年(nian)(1733年(nian)),弘(hong)歷被(bei)封為“和碩(shuo)寶親(qin)(qin)王”,住地賜名“樂善堂(tang)”。弘(hong)歷登(deng)極后,名重(zhong)(zhong)華。重(zhong)(zhong)華宮沿(yan)用乾西二(er)所(suo)的(de)三(san)進院落格局。前院正(zheng)殿為崇敬殿。殿內(nei)正(zheng)中(zhong)懸弘(hong)歷為和碩(shuo)寶親(qin)(qin)王時(shi)親(qin)(qin)筆(bi)書匾額“樂善堂(tang)”。此后嘉慶皇(huang)帝將重(zhong)(zhong)華宮茶宴聯句作為家法,于(yu)每年(nian)的(de)正(zheng)月初(chu)二(er)至初(chu)十(shi)期間(jian)舉行(xing)。道光年(nian)間(jian)仍時(shi)有舉行(xing),咸豐以(yi)后終止。
咸福宮
咸福宮(gong)(gong)為內廷西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)之一。為兩進院,正(zheng)門咸福門為琉(liu)璃門,面闊3間,黃琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)廡殿(dian)頂,形制高于西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)中其它五(wu)宮(gong)(gong),與東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)相(xiang)(xiang)對稱位(wei)置的景陽宮(gong)(gong)形制相(xiang)(xiang)同。后(hou)(hou)院正(zheng)殿(dian)名(ming)“同道堂”,室(shi)內設(she)落地罩(zhao)隔斷,頂棚為海墁天花。咸福宮(gong)(gong)為后(hou)(hou)妃(fei)所居,前殿(dian)為行禮升座之處(chu),后(hou)(hou)殿(dian)為寢宮(gong)(gong)。道光帝琳貴人(莊(zhuang)順皇貴妃(fei))、成貴妃(fei)、彤貴妃(fei)、常妃(fei)等都曾在此居住。
漱芳齋
漱(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai)原為(wei)乾(qian)西五所(suo)(suo)之頭所(suo)(suo)。清(qing)乾(qian)隆皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)即(ji)位(wei)(wei)后(hou),改乾(qian)西二(er)所(suo)(suo)為(wei)重(zhong)華宮,遂將頭所(suo)(suo)改為(wei)漱(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai),并建戲臺,作為(wei)重(zhong)華宮宴(yan)集演戲之所(suo)(suo)。漱(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai)為(wei)工(gong)字形殿,前(qian)殿與南房(fang)、東西配殿圍成獨立的小院,其間有游廊相連。乾(qian)隆年間,逢萬壽(shou)節(jie)、圣(sheng)壽(shou)節(jie)、中元(yuan)節(jie)、除(chu)夕等重(zhong)要節(jie)日(ri)(ri),常侍奉(feng)皇(huang)(huang)太(tai)后(hou)在后(hou)殿進(jin)膳、看戲,并賜宴(yan)于(yu)王公大臣。宣統皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)遜位(wei)(wei)后(hou),同(tong)治帝(di)瑜妃、瑨妃曾居漱(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai)芝蘭室(shi),遇(yu)太(tai)妃誕辰日(ri)(ri),仍于(yu)此處傳戲,直至溥儀被迫“即(ji)日(ri)(ri)出宮”。
內廷東路
奉先殿
奉先殿(dian),位于紫禁(jin)城(cheng)內廷東側,為明清(qing)皇室祭(ji)祀(si)祖(zu)先的家廟,始(shi)建于明初。清(qing)沿明制,于清(qing)順(shun)治十四年(1657年)重(zhong)建,后又(you)多次(ci)修(xiu)繕。奉先殿(dian)建筑(zhu)面積(ji)1225.00㎡。黃色琉璃瓦重(zhong)檐廡殿(dian)頂,檐下(xia)彩(cai)繪金線(xian)大(da)點金旋(xuan)子彩(cai)畫。按清(qing)制,凡(fan)遇朔望、萬壽圣(sheng)節、元(yuan)旦及(ji)(ji)國(guo)家大(da)慶(qing)等,大(da)祭(ji)于前殿(dian);遇列(lie)圣(sheng)列(lie)后圣(sheng)誕、忌辰及(ji)(ji)元(yuan)宵、清(qing)明、中元(yuan)、霜降(jiang)、歲(sui)除等日,于后殿(dian)上香(xiang)行禮;凡(fan)上徽號、冊立、冊封、御經筵、耕耤(ji)、謁陵、巡狩(shou)、回鑾及(ji)(ji)諸慶(qing)典(dian),均祗(zhi)告(gao)于后殿(dian)。
承乾宮
承(cheng)乾宮,內廷東六宮之一。明(ming)永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian))建(jian)成(cheng),初(chu)曰永寧(ning)宮。宮為(wei)兩進院(yuan),后(hou)院(yuan)正殿5間(jian),明(ming)間(jian)開門。此宮在明(ming)代為(wei)貴妃(fei)所居。清代為(wei)后(hou)妃(fei)所居,清順治帝皇(huang)貴妃(fei)董鄂氏,道光(guang)帝孝全成(cheng)皇(huang)后(hou)等都(dou)曾在此居住。
景仁宮
景仁宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之一。明(ming)永(yong)樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建(jian)成(cheng),初(chu)曰長安宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)二進院(yuan),正門南向,門內有石(shi)影壁(bi)一座,傳(chuan)為(wei)元代遺物(wu)。后院(yuan)正殿5間,明(ming)間開(kai)門。景仁宮(gong)(gong)(gong)明(ming)代為(wei)嬪妃(fei)居所。清順(shun)治十(shi)一年(nian)(1654年(nian))三月(yue),康熙(xi)帝(di)(di)生于(yu)此(ci)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。乾隆帝(di)(di)生母孝圣憲(xian)皇后、咸豐帝(di)(di)婉貴妃(fei)、光緒帝(di)(di)珍妃(fei)均曾在此(ci)居住。
延禧宮
延(yan)禧(xi)宮(gong)(gong)為內廷(ting)東(dong)六宮(gong)(gong)之一(yi)(yi),建(jian)(jian)于明永樂(le)十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),初名長壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)。殿(dian)前(qian)有(you)東(dong)西配(pei)殿(dian)各(ge)3間。后(hou)院正(zheng)殿(dian)5間,亦有(you)東(dong)西配(pei)殿(dian)各(ge)3間,均為黃琉璃瓦硬山頂(ding)。宣統元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1909年(nian)(nian))在延(yan)禧(xi)宮(gong)(gong)原址興工修建(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)座3層(ceng)西洋式(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑--水(shui)殿(dian)。水(shui)殿(dian)四(si)周(zhou)浚池(chi),引玉泉山水(shui)環繞。主(zhu)樓每層(ceng)9間,底(di)層(ceng)四(si)面當中(zhong)各(ge)開一(yi)(yi)門(men),四(si)周(zhou)環以(yi)圍廊。隆(long)裕太后(hou)題匾額(e)曰(yue)“靈沼(zhao)軒”,俗稱“水(shui)晶宮(gong)(gong)”。1917年(nian)(nian)張勛復辟時,延(yan)禧(xi)宮(gong)(gong)北(bei)部(bu)被直系(xi)部(bu)隊(dui)飛機投(tou)彈炸毀(hui)。
景陽宮
景陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),為內廷東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一,位于鐘粹宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)東、永和宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)北。明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建(jian)成,初(chu)名(ming)(ming)長陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),嘉靖十四年(nian)(1535年(nian))更名(ming)(ming)景陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。明代(dai)為嬪妃(fei)所居。清(qing)代(dai)改作收貯圖(tu)書(shu)之(zhi)地。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為二(er)進院(yuan),正門南向,名(ming)(ming)景陽(yang)門,前院(yuan)正殿即(ji)景陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),面闊(kuo)3間,黃琉(liu)璃(li)瓦(wa)廡殿頂(ding)(ding),與東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)其它五宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)形式(shi)不同。后院(yuan)正殿為御(yu)書(shu)房(fang),面闊(kuo)5間,明間開門,黃琉(liu)璃(li)瓦(wa)歇山式(shi)頂(ding)(ding)。次、梢間為檻(jian)墻(qiang)、檻(jian)窗,檐下施以斗栱,飾龍和璽彩畫。東西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)年(nian)節張掛(gua)的(de)《宮(gong)(gong)(gong)訓圖(tu)》原(yuan)收藏于此。
永和宮
永和(he)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷東(dong)六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之一,位于承乾宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之東(dong)、景陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之南(nan)。明(ming)代為(wei)(wei)妃嬪所(suo)居(ju),清代為(wei)(wei)后妃所(suo)居(ju)。清康(kang)熙(xi)帝孝恭仁皇(huang)后久居(ju)此(ci)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。其(qi)后,道光(guang)帝靜貴妃,咸(xian)豐帝麗貴人等先后在此(ci)居(ju)住(zhu)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)二進院,正(zheng)門南(nan)向,名永和(he)門,前院正(zheng)殿即永和(he)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),面闊5間(jian)(jian)(jian)。明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)開(kai)門,次、梢間(jian)(jian)(jian)皆為(wei)(wei)檻墻,上(shang)安支窗。正(zheng)間(jian)(jian)(jian)室內懸乾隆御(yu)題“儀昭淑慎(shen)”匾(bian),吊白樘(tang)箅子頂(ding)(ding)棚,方磚墁地。東(dong)西(xi)有配(pei)殿各3間(jian)(jian)(jian),明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)開(kai)門,黃琉璃瓦(wa)硬(ying)山式頂(ding)(ding),檐(yan)下飾旋(xuan)子彩畫。東(dong)西(xi)配(pei)殿的北側皆為(wei)(wei)耳房(fang),各3間(jian)(jian)(jian)。
毓慶宮
毓慶宮(gong)(gong)位(wei)于內(nei)廷東路(lu)奉(feng)先(xian)殿與(yu)齋宮(gong)(gong)之間,系清康(kang)熙十八年(nian)(nian)(1679年(nian)(nian))在明代(dai)奉(feng)慈殿基(ji)址上(shang)修建而(er)成。是由長方形院(yuan)落組成的建筑(zhu)(zhu)群,前后共四(si)(si)進。正門(men)(men)(men)(men)前星門(men)(men)(men)(men),門(men)(men)(men)(men)內(nei)為(wei)第一進院(yuan)落,有值房(fang)3座,西(xi)(xi)墻開陽曜(yao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)與(yu)齋宮(gong)(gong)相通(tong)。過院(yuan)北祥旭(xu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)第二進院(yuan)落,正殿惇本殿,東西(xi)(xi)配殿各3間。第三進院(yuan)東西(xi)(xi)兩側各有圍(wei)房(fang)20間,直(zhi)抵第四(si)(si)進院(yuan),正殿即毓慶宮(gong)(gong),建筑(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)工(gong)字(zi)殿。毓慶宮(gong)(gong)是康(kang)熙年(nian)(nian)間特為(wei)皇太子(zi)允礽所建,后作為(wei)皇子(zi)居(ju)所。同治、光(guang)緒兩朝(chao),此宮(gong)(gong)均作為(wei)皇帝讀書(shu)處,光(guang)緒皇帝曾在此居(ju)住。
齋宮
齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮位于紫禁城東六(liu)宮之(zhi)南,毓慶宮西(xi),為皇(huang)帝(di)行(xing)祭(ji)(ji)天祀地(di)典禮前(qian)的(de)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)之(zhi)所。明代和(he)清前(qian)期(qi),祭(ji)(ji)天祀地(di)前(qian)的(de)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)均(jun)在宮外(wai)進行(xing)。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮系前(qian)朝(chao)后寢兩(liang)(liang)進的(de)長方(fang)形院落(luo)。前(qian)殿齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮,面闊(kuo)5間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇山頂,前(qian)出抱廈(sha)3間(jian),明間(jian)、兩(liang)(liang)次間(jian)開(kai)隔扇門,兩(liang)(liang)梢間(jian)為檻窗。凡祭(ji)(ji)天祀地(di)及祈谷、常雩大祀前(qian),皇(huang)帝(di)致齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)于此。遇(yu)皇(huang)帝(di)宿(su)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮,恭(gong)設(she)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)牌、銅人于齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮丹陛左側(ce)。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)日(ri),皇(huang)帝(di)與(yu)陪祀大臣佩戴齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)牌,各宮懸齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)木牌于簾額。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)期(qi)間(jian),不(bu)作樂(le),不(bu)飲酒(jiu),忌辛(xin)辣(la)。
其他建筑
武英殿
武(wu)(wu)(wu)英殿(dian)(dian)始(shi)建于(yu)明初,位于(yu)外朝(chao)熙和門(men)以西(xi)。正殿(dian)(dian)武(wu)(wu)(wu)英殿(dian)(dian)南(nan)向(xiang),面闊5間(jian),進深(shen)3間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇山頂。東西(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)凝道(dao)殿(dian)(dian)、煥(huan)章殿(dian)(dian),左右共有(you)廊(lang)房63間(jian)。院落東北有(you)恒壽齋,西(xi)北為浴德堂。明初帝王齋居、召(zhao)見大臣皆于(yu)武(wu)(wu)(wu)英殿(dian)(dian),后移至文華(hua)殿(dian)(dian)。清兵入關之初,攝政王多爾袞(gun)先行抵京(jing),以武(wu)(wu)(wu)英殿(dian)(dian)作為理事之所。
皇極殿
皇(huang)極(ji)殿(dian)為寧壽宮區的(de)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)建筑,始建于清康熙二十八年(1689年),初名寧壽宮。皇(huang)極(ji)殿(dian)位(wei)于寧壽宮區中軸(zhou)線(xian)前部,與后(hou)殿(dian)寧壽宮前后(hou)排(pai)列(lie)于單層(ceng)石臺(tai)基(ji)之(zhi)上。殿(dian)座(zuo)北朝南,面(mian)闊9間,進深5間,取(qu)帝尊九(jiu)五之(zhi)制。皇(huang)極(ji)殿(dian)丹陛左(zuo)右分置(zhi)日(ri)晷、嘉量,是體(ti)(ti)(ti)現皇(huang)權的(de)重要陳設。御道兩側(ce)各有六方須彌座(zuo)一個(ge),座(zuo)上置(zhi)重檐六角亭,亭身每面(mian)鐫(juan)篆體(ti)(ti)(ti)壽字各三。
慈寧宮 慈寧宮位(wei)于(yu)內廷外(wai)西路隆宗(zong)門(men)西側。始建(jian)于(yu)明嘉(jia)靖十五年(nian)(1536年(nian))。乾(qian)隆三十四年(nian)(1769年(nian))興工將慈寧宮正殿(dian)由(you)單檐改為重檐,并將后(hou)寢殿(dian)后(hou)移,始定(ding)今(jin)之(zhi)形(xing)制。正殿(dian)慈寧宮居中,前后(hou)出(chu)(chu)廊,黃琉璃瓦重檐歇山(shan)頂(ding)。面闊7間(jian),當中5間(jian)各(ge)(ge)開(kai)(kai)4扇(shan)雙交四椀菱花槅扇(shan)門(men)。兩(liang)梢間(jian)為磚砌(qi)坎墻,各(ge)(ge)開(kai)(kai)4扇(shan)雙交四椀菱花槅扇(shan)窗。殿(dian)前出(chu)(chu)月臺(tai),正面出(chu)(chu)三階,左右各(ge)(ge)出(chu)(chu)一階,臺(tai)上陳鎏金銅香爐(lu)4座。東西兩(liang)山(shan)設卡(ka)墻,各(ge)(ge)開(kai)(kai)垂花門(men),可通后(hou)院。
文淵閣
文淵閣(ge)是文華殿后(hou)的藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)樓,乾隆四(si)十一(yi)年(1776年)仿(fang)浙(zhe)江藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)名樓“天一(yi)閣(ge)”建(jian)造。閣(ge)分上下兩層,黑色琉璃瓦(wa)覆頂,綠色琉璃瓦(wa)剪邊,色調深沉雅(ya)致,又寓含五行中黑色主(zhu)水(shui),以(yi)(yi)水(shui)克(ke)火(huo)的用意。閣(ge)內藏(zang)《四(si)庫(ku)全書(shu)(shu)(shu)》與《欽(qin)定古今圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)集成》,清(qing)代(dai)乾隆朝以(yi)(yi)后(hou),除了皇帝來這里讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)外,也(ye)允許臣(chen)工和學士們(men)來此查閱圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)。
暢音閣
暢(chang)音閣(ge)(ge)(ge)通(tong)高(gao)20.71米,在(zai)寧壽宮(gong)(gong)區的(de)中(zhong)部,養性殿東側,是紫禁城中(zhong)最大的(de)戲樓(lou)。清乾(qian)隆四十一年(1776年)建成,嘉(jia)慶年(19世紀初)又增(zeng)建扮(ban)戲樓(lou)。閣(ge)(ge)(ge)高(gao)20余米,從城墻外也能望見樓(lou)閣(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)綠琉璃(li)瓦頂(ding)。“暢(chang)音”即盡情賞(shang)樂音之(zhi)意。高(gao)閣(ge)(ge)(ge)分(fen)(fen)上、中(zhong)、下三層(ceng),分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)福、祿、壽臺(tai)(tai)。壽臺(tai)(tai)臺(tai)(tai)面有五口井通(tong)地下室,上有三個天井通(tong)祿臺(tai)(tai)。此(ci)閣(ge)(ge)(ge)朝北,與帝后(hou)等賞(shang)戲的(de)閱是樓(lou)相對。每逢年節,宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)即在(zai)此(ci)開演(yan)大戲,臺(tai)(tai)上、臺(tai)(tai)下都熱(re)鬧非凡。
壽安宮
壽安(an)宮(gong)(gong)位于內廷外西(xi)路(lu)壽康宮(gong)(gong)以北(bei),英華殿(dian)以南(nan)。始建(jian)于明(ming)代,初名(ming)咸熙宮(gong)(gong),嘉靖四年(nian)(nian)(1525年(nian)(nian))改(gai)稱咸安(an)宮(gong)(gong)。清初沿明(ming)制(zhi),雍(yong)正年(nian)(nian)間(jian)在(zai)此興(xing)辦(ban)咸安(an)宮(gong)(gong)官學(xue),乾隆十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(1751年(nian)(nian))咸安(an)宮(gong)(gong)官學(xue)移出。同年(nian)(nian),乾隆皇(huang)帝(di)為慶賀皇(huang)太后(hou)六(liu)十(shi)壽誕,將此宮(gong)(gong)修葺一新后(hou)改(gai)稱壽安(an)宮(gong)(gong)。乾隆二十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1760年(nian)(nian)),為皇(huang)太后(hou)七十(shi)圣(sheng)壽慶典,在(zai)院中(zhong)添(tian)建(jian)一座3層大戲(xi)(xi)臺。嘉慶四年(nian)(nian)(1799年(nian)(nian))將戲(xi)(xi)臺拆除,扮(ban)戲(xi)(xi)樓改(gai)建(jian)為春禧殿(dian)后(hou)卷殿(dian)。
養性殿
養(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)殿位于寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)宮后(hou)的(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)門內。為(wei)寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)宮后(hou)寢(qin)主體建筑之一(yi)。清乾(qian)隆三十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(1772年(nian))仿內廷養(yang)(yang)(yang)心殿建造,體量(liang)略(lve)小,平(ping)面布局特殊。養(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)殿作(zuo)為(wei)太上皇帝寢(qin)宮,原為(wei)和(he)璽彩(cai)(cai)畫。光(guang)緒年(nian)間慈禧(xi)太后(hou)居樂壽(shou)堂(tang)時,曾在(zai)養(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)殿東(dong)暖閣進(jin)早(zao)、晚膳。此殿在(zai)光(guang)緒十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)重修后(hou),除墨云(yun)室(shi)仍為(wei)和(he)璽彩(cai)(cai)畫外,其它均改(gai)為(wei)蘇式(shi)彩(cai)(cai)畫。
九龍壁
九龍壁位于紫禁城(cheng)寧(ning)壽宮區皇極門外(wai)。壁長(chang)29.47m,高3.59m,厚0.45.9m,是一座背倚宮墻而建的(de)單面(mian)琉璃(li)影壁,為乾隆三(san)十七年(nian)(1770年(nian))改建寧(ning)壽宮時燒(shao)造(zao)。
珍妃井
位于北京故(gu)宮寧壽宮北端的貞順門內,原(yuan)為宮中普通水井(jing)(jing)(jing)。珍(zhen)妃井(jing)(jing)(jing)井(jing)(jing)(jing)眼上置井(jing)(jing)(jing)口石,石兩(liang)側鑿小洞,用以穿入(ru)鐵棍上鎖(suo)。清光緒二(er)十六年(nian)(1900年(nian))八(ba)國聯軍攻(gong)打京城,慈(ci)禧太后與(yu)光緒皇帝(di)倉惶西逃(tao)。臨行之前,慈(ci)禧太后將幽(you)禁在景祺(qi)閣北小院的珍(zhen)妃召(zhao)至(zhi)頤和軒(xuan),命太監(jian)崔(cui)玉貴等人將她推入(ru)貞順門內井(jing)(jing)(jing)中溺死,此井(jing)(jing)(jing)因而得名“珍(zhen)妃井(jing)(jing)(jing)”。
大政殿
大(da)政(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)是一(yi)座八(ba)角重(zhong)(zhong)檐亭式(shi)(shi)建筑,俗(su)稱(cheng)八(ba)角殿(dian)(dian)。始建于1625年,是清(qing)太祖(zu)努爾(er)哈赤營(ying)建的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要宮殿(dian)(dian),是盛京皇(huang)(huang)宮內(nei)最(zui)莊嚴(yan)最(zui)神圣(sheng)的(de)地(di)方。初稱(cheng)大(da)衙門(men),1636定名篤恭殿(dian)(dian),后(hou)改大(da)政(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)。八(ba)角重(zhong)(zhong)檐攢尖式(shi)(shi),八(ba)面出廊,其下為(wei)須(xu)彌(mi)座臺基(ji)。殿(dian)(dian)頂滿鋪黃(huang)琉璃瓦,鑲(xiang)綠剪邊,正中相(xiang)輪火焰珠頂,寶(bao)頂周(zhou)圍(wei)有八(ba)條鐵鏈各(ge)與(yu)力士相(xiang)連。殿(dian)(dian)前兩明柱(zhu)各(ge)有金龍盤(pan)柱(zhu),殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)為(wei)梵文天花和降(jiang)龍藻井。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)設(she)有寶(bao)座、屏風(feng)及(ji)熏爐、香亭、鶴式(shi)(shi)燭臺等。大(da)政(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)用于舉行(xing)大(da)典(dian),如皇(huang)(huang)帝即位(wei),頒(ban)布(bu)詔書(shu),宣(xuan)布(bu)軍隊出征,迎接(jie)將士凱旋等。此殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)清(qing)太宗皇(huang)(huang)太極舉行(xing)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)典(dian)禮及(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)要政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)活動的(de)場所。
1644年(nian)(順治元年(nian))皇帝福臨在此登基繼位。
十王亭
十王亭位于大政殿兩側八字(zi)形依次排列,是滿族八旗(qi)制度在(zai)宮(gong)(gong)殿建(jian)筑的反映,此建(jian)筑布局為中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)宮(gong)(gong)廷建(jian)筑史所僅見。
其東側五(wu)亭由北往南依次(ci)為左翼王亭、鑲(xiang)黃(huang)旗亭、正白旗亭、鑲(xiang)白旗亭、正藍旗亭;
西側五亭依次(ci)為右翼王亭、正黃旗(qi)(qi)亭、正紅(hong)(hong)旗(qi)(qi)亭、鑲紅(hong)(hong)旗(qi)(qi)亭、鑲藍旗(qi)(qi)亭。
是(shi)(shi)清初八旗(qi)各主旗(qi)貝勒、大臣議政及處理政務之處。這(zhe)種(zhong)君臣合署在宮(gong)殿辦事的(de)(de)現象,歷史上少(shao)見。從建筑上看,大政殿也是(shi)(shi)一個亭子(zi),不過它的(de)(de)體量較大,裝飾比較華麗,因此稱為(wei)宮(gong)殿。大政殿和成八字形排開的(de)(de)10座亭子(zi),其建筑格(ge)局乃脫胎于少(shao)數民族的(de)(de)帳(zhang)(zhang)殿。這(zhe)11座亭子(zi),就是(shi)(shi)11座帳(zhang)(zhang)篷的(de)(de)化身。帳(zhang)(zhang)篷是(shi)(shi)可以流(liu)動遷移的(de)(de),而亭子(zi)就固定起來了(le),顯示了(le)滿族文化發(fa)展的(de)(de)一個里程。
大清門
大(da)清門是(shi)盛京皇宮(gong)(今沈(shen)陽故宮(gong)博(bo)物院)的(de)(de)正門,俗稱午門,它是(shi)一座面闊(kuo)五間的(de)(de)硬山式建(jian)筑(zhu),房頂滿鋪琉(liu)璃瓦,飾以綠剪邊,尤(you)其是(shi)大(da)清門山墻的(de)(de)最上(shang)端,南北突出的(de)(de)四個墀頭,三(san)面皆用五彩琉(liu)璃鑲嵌(qian)而成,紋飾為凸(tu)出的(de)(de)海水云龍(long)及象征吉(ji)祥的(de)(de)各種動物,做工精(jing)巧,栩(xu)(xu)栩(xu)(xu)如生。此門莊嚴富麗,與(yu)整個宮(gong)殿建(jian)筑(zhu)混成一體,顯得十分(fen)協調(diao)。
大(da)(da)(da)清門(men)(men)(men)(men)建(jian)于天聰六(liu)年(1632年)之前,為(wei)盛京皇(huang)宮中皇(huang)太極續修的早(zao)期建(jian)筑(zhu)之一。原稱大(da)(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、正(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。1636年定(ding)宮殿名時稱大(da)(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)清門(men)(men)(men)(men)。大(da)(da)(da)清門(men)(men)(men)(men)的滿文譯音為(wei)“代青杜(du)卡(ka)”(代青即大(da)(da)(da)清,杜(du)卡(ka)為(wei)門(men)(men)(men)(men))。
崇政殿
崇政殿(dian)(dian)在(zai)中路(lu)前院正中,俗稱“金(jin)鑾(luan)殿(dian)(dian)”,是沈(shen)陽故(gu)宮最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)建筑。整(zheng)座大殿(dian)(dian)全(quan)是木結構,面闊五(wu)間進深(shen)三(san)間。前后出(chu)廊(lang)硬山(shan)式,辟有隔(ge)扇門,前后出(chu)廊(lang),圍以(yi)石雕的(de)(de)欄(lan)桿。殿(dian)(dian)頂鋪黃(huang)琉(liu)璃(li)瓦,鑲綠剪(jian)邊(bian),正脊飾五(wu)彩琉(liu)璃(li)龍(long)(long)紋及火(huo)焰(yan)珠。殿(dian)(dian)身(shen)的(de)(de)廊(lang)柱(zhu)(zhu)是方形的(de)(de),望(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)下有吐水的(de)(de)螭(chi)首,頂蓋(gai)黃(huang)琉(liu)璃(li)瓦鑲綠剪(jian)邊(bian);殿(dian)(dian)前月臺兩(liang)角,東(dong)立日晷,西設嘉量;殿(dian)(dian)內“徹上明造(zao)”繪以(yi)彩飾。內陳(chen)寶座、屏風;兩(liang)側有熏爐、香亭、燭(zhu)臺一(yi)堂;殿(dian)(dian)柱(zhu)(zhu)是圓(yuan)形的(de)(de),兩(liang)柱(zhu)(zhu)間用一(yi)條(tiao)雕刻的(de)(de)整(zheng)龍(long)(long)連接,龍(long)(long)頭(tou)探出(chu)檐外(wai),龍(long)(long)尾直入殿(dian)(dian)中,實用與裝飾完美地結合為一(yi)體,增(zeng)加了殿(dian)(dian)宇的(de)(de)帝(di)王氣魄。此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)為清太宗皇太極陛見臣下,宴請外(wai)國(guo)使臣以(yi)及處理(li)大政的(de)(de)常(chang)朝之處。公元1636年,后金(jin)改國(guo)號為大清的(de)(de)大典就在(zai)此(ci)舉(ju)行。“東(dong)巡(xun)”諸帝(di)于此(ci)舉(ju)行“展(zhan)謁山(shan)陵禮成”等慶賀典禮。
鳳凰樓
崇(chong)政殿(dian)北(bei)首的(de)鳳(feng)(feng)凰樓(lou),建造在4米高的(de)青(qing)磚臺基上,有三(san)層,三(san)滴水歇山(shan)式(shi)圍廊,頂鋪黃琉(liu)璃瓦,鑲(xiang)綠剪邊。此樓(lou)為盛(sheng)京最高建筑(zhu),故(gu)有《盛(sheng)京八景》之一“鳳(feng)(feng)樓(lou)曉日”、“鳳(feng)(feng)樓(lou)觀塔”等傳稱。鳳(feng)(feng)凰樓(lou)上藏有乾隆(long)御筆親題的(de)“紫氣東來(lai)”匾。
清寧宮
清寧宮(gong)為五開間前后廊硬(ying)山式(shi)。是清太(tai)宗皇太(tai)極和皇后博爾濟吉特氏居住的(de)“中宮(gong)”。
室(shi)門開于東(dong)(dong)次間,屋內西側形(xing)(xing)成“筒子房”格局,東(dong)(dong)梢間為帝(di)后寢宮(gong)。寬大的(de)支(zhi)摘窗(chuang)式樣樸素,欞條皆以“碼三箭”式相(xiang)交,宮(gong)門亦不用(yong)隔(ge)扇式。正對(dui)宮(gong)門豎立(li)祭(ji)天的(de)“索倫竿”,此均為源自滿(man)族(zu)民間的(de)傳統風格。殿頂鋪黃琉(liu)璃(li)瓦(wa)鑲緣剪邊(bian),前后皆方(fang)形(xing)(xing)檐柱(zhu),柱(zhu)頭飾(shi)獸面,檀枋(fang)施(shi)彩(cai)繪等,則是吸收(shou)漢、藏民族(zu)建(jian)筑藝術。
文溯閣
文溯(su)(su)閣(ge)建(jian)于1782年(乾(qian)隆四(si)十(shi)七年)。專(zhuan)為存放《文溯(su)(su)閣(ge)四(si)庫(ku)全書(shu)(shu)》而(er)建(jian)。另有《古(gu)今圖書(shu)(shu)集成(cheng)》亦存于閣(ge)內。是沈陽故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)西路的(de)主(zhu)體建(jian)筑,建(jian)筑形式(shi)仿照浙江寧波的(de)天一(yi)閣(ge),面(mian)闊六間,二樓三層重檐硬山(shan)式(shi),前(qian)后(hou)出(chu)廊(lang),上(shang)邊(bian)蓋黑色(se)琉璃瓦加(jia)綠(lv)剪邊(bian),前(qian)后(hou)廊(lang)檐柱都裝飾有綠(lv)色(se)的(de)地仗。所(suo)有的(de)門、窗、柱都漆成(cheng)綠(lv)色(se),外(wai)檐彩(cai)畫也(ye)以藍(lan)、綠(lv)、白相間的(de)冷色(se)調為主(zhu),這與(yu)其它宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)紅(hong)金(jin)為主(zhu)的(de)外(wai)檐彩(cai)飾迥然(ran)不(bu)(bu)同。其彩(cai)繪畫題(ti)材(cai)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)中(zhong)常見的(de)行(xing)龍(long)飛鳳(feng),而(er)是以“白馬(ma)獻書(shu)(shu)”、“翰(han)墨卷冊(ce)”等(deng)與(yu)藏書(shu)(shu)樓功用(yong)(yong)相諧的(de)圖案(an),給(gei)人(ren)以古(gu)雅清新(xin)之(zhi)感(gan)。采用(yong)(yong)黑色(se)琉璃瓦為頂,主(zhu)要是為了使(shi)整座建(jian)筑外(wai)觀風格相統(tong)一(yi)。 文溯(su)(su)閣(ge)后(hou)面(mian),有抄(chao)手(shou)殿(dian)廊(lang)連接(jie)著仰熙齋,齋后(hou)為九間房(fang),其中(zhong)有芍藥圃、梧(wu)桐(tong)院等(deng)。這是乾(qian)隆皇帝“東巡”時的(de)讀書(shu)(shu)之(zhi)所(suo)。
金水橋
沈(shen)陽(yang)故(gu)宮博物(wu)院副院長李聲能透露,沈(shen)陽(yang)故(gu)宮正門(men)前的“金水橋”屬于違規建筑,與(yu)整(zheng)個(ge)風貌不相符。沈(shen)陽(yang)市(shi)文物(wu)部門(men)已(yi)經下(xia)發了整(zheng)改拆除通知限期拆除。
2014年9月(yue)25日14時30分許(xu),沈陽故(gu)宮東南側,在“金水橋”施(shi)(shi)工(gong)墻外,有一(yi)大片被(bei)圍擋圍起(qi)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)地(di)。從圍擋的(de)縫隙中可以看到,工(gong)地(di)中一(yi)輛作業車正在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)。