芒果视频下载

基本介紹

花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)是(shi)國內外(wai)規(gui)模最大(da)的(de)古代巖(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)之一(yi)，其融整體(左江巖(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua))的(de)規(gui)模宏(hong)大(da)、單(dan)體(自身)的(de)氣(qi)勢雄(xiong)偉、個體人物(巖(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)中)體形(xing)(xing)碩大(da)之"三大(da)"特征(zheng)于(yu)一(yi)體，從而形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)雄(xiong)闊氣(qi)勢為其他巖(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)所不(bu)(bu)能比擬;花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)的(de)圖像大(da)多采(cai)取(qu)平面塑(su)造(zao)即投(tou)影(ying)單(dan)色平涂(tu)的(de)創作方(fang)法，用特制(zhi)的(de)軟筆在巖(yan)(yan)壁上涂(tu)抹圖像輪廓(kuo)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)"剪影(ying)"般的(de)藝術效果，造(zao)就了花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)粗獷(guang)的(de)外(wai)貌及活躍的(de)動感，具有極其強烈的(de)藝術感染力，是(shi)壯民族先民繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)藝術的(de)不(bu)(bu)朽杰作及傳承(cheng)基礎(chu)。

2003年(nian)，廣(guang)西在全(quan)區的文(wen)化(hua)(hua)申遺(yi)中(zhong)篩選(xuan)出一批(pi)重點(dian)項目，申報世界(jie)(jie)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產，花山(shan)巖(yan)畫(hua)被(bei)列入(ru)其中(zhong)；經過崇左(zuo)(zuo)人十幾年(nian)的努力(li)，2016年(nian)7月(yue)15日15時20分，廣(guang)西左(zuo)(zuo)江(jiang)花山(shan)巖(yan)畫(hua)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)景觀成(cheng)功列入(ru)世界(jie)(jie)遺(yi)產名(ming)錄。這是廣(guang)西第(di)(di)一處(chu)世界(jie)(jie)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產，也(ye)是中(zhong)國第(di)(di)一處(chu)巖(yan)畫(hua)類世界(jie)(jie)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產。

發掘地區

廣西(xi)左江流域(yu)的(de)寧(ning)明(ming)、龍(long)州、崇(chong)左、扶綏(sui)、大(da)新、天等、憑祥(xiang)等縣(xian)市的(de)沿江地(di)區都分(fen)布(bu)有(you)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)，共79處，這(zhe)些崖(ya)(ya)(ya)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)多(duo)集中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)江河轉彎處寬大(da)、平整、垂(chui)直壁(bi)(bi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，陸地(di)石壁(bi)(bi)和洞穴也有(you)少量(liang)分(fen)布(bu)，花(hua)山(shan)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)是其中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)模最(zui)大(da)的(de)，全幅(fu)畫(hua)(hua)長135米，高44米，分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)寧(ning)明(ming)縣(xian)明(ming)江耀(yao)達河段的(de)花(hua)山(shan)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)壁(bi)(bi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，畫(hua)(hua)有(you)朱紅色人物1300多(duo)個(ge)；最(zui)大(da)的(de)高達3米，最(zui)小的(de)僅(jin)0.3米，間(jian)有(you)少量(liang)獸類和器具(ju)，規(gui)模宏大(da)，內容十(shi)分(fen)豐富。所畫(hua)(hua)人物有(you)雙腳“八字”蹲、兩手上(shang)(shang)(shang)舉和雙腳下(xia)彎、兩臂(bei)前撐等姿(zi)態。每組畫(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)，常見一高大(da)的(de)人位于人群中(zhong)(zhong)央，腰佩刀劍，旁邊有(you)銅鼓、狗和馬等形象，似是作(zuo)戰會(hui)師、慶祝大(da)會(hui)或(huo)集體娛樂等場(chang)面。據專家考證，這(zhe)些崖(ya)(ya)(ya)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)繪制于戰國(guo)早期至(zhi)東漢(han)之間(jian)，是壯族先民通過圖騰崇(chong)拜以(yi)祈(qi)求(qiu)五谷豐登、人丁(ding)興旺，其線條粗擴，造型古樸，歷(li)經數千(qian)年風雨侵蝕，依(yi)然清晰可見，不僅(jin)在(zai)廣西(xi)，在(zai)世界上(shang)(shang)(shang)也極為(wei)罕見。

地理環境

花山地處北回歸線以(yi)南，屬溫(wen)暖亞熱帶季(ji)風(feng)型氣(qi)候，高溫(wen)多(duo)(duo)雨(yu)，多(duo)(duo)年平均氣(qi)溫(wen)19℃～22℃，平均降雨(yu)量1242.2毫(hao)米，且多(duo)(duo)集中于6月～9月，占全年降雨(yu)量的63.3%。

發源于十萬大山的明江自(zi)南(nan)而北(bei)流經本區(qu)(qu)，花山以上流域面積約4185平(ping)方(fang)公里，年平(ping)均(jun)流量(liang)83.9立方(fang)米/秒。據歷史(shi)記錄花山地區(qu)(qu)最(zui)大洪水(shui)位為(wei)116.407米。

花(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)區處于弄崗(gang)自然保護區西南端，屬峰叢洼地(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)貌區。區內由基(ji)座相連的山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰簇擁。山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰主要由石炭系(xi)碳(tan)酸鹽巖地(di)(di)(di)層組成。山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰之(zhi)間大小(xiao)不等的封閉性溶蝕(shi)洼地(di)(di)(di)十分發育。洼地(di)(di)(di)規模一(yi)般直徑為幾十至(zhi)數百米(mi)不等，最大者(zhe)可達千(qian)米(mi)以上，洼地(di)(di)(di)內由第四(si)系(xi)松(song)散(san)堆積物覆蓋，并發育有一(yi)至(zhi)數個溶斗(dou)、落(luo)水洞或消(xiao)溢洪洞。

文物保護

寧明(ming)花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，據碳十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代測(ce)定，其年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代為(wei)距今(jin)1680年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)4200年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在幾千年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)自(zi)然地(di)質營力的(de)(de)作用(yong)下，產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)了(le)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)病害。近年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來，花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)保(bao)護受(shou)到了(le)社會(hui)的(de)(de)關注。2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)務委員(yuan)陳至(zhi)立批示，加(jia)強對花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)保(bao)護的(de)(de)指導(dao)。同年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)物局(ju)局(ju)長單(dan)霽翔(xiang)、廣西(xi)(xi)壯族自(zi)治區政(zheng)府副(fu)主(zhu)席(xi)吳(wu)恒進行現(xian)場調研(yan)，對花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)保(bao)護與利用(yong)作出(chu)重(zhong)要(yao)指示。2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue)，花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)入(ru)《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)預備(bei)(bei)名單(dan)》 。1988年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被(bei)國(guo)(guo)務院列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)為(wei)全國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位(wei)。1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，以花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)花(hua)山(shan)(shan)風(feng)景(jing)(jing)區被(bei)定為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)級(ji)風(feng)景(jing)(jing)名勝區。2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)11月(yue)(yue)，花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)以 文(wen)(wen)化、自(zi)然“雙遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)”的(de)(de)形式，被(bei)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)入(ru)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)申(shen)報世(shi)(shi)界(jie)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)預備(bei)(bei)清單(dan)。2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue)，花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被(bei)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)物局(ju)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)入(ru)《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)預備(bei)(bei)名單(dan)》重(zhong)設目(mu)(mu)錄。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)物局(ju)已確定將(jiang)左江花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)文(wen)(wen)化景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)入(ru)2016年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)申(shen)報世(shi)(shi)界(jie)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)項目(mu)(mu)。2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初，我國(guo)(guo)將(jiang)向世(shi)(shi)界(jie)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)心(xin)秘書(shu)處遞交完(wan)整的(de)(de)申(shen)報材料(liao)，并接受(shou)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)評估專家(jia)(jia)(jia)到花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)場考察評估。2016年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)7月(yue)(yue)15日，在土耳其伊(yi)斯(si)坦布爾召開的(de)(de)第(di)40屆聯合國(guo)(guo)教(jiao)科文(wen)(wen)組織世(shi)(shi)界(jie)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)委員(yuan)會(hui)會(hui)議（世(shi)(shi)界(jie)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)大會(hui)），審(shen)議并通(tong)過中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)廣西(xi)(xi)左江花(hua)山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)文(wen)(wen)化景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)項目(mu)(mu)。該項目(mu)(mu)成功列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)入(ru)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)，填補了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類世(shi)(shi)界(jie)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)名錄的(de)(de)空(kong)白。