體型不大,株高不及30厘(li)(li)米。葉窄(zhai)線形,長20厘(li)(li)米-30厘(li)(li)米,寬(kuan)1-1.5厘(li)(li)米,簇生(sheng),濃(nong)綠(lv)色(se)(se),質(zhi)硬面是凹弧(hu)狀,中部(bu)帶有(you)紫褐色(se)(se)斑暈背綠(lv)褐色(se)(se)。花序(xu)梗自葉叢中抽生(sheng),長約20厘(li)(li)米,頂(ding)端12-15厘(li)(li)米處(chu)扁(bian)平(ping),形成穗狀花序(xu),寬(kuan)4-4.5厘(li)(li)米,由(you)粉紅色(se)(se)近(jin)淡紫色(se)(se)的苞(bao)片(pian)對生(sheng)組(zu);青(qing)紫色(se)(se)小花由(you)苞(bao)片(pian)內開出,約20朵之多(duo),花瓣(ban)卵形,3片(pian);冠(guan)徑約3厘(li)(li)米,形似蝴(hu)蝶。苞(bao)片(pian)可觀(guan)賞達數月之久。
觀賞鳳(feng)梨性(xing)(xing)喜溫暖濕潤(run)、陽光充(chong)足(zu)的(de)環(huan)境,只有在(zai)明(ming)亮的(de)光照條件(jian)下,才能正常開花并且獲得最美的(de)葉片,但(dan)在(zai)夏季仍需(xu)防止正午陽光的(de)直射。適宜的(de)生(sheng)長溫度為夏季20-30 ℃,冬季15-18 ℃,低(di)于10 ℃則難以生(sheng)長,夜(ye)間最低(di)保持(chi)5 ℃,土(tu)壤以中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)或(huo)微酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)砂質壤土(tu)混(hun)合腐葉土(tu)或(huo)泥炭土(tu)。
觀(guan)賞鳳(feng)梨(li)在(zai)自(zi)然狀態下很(hen)(hen)難(nan)獲(huo)得種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),就是通過(guo)人工授粉(fen)等方(fang)法獲(huo)得種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),其(qi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)的(de)性狀也會發生(sheng)分離,不(bu)能保(bao)持(chi)母(mu)株(zhu)(zhu)的(de)優良性狀,故播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖(zhi)只在(zai)原(yuan)生(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)保(bao)存和培育(yu)新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時采用(yong)。大(da)多數觀(guan)賞鳳(feng)梨(li)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)脫(tuo)離母(mu)體(ti)后(hou)(hou)(hou)很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)會失去活力,應即(ji)采即(ji)播(bo)(bo)(bo)。鳳(feng)梨(li)從開花(hua)(hua)至種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成熟一(yi)般需要3-4個月的(de)時間。鳳(feng)梨(li)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)很(hen)(hen)小,一(yi)個果(guo)實可(ke)產生(sheng)數十(shi)粒(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),1株(zhu)(zhu)可(ke)產生(sheng)上千粒(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。鳳(feng)梨(li)的(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法可(ke)采用(yong)室內盆播(bo)(bo)(bo)或育(yu)苗盤播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基質(zhi)可(ke)采用(yong)河沙(sha)、珍珠巖和泥炭土混合,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前必(bi)須高溫消毒(du)。將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)散播(bo)(bo)(bo)于基質(zhi)表(biao)面后(hou)(hou)(hou)輕(qing)壓一(yi)下,不(bu)需覆土,蓋上塑(su)料薄膜或玻(bo)璃保(bao)濕(shi)即(ji)可(ke)。在(zai)發芽(ya)適(shi)溫24℃-26℃的(de)條件下,約7-14天發芽(ya),實生(sheng)苗具3-4片真葉時可(ke)移植于4-5厘米的(de)花(hua)(hua)盆中(zhong)。鳳(feng)梨(li)的(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗需培養3-4年后(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)心葉才(cai)能轉色并開花(hua)(hua)供觀(guan)賞。
觀賞鳳梨謝花后(hou)(hou),基部葉(xie)(xie)腋處會產生多個吸芽(ya)(ya)。通常以4月(yue)-6月(yue)為分(fen)株的適宜(yi)時(shi)期。待(dai)吸芽(ya)(ya)長至(zhi)10厘米左右、有(you)3-5個葉(xie)(xie)時(shi),先(xian)把整株從盆(pen)(pen)中脫(tuo)出,除(chu)去一些盆(pen)(pen)土,一手抓(zhua)住母(mu)株,另一只手的拇指與食指緊夾吸芽(ya)(ya)基部,斜下用(yong)(yong)力就可把吸芽(ya)(ya)掰下來。傷(shang)口用(yong)(yong)殺(sha)菌劑(ji)消毒后(hou)(hou)稍(shao)晾干,扦插于珍珠巖、粗(cu)沙中。保持基質(zhi)和空(kong)氣濕潤,適當遮陽,過1-2個月(yue)有(you)新根(gen)長出后(hou)(hou),可轉(zhuan)入(ru)正常管理(li)。
觀賞鳳梨小(xiao)規模生產和(he)家(jia)庭栽(zai)培,一般采用蘗(bo)(bo)芽(ya)扦插(cha)。觀賞鳳梨原(yuan)株開花(hua)前(qian)后(hou)基部葉腋處(chu)產生多個蘗(bo)(bo)芽(ya),待(dai)蘗(bo)(bo)芽(ya)長到10厘米(mi)左右,有3-5片葉時,用利刀在(zai)貼近母株的(de)部位連短(duan)縮莖切下,傷(shang)口(kou)用殺菌劑消毒后(hou)稍晾干,蘸濃度為300-500毫克(ke)/千(qian)克(ke)的(de)萘乙酸,扦插(cha)于(yu)珍珠巖、粗(cu)沙(sha)或培養土中,保持(chi)基質和(he)空氣濕(shi)潤,并適當遮(zhe)蔭,1-2個月后(hou)即(ji)有新根長出,可轉(zhuan)入正(zheng)常管(guan)理(li)。注意蘗(bo)(bo)芽(ya)太小(xiao)時扦插(cha)不易生根,極易腐爛;太大時分株,消耗(hao)營養太多,降低繁(fan)殖系(xi)數(shu)。
觀賞(shang)鳳(feng)梨(li)的(de)(de)病(bing)害(hai)(hai)可分為兩大(da)類(lei)(lei),一(yi)(yi)類(lei)(lei)稱(cheng)為非傳染(ran)性(xing)病(bing)害(hai)(hai),又叫生(sheng)(sheng)理病(bing)害(hai)(hai),是(shi)(shi)因為環境條件如(ru)光、溫、水、肥等(deng)不適而引起的(de)(de)。在(zai)栽培鳳(feng)梨(li)時,這類(lei)(lei)病(bing)害(hai)(hai)更為常見。另一(yi)(yi)類(lei)(lei)稱(cheng)為傳染(ran)性(xing)病(bing)害(hai)(hai),是(shi)(shi)因為微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)如(ru)真菌(jun)、細菌(jun)、病(bing)毒等(deng)侵染(ran)所引起的(de)(de)。
患心腐病的植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu),葉(xie)筒(tong)基部組織(zhi)變軟糜爛(lan),具臭味,輕提(ti)葉(xie)片(pian)或葉(xie)筒(tong)就(jiu)能把葉(xie)片(pian)或葉(xie)筒(tong)取出,若不動它久后葉(xie)筒(tong)會自行倒下。根腐病株(zhu),根尖變黑褐化或糜爛(lan),不長側根,因此影響到植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)對(dui)水(shui)肥的吸收,植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)生長遲緩、變弱(ruo)。如果栽培(pei)基質排水(shui)不良或澆水(shui)過(guo)多,水(shui)的pH值高于(yu)7。0,水(shui)質含(han)高鈣高鈉鹽類,種苗(miao)包(bao)裝時通氣條件不良,種苗(miao)植(zhi)(zhi)前沉積過(guo)久,高溫高濕季節等(deng),都可能引(yin)起心腐病或根腐病的發生。
防治心腐病或(huo)根腐病的方法,除(chu)了(le)留意基質(zhi)(zhi)、澆(jiao)水(shui)、水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)的問題之(zhi)外,在定(ding)植(zhi)后(hou)及(ji)高溫(wen)高濕季節,可用75%的惡(e)霜(shuang)錳鋅(xin)400倍液(ye)或(huo)40%的乙(yi)膦鋁400倍液(ye)來澆(jiao)灌(guan)葉(xie)筒,每月1次,延續3次。種苗(miao)則可用40%的乙(yi)膦鋁800倍液(ye)浸(jin)苗(miao)10分鐘,取出(chu)陰干后(hou)再(zai)上盆(pen)。
灌溉(gai)水質的(de)堿性太(tai)強或含鈣鈉高(gao),空氣濕度太(tai)低,過度施(shi)肥或液肥濃度太(tai)高(gao)(致(zhi)使鹽類累積于(yu)葉(xie)梢(shao),造成鹽害,原生(sheng)質分別脫水),基質排水不良(liang)(導致(zhi)爛根,水分無法充(chong)分供給至葉(xie)梢(shao))等,都有可能造成鳳梨葉(xie)尖黃化枯敗。
觀(guan)賞(shang)鳳(feng)梨原產(chan)熱帶地區,屬(shu)高溫生長(chang)植(zhi)物,不(bu)耐寒。但冬季最好維持5℃以上,否則有可能發生寒害。病(bing)部(bu)干后變成枯(ku)焦,寒害嚴重者導致(zhi)植(zhi)株(zhu)枯(ku)死。
在栽培觀賞(shang)鳳(feng)梨時,最常見的害蟲(chong)就(jiu)是(shi)介殼(ke)(ke)蟲(chong)類。介殼(ke)(ke)蟲(chong)類蟲(chong)體很(hen)小,以棕色及(ji)黃色居多,也(ye)有白色的,蟲(chong)體約1―3毫(hao)米,蛋圓形或橢圓形。介殼(ke)(ke)蟲(chong)經過(guo)刺吸葉(xie)(xie)片灼汁(zhi)液,從(cong)而在葉(xie)(xie)片上(shang)產生失綠雀斑,對(dui)葉(xie)(xie)的生長產生不良影響,傷口會因(yin)附有蟲(chong)的粘液,從(cong)而可能再引起黑霉病。
當介殼蟲(chong)的(de)卵孵(fu)化后(hou)(hou),若蟲(chong)能活動(dong),即尋覓(mi)可(ke)(ke)食葉的(de)地方,此(ci)(ci)后(hou)(hou)分泌一層(ceng)保護(hu)性的(de)蠟質(zhi),就不再移動(dong)了。在卵剛孵(fu)化時(shi)介殼尚未增厚,此(ci)(ci)時(shi)噴藥(yao)防治效果最(zui)好,可(ke)(ke)用通(tong)常的(de)有機磷類(lei)農藥(yao)如故敵畏、馬(ma)拉硫磷、殺(sha)螟(ming)松等來(lai)進行防治。當介殼蟲(chong)固定下來(lai)后(hou)(hou),因為其有一層(ceng)蠟質(zhi)覆蓋物的(de)保護(hu),只能用內吸性農藥(yao)來(lai)進行防治,常見的(de)農藥(yao)有樂果、氧化樂果、乙酰甲胺磷等。少量介殼蟲(chong),也可(ke)(ke)人工用指(zhi)甲把其刮除。
紫花鳳梨(li)小巧玲瓏,秀(xiu)麗美(mei)觀(guan),花期(qi)甚(shen)長,又能(neng)耐陰,是家(jia)庭養護(hu)、美(mei)化居室的極好材料(liao)。