體型不大,株高不及30厘(li)(li)米。葉窄線形(xing)(xing),長20厘(li)(li)米-30厘(li)(li)米,寬(kuan)1-1.5厘(li)(li)米,簇生(sheng),濃綠(lv)色(se)(se),質硬面是凹(ao)弧狀(zhuang),中(zhong)部帶有(you)紫褐色(se)(se)斑(ban)暈背綠(lv)褐色(se)(se)。花(hua)序梗自葉叢(cong)中(zhong)抽生(sheng),長約20厘(li)(li)米,頂端(duan)12-15厘(li)(li)米處扁平,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)穗狀(zhuang)花(hua)序,寬(kuan)4-4.5厘(li)(li)米,由粉紅色(se)(se)近淡紫色(se)(se)的(de)苞片(pian)對生(sheng)組(zu);青紫色(se)(se)小花(hua)由苞片(pian)內(nei)開出,約20朵之多,花(hua)瓣卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),3片(pian);冠徑約3厘(li)(li)米,形(xing)(xing)似蝴蝶(die)。苞片(pian)可(ke)觀(guan)賞(shang)達數月之久(jiu)。
觀賞鳳梨性(xing)喜溫暖濕潤、陽(yang)光(guang)充(chong)足的(de)(de)(de)環境(jing),只有(you)在明亮的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)照(zhao)條(tiao)件(jian)下,才能(neng)正常開花(hua)并且(qie)獲得最(zui)美的(de)(de)(de)葉片,但在夏季仍需防止正午(wu)陽(yang)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)直射。適宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)溫度為夏季20-30 ℃,冬季15-18 ℃,低于10 ℃則難以(yi)生(sheng)長(chang),夜間最(zui)低保持5 ℃,土(tu)(tu)壤以(yi)中性(xing)或微酸性(xing)砂質(zhi)壤土(tu)(tu)混合腐葉土(tu)(tu)或泥炭(tan)土(tu)(tu)。
觀(guan)賞(shang)鳳(feng)梨在自然狀(zhuang)態下很(hen)難(nan)獲得(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),就是通過人工授粉等(deng)方法獲得(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),其后(hou)代的(de)(de)性(xing)狀(zhuang)也(ye)會(hui)發生(sheng)分離(li),不能(neng)保(bao)持母(mu)株的(de)(de)優良(liang)性(xing)狀(zhuang),故播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖只在原生(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)保(bao)存和培育新品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)采(cai)用(yong)。大多數(shu)觀(guan)賞(shang)鳳(feng)梨的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在脫離(li)母(mu)體后(hou)很(hen)快會(hui)失去活力,應即采(cai)即播(bo)(bo)。鳳(feng)梨從(cong)開花至(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)成熟一般需要3-4個(ge)(ge)月(yue)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間。鳳(feng)梨的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)很(hen)小(xiao),一個(ge)(ge)果實可(ke)產生(sheng)數(shu)十粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),1株可(ke)產生(sheng)上(shang)千粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。鳳(feng)梨的(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)室內盆播(bo)(bo)或育苗(miao)盤播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基質(zhi)可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)河沙、珍珠(zhu)巖(yan)和泥(ni)炭土混合,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前必(bi)須(xu)高溫(wen)消毒(du)。將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)散播(bo)(bo)于基質(zhi)表(biao)面后(hou)輕壓一下,不需覆土,蓋上(shang)塑料薄膜或玻璃保(bao)濕即可(ke)。在發芽適溫(wen)24℃-26℃的(de)(de)條件下,約7-14天發芽,實生(sheng)苗(miao)具(ju)3-4片(pian)真葉時(shi)(shi)可(ke)移植于4-5厘米的(de)(de)花盆中(zhong)。鳳(feng)梨的(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)需培養3-4年后(hou)中(zhong)心葉才能(neng)轉色并(bing)開花供觀(guan)賞(shang)。
觀賞(shang)鳳梨謝花后,基部(bu)葉腋處會產生多個(ge)吸(xi)(xi)芽(ya)。通常(chang)以4月-6月為分株(zhu)的(de)適宜時期。待吸(xi)(xi)芽(ya)長(chang)至10厘米左右(you)、有3-5個(ge)葉時,先把整株(zhu)從盆中脫出(chu),除去一些盆土,一手(shou)抓住母株(zhu),另一只手(shou)的(de)拇指與食指緊夾吸(xi)(xi)芽(ya)基部(bu),斜下(xia)用(yong)力就(jiu)可(ke)把吸(xi)(xi)芽(ya)掰下(xia)來。傷口(kou)用(yong)殺菌劑消毒后稍晾干(gan),扦插于珍珠(zhu)巖、粗沙中。保(bao)持基質(zhi)和空氣(qi)濕潤(run),適當遮陽,過1-2個(ge)月有新根長(chang)出(chu)后,可(ke)轉入正常(chang)管理。
觀賞(shang)鳳梨小規模生產和家庭栽培(pei),一般采用(yong)蘗(bo)(bo)芽扦(qian)插。觀賞(shang)鳳梨原株(zhu)開(kai)花前后(hou)基部(bu)葉腋處產生多(duo)個蘗(bo)(bo)芽,待蘗(bo)(bo)芽長到10厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you),有(you)3-5片葉時(shi)(shi),用(yong)利刀在貼近(jin)母株(zhu)的(de)部(bu)位連短(duan)縮(suo)莖(jing)切下,傷口用(yong)殺菌(jun)劑消(xiao)毒后(hou)稍晾干,蘸濃度為300-500毫克/千克的(de)萘乙酸(suan),扦(qian)插于珍珠巖、粗沙或(huo)培(pei)養土中,保持基質和空氣濕潤(run),并適(shi)當遮蔭,1-2個月后(hou)即有(you)新根長出,可(ke)轉入正常管理。注意蘗(bo)(bo)芽太小時(shi)(shi)扦(qian)插不易(yi)生根,極易(yi)腐爛;太大時(shi)(shi)分(fen)株(zhu),消(xiao)耗營養太多(duo),降(jiang)低繁殖系數。
觀賞鳳梨(li)的(de)病害(hai)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩大類,一類稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)非(fei)傳(chuan)染性(xing)病害(hai),又(you)叫(jiao)生(sheng)理(li)病害(hai),是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)環境條件如(ru)光、溫、水、肥等(deng)不適(shi)而引起的(de)。在栽(zai)培鳳梨(li)時,這類病害(hai)更為(wei)(wei)(wei)常見。另一類稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)染性(xing)病害(hai),是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)微(wei)生(sheng)物如(ru)真菌(jun)、細菌(jun)、病毒等(deng)侵染所引起的(de)。
患(huan)心腐病的(de)植株(zhu),葉(xie)(xie)(xie)筒(tong)基部組(zu)織變軟糜爛,具臭(chou)味,輕提葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片或(huo)(huo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)筒(tong)就能把葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片或(huo)(huo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)筒(tong)取出,若不(bu)(bu)動它久后葉(xie)(xie)(xie)筒(tong)會自行倒下。根(gen)(gen)腐病株(zhu),根(gen)(gen)尖(jian)變黑褐(he)化(hua)或(huo)(huo)糜爛,不(bu)(bu)長側根(gen)(gen),因(yin)此(ci)影響到植株(zhu)對水(shui)(shui)肥的(de)吸收,植株(zhu)生長遲緩、變弱。如(ru)果栽培基質排水(shui)(shui)不(bu)(bu)良或(huo)(huo)澆水(shui)(shui)過多,水(shui)(shui)的(de)pH值高于7。0,水(shui)(shui)質含高鈣高鈉鹽(yan)類,種苗包裝(zhuang)時(shi)通(tong)氣條件(jian)不(bu)(bu)良,種苗植前沉積過久,高溫(wen)高濕(shi)季節等,都(dou)可能引起心腐病或(huo)(huo)根(gen)(gen)腐病的(de)發生。
防(fang)治心(xin)腐(fu)病或根腐(fu)病的(de)(de)方法(fa),除了留意基質(zhi)、澆水(shui)、水(shui)質(zhi)的(de)(de)問(wen)題之外,在定植后(hou)及高(gao)(gao)溫高(gao)(gao)濕(shi)季節,可用(yong)(yong)75%的(de)(de)惡霜錳鋅400倍(bei)液或40%的(de)(de)乙(yi)膦鋁(lv)400倍(bei)液來澆灌葉(xie)筒(tong),每月1次,延續3次。種苗則(ze)可用(yong)(yong)40%的(de)(de)乙(yi)膦鋁(lv)800倍(bei)液浸(jin)苗10分鐘,取出(chu)陰干后(hou)再上(shang)盆。
灌溉水(shui)質(zhi)的(de)堿性太強或含鈣鈉高,空氣(qi)濕度(du)太低,過度(du)施(shi)肥(fei)或液肥(fei)濃度(du)太高(致使鹽類累積于葉(xie)梢,造成鹽害,原(yuan)生質(zhi)分別(bie)脫水(shui)),基質(zhi)排水(shui)不良(導致爛(lan)根,水(shui)分無法充(chong)分供(gong)給(gei)至葉(xie)梢)等,都(dou)有(you)可能造成鳳梨葉(xie)尖黃化枯(ku)敗。
觀賞鳳(feng)梨原產(chan)熱帶(dai)地(di)區,屬高(gao)溫生長植(zhi)物,不耐寒(han)。但冬季最好(hao)維(wei)持5℃以上,否(fou)則有(you)可能發生寒(han)害。病部干后變成枯焦,寒(han)害嚴重者導致植(zhi)株枯死。
在(zai)栽培觀賞鳳梨(li)時,最常見(jian)的(de)(de)害蟲(chong)就是(shi)介(jie)殼(ke)(ke)蟲(chong)類。介(jie)殼(ke)(ke)蟲(chong)類蟲(chong)體很(hen)小,以棕色(se)及黃(huang)色(se)居(ju)多,也有白色(se)的(de)(de),蟲(chong)體約1―3毫米(mi),蛋圓形或橢圓形。介(jie)殼(ke)(ke)蟲(chong)經(jing)過刺(ci)吸(xi)葉(xie)片灼(zhuo)汁(zhi)液,從(cong)(cong)而在(zai)葉(xie)片上產生(sheng)失綠雀斑,對葉(xie)的(de)(de)生(sheng)長產生(sheng)不良影響,傷(shang)口會因附有蟲(chong)的(de)(de)粘液,從(cong)(cong)而可能再引起黑(hei)霉(mei)病(bing)。
當介(jie)殼蟲(chong)(chong)的卵(luan)(luan)孵(fu)化后,若蟲(chong)(chong)能活動,即尋覓可(ke)食(shi)葉的地方(fang),此后分泌一(yi)層(ceng)保護(hu)性的蠟質(zhi),就不再移動了。在卵(luan)(luan)剛孵(fu)化時介(jie)殼尚未增厚,此時噴藥(yao)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)效果(guo)最(zui)好,可(ke)用(yong)通常(chang)的有(you)機磷類農(nong)藥(yao)如(ru)故敵畏、馬拉(la)硫磷、殺螟松等來進(jin)行(xing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。當介(jie)殼蟲(chong)(chong)固定下來后,因為(wei)其(qi)有(you)一(yi)層(ceng)蠟質(zhi)覆蓋物的保護(hu),只能用(yong)內吸(xi)性農(nong)藥(yao)來進(jin)行(xing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),常(chang)見(jian)的農(nong)藥(yao)有(you)樂果(guo)、氧(yang)化樂果(guo)、乙(yi)酰甲胺磷等。少(shao)量介(jie)殼蟲(chong)(chong),也可(ke)人工用(yong)指甲把其(qi)刮除。
紫花鳳(feng)梨小(xiao)巧玲瓏,秀(xiu)麗美(mei)觀,花期(qi)甚長,又能耐陰,是家庭(ting)養護、美(mei)化居室的極(ji)好材料。