小喬木,高達(da)2.5-5米(mi)(mi),樹枝(zhi)直(zhi)立性強(qiang);小枝(zhi)細(xi)弱圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),嫩(nen)時(shi)(shi)被(bei)短(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao),老時(shi)(shi)脫(tuo)落(luo)(luo),紫紅色或(huo)(huo)暗褐色,具稀(xi)疏皮孔;冬芽卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先端(duan)急尖(jian),無毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)僅邊(bian)緣(yuan)有(you)絨(rong)毛(mao),暗紫色。葉片長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)5-10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)2.5-5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),先端(duan)急尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)漸(jian)尖(jian),基(ji)部楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)稀(xi)近(jin)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),邊(bian)緣(yuan)有(you)尖(jian)銳鋸齒,嫩(nen)葉被(bei)短(duan)(duan)柔毛(mao),下(xia)面(mian)較密,老時(shi)(shi)脫(tuo)落(luo)(luo);葉柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-3.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);托(tuo)葉膜質(zhi),線狀披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先端(duan)漸(jian)尖(jian),邊(bian)緣(yuan)有(you)疏生腺(xian)齒,近(jin)于無毛(mao),早落(luo)(luo)。傘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)總狀花(hua)(hua)(hua)序,有(you)花(hua)(hua)(hua)4-7朵,集生于小枝(zhi)頂(ding)端(duan),花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-3厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),嫩(nen)時(shi)(shi)被(bei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)柔毛(mao),逐(zhu)漸(jian)脫(tuo)落(luo)(luo);苞(bao)片膜質(zhi),線狀披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),早落(luo)(luo);花(hua)(hua)(hua)直(zhi)徑約4厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);萼筒(tong)外面(mian)密被(bei)白色長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)絨(rong)毛(mao);萼片三角(jiao)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),三角(jiao)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先端(duan)急尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)漸(jian)尖(jian),全(quan)緣(yuan),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)5-8毫米(mi)(mi),內面(mian)被(bei)白色絨(rong)毛(mao),外面(mian)較稀(xi)疏,萼片與(yu)萼筒(tong)等(deng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)稍長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang);花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣近(jin)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),基(ji)部有(you)短(duan)(duan)爪,粉(fen)紅色;雄蕊約20,花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)短(duan)(duan)不等(deng),比花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣稍短(duan)(duan);花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)5,基(ji)部具絨(rong)毛(mao),約與(yu)雄蕊等(deng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。果(guo)實近(jin)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑1-1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),紅色,萼洼(wa)梗洼(wa)均下(xia)陷,萼片多數脫(tuo)落(luo)(luo),少數宿存(cun)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期4-5月,果(guo)期8-9月。
喜光(guang),耐(nai)寒,忌水澇(lao),忌空氣(qi)過濕,較耐(nai)干旱。
產遼寧、河北、山西、山東、陜西、甘肅(su)、云南(nan)。海(hai)拔(ba)100-2400米。
海棠通(tong)常以(yi)嫁(jia)接或分株繁(fan)殖,亦可用播種、壓條及根插等方法繁(fan)殖。用嫁(jia)接所(suo)得苗木,開(kai)花可以(yi)提早,而且(qie)能保持原(yuan)有(you)優良(liang)特性。
實生苗雖生長較慢,但常產生變異,故為獲得大量砧(zhen)木或(huo)(huo)雜交育種(zhong)(zhong)時,仍采用(yong)播種(zhong)(zhong)法。中國(guo)北方常用(yong)的砧(zhen)木種(zhong)(zhong)類有山定子、西府(fu)海棠(tang)、裂葉海棠(tang)果等(deng);南方則用(yong)湖(hu)北海棠(tang)。海棠(tang)種(zhong)(zhong)子在播種(zhong)(zhong)前,必須經過(guo)30天~100天低溫層積(ji)處理。充分(fen)層積(ji)的種(zhong)(zhong)子,出(chu)苗快、整齊(qi),而且出(chu)苗率高;不層積(ji)的種(zhong)(zhong)子不能發(fa)(fa)芽(ya),或(huo)(huo)極少發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)。也可在秋(qiu)(qiu)季采果、去(qu)肉(rou)、稍晾后(hou)即播種(zhong)(zhong)在沙床上,讓種(zhong)(zhong)子自然后(hou)熟。覆土(tu)深度約1厘米(mi),上覆塑(su)料(liao)膜保墑(di),出(chu)苗后(hou)掀去(qu)塑(su)料(liao)膜,及時撒施(shi)一(yi)層疏松(song)肥土(tu),苗期(qi)加強(qiang)肥水管理,當年晚秋(qiu)(qiu)便可移(yi)栽(zai)。
以(yi)播種繁殖的實生(sheng)苗(miao)為(wei)砧木,進行枝(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)或芽(ya)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。進行枝(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)或芽(ya)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。春季(ji)樹(shu)液流動(dong)發芽(ya)進行枝(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),秋季(ji)(7月~9月間(jian))可(ke)(ke)以(yi)芽(ya)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。枝(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)切接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)、劈接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)等法。接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)穗選取發育(yu)充(chong)實的1年生(sheng)枝(zhi)(zhi)條,取其中(zhong)段(有2個以(yi)上飽(bao)滿的芽(ya)),接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)后(hou)上細土蓋住接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)穗,芽(ya)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)多用(yong)“T”字(zi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)法,接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)后(hou)10天左右,凡芽(ya)新鮮,葉(xie)柄一(yi)角(jiao)即落(luo)者為(wei)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)活之證明,數(shu)日后(hou)即可(ke)(ke)去(qu)除扎縛(fu)物。當(dang)苗(miao)高80厘米~100厘米時,養成骨干枝(zhi)(zhi),嗣后(hou)只修(xiu)剪過密枝(zhi)(zhi)、內(nei)向枝(zhi)(zhi)、重疊枝(zhi)(zhi)、保持圓整樹(shu)冠(guan)。
為(wei)常(chang)見栽(zai)培的果樹及觀賞樹。樹姿直立,花(hua)(hua)朵(duo)密集。果味(wei)酸甜,可(ke)供鮮食及加工(gong)用。栽(zai)培品種很多,果實(shi)形狀、大小、顏(yan)色(se)和成熟期均有(you)差別,所以(yi)有(you)熱花(hua)(hua)紅(hong)(hong)、冷(leng)花(hua)(hua)紅(hong)(hong)、鐵花(hua)(hua)紅(hong)(hong)、紫海棠、紅(hong)(hong)海棠、老海紅(hong)(hong)、八楞海棠等(deng)名稱。華北有(you)些地(di)區用作蘋果或花(hua)(hua)紅(hong)(hong)的砧木(mu),生長良好(hao),比山荊子抗旱力強。
西府海(hai)棠在(zai)海(hai)棠花(hua)(hua)類中樹態(tai)峭(qiao)立,似亭亭少女。花(hua)(hua)紅(hong),葉綠,果美,不論孤(gu)(gu)植(zhi)(zhi)、列植(zhi)(zhi)、叢(cong)植(zhi)(zhi)均(jun)極美觀(guan)。花(hua)(hua)色艷麗,一般多栽培于庭園供綠化用。西府海(hai)棠在(zai)海(hai)棠花(hua)(hua)類中樹態(tai)峭(qiao)立,似亭亭少女。花(hua)(hua)朵紅(hong)粉相間,葉子嫩綠可(ke)愛,果實(shi)鮮美誘(you)人,不論孤(gu)(gu)植(zhi)(zhi)、列植(zhi)(zhi)、叢(cong)植(zhi)(zhi)均(jun)極為美觀(guan)。最宜植(zhi)(zhi)于水濱及小庭一隅。
郭(guo)稹海棠詩中(zhong)“朱欄明媚(mei)照(zhao)黃塘,芳樹交加枕短(duan)墻。”就是最生動(dong)形象的寫(xie)照(zhao)。新式(shi)庭園(yuan)中(zhong),以濃(nong)綠針(zhen)葉(xie)樹為背景,植海棠于(yu)前列,則(ze)其(qi)色(se)彩尤(you)覺奪目,若列植為花(hua)籬(li),鮮花(hua)怒放,蔚為壯觀。
海(hai)(hai)棠(tang)花開嬌(jiao)艷動(dong)人,但一般的海(hai)(hai)棠(tang)花無香(xiang)(xiang)味,只有西府海(hai)(hai)棠(tang)既(ji)香(xiang)(xiang)且艷,是海(hai)(hai)棠(tang)中的上品。其花未開時,花蕾紅艷,似胭脂點(dian)點(dian),開后則(ze)漸(jian)變粉(fen)紅,有如(ru)曉天明霞。
北京故(gu)宮御花園和(he)頤和(he)園中(zhong)就植有(you)西府海棠(tang)(tang),每到春夏之交,迎風峭(qiao)立,花姿明媚動(dong)人,楚楚有(you)致,與玉蘭(lan)、牡丹、桂(gui)花相伴,形成“玉棠(tang)(tang)富貴(gui)”的之意。 ?
果實稱為海棠果,味形皆(jie)似山楂,酸甜(tian)可(ke)口,可(ke)鮮食或制(zhi)作蜜餞。
將青(qing)刺果(guo)葉與車前草、海(hai)棠果(guo)一同煨服(fu),有消炎、清(qing)涼(liang)、解(jie)毒作(zuo)用(yong)。人畜誤食中毒,用(yong)青(qing)刺果(guo)葉搗碎擠出(chu)汁液服(fu)用(yong),可排毒解(jie)毒。青(qing)刺果(guo)嫩(nen)葉作(zuo)為蔬菜(cai)或腌制成咸菜(cai)食用(yong),有開胃消食、清(qing)熱去火、抑制口(kou)腔及(ji)腸道炎癥等較好的治療作(zuo)用(yong)。
用(yong)(yong)青刺(ci)果(guo)(guo)果(guo)(guo)實、葉煮(zhu)水(shui)洗腳(jiao),可預防(fang)和(he)治療(liao)(liao)腳(jiao)氣病。青刺(ci)果(guo)(guo)仁可用(yong)(yong)于(yu)榨油,經常(chang)食用(yong)(yong)青刺(ci)果(guo)(guo)油,可降低血(xue)脂,調節血(xue)壓,促進微循環,增強機體的(de)抵抗力(li),使人延年益壽(shou)。青刺(ci)果(guo)(guo)油還廣泛用(yong)(yong)于(yu)治療(liao)(liao)皮膚(fu)燒傷、皮膚(fu)潰爛等。對青刺(ci)果(guo)(guo)油的(de)脂肪酸組成分(fen)析較多,而(er)對青刺(ci)果(guo)(guo)仁、葉中的(de)元素分(fen)析未見報道。