灌木,高1-2米;嫩枝(zhi)有灰白色柔(rou)毛。
葉(xie)對生,革質(zhi),葉(xie)片橢(tuo)圓形(xing)或(huo)(huo)倒卵形(xing),長3-8厘(li)(li)米,寬1-4厘(li)(li)米,先端圓或(huo)(huo)鈍,常微凹入(ru),有時稍尖(jian),基部闊(kuo)楔形(xing),上(shang)面(mian)初時有毛(mao),以后變(bian)無毛(mao),發亮,下面(mian)有灰色茸毛(mao),離(li)基三(san)出脈(mo),直達先端且相結(jie)合(he),邊脈(mo)離(li)邊緣3-4毫米,中脈(mo)有側脈(mo)4-6對,網脈(mo)明顯;葉(xie)柄長4-7毫米。
花有(you)長梗,常單生,紫(zi)紅(hong)色(se),直徑(jing)2-4厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);萼(e)管(guan)倒卵形(xing),長6毫米(mi)(mi),有(you)灰茸毛,萼(e)裂片5,近(jin)圓(yuan)形(xing),長4-6毫米(mi)(mi),宿存(cun);花瓣(ban)5,倒卵,形(xing),長1.3-2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);雄蕊(rui)紅(hong)色(se),長7-8毫米(mi)(mi);子房下位(wei),3室(shi),花柱(zhu)長1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。漿果卵狀(zhuang)壺形(xing),長1.5-2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬1-1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),熟時紫(zi)黑色(se);種子每(mei)室(shi)2列。花期4-5月(yue)。
產(chan)中國臺灣、福建、廣東、廣西(xi)、云南、貴州及湖(hu)南最(zui)南部。生(sheng)于(yu)丘陵(ling)坡(po)地,為酸(suan)性土(tu)指示(shi)植物。分布于(yu)中南半(ban)島、菲律賓、日本、印度、斯里蘭卡、馬來西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)及印度尼西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)等地。
生于紅黃壤土丘陵(ling)上、兩(liang)廣(guang)地區極為常見(jian)。
播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前首先要對(dui)(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)進行挑選(xuan),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)選(xuan)得(de)好(hao)(hao)不(bu)好(hao)(hao),直(zhi)接(jie)關系到(dao)(dao)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)否成功。最好(hao)(hao)是(shi)選(xuan)用(yong)當年采收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)保存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間越長,其(qi)發(fa)芽率(lv)越低。選(xuan)用(yong)籽粒(li)飽(bao)滿、沒有(you)(you)殘缺或畸形、沒有(you)(you)病蟲(chong)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。家庭對(dui)(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)消毒常用(yong)60℃左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)水(shui)(shui)(shui)浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一刻鐘,然后(hou)(hou)再用(yong)溫熱(re)(re)水(shui)(shui)(shui)催芽12-24小時(shi)。對(dui)(dui)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)質進行消毒,最好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)就是(shi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)它(ta)放(fang)到(dao)(dao)鍋里炒熱(re)(re),什么(me)病蟲(chong)都能(neng)燙死。用(yong)溫熱(re)(re)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(溫度(du)和洗臉(lian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)差不(bu)多)把(ba)(ba)(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)浸泡12-24個小時(shi),直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)并膨脹起(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)。對(dui)(dui)于很常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容易(yi)發(fa)芽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),這(zhe)項(xiang)工作可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)做。對(dui)(dui)于用(yong)手或其(qi)它(ta)工具難以(yi)夾起(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),可(ke)以(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)簽(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一端(duan)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)沾(zhan)濕,把(ba)(ba)(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)一粒(li)一粒(li)地(di)粘(zhan)放(fang)在(zai)基(ji)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面上(shang),覆蓋(gai)基(ji)質1公(gong)分厚,然后(hou)(hou)把(ba)(ba)(ba)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花盆放(fang)入水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong),水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深度(du)為(wei)花盆高度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/2-2/3,讓水(shui)(shui)(shui)慢慢地(di)浸上(shang)來(lai)(lai)(這(zhe)個方法(fa)稱為(wei)"盆浸法(fa)");對(dui)(dui)于能(neng)用(yong)手或其(qi)它(ta)工具夾起(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粒(li)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),直(zhi)接(jie)把(ba)(ba)(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)放(fang)到(dao)(dao)基(ji)質中(zhong),按3×5公(gong)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間距點播。
播(bo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)覆蓋基(ji)(ji)質,覆蓋厚度為(wei)種(zhong)粒的(de)2-3倍。播(bo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)可(ke)用噴霧器、細孔花灑把(ba)播(bo)種(zhong)基(ji)(ji)質質淋濕(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)當盆土略干(gan)時(shi)再淋水,仍要(yao)注意(yi)澆水的(de)力度不能太大(da)(da),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)免把(ba)種(zhong)子(zi)沖起(qi)來;在深秋、早春季(ji)或冬季(ji)播(bo)種(zhong)后(hou)(hou)(hou),遇到(dao)寒潮(chao)低溫時(shi),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)用塑(su)料(liao)薄(bo)膜把(ba)花盆包(bao)起(qi)來,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)利保溫保濕(shi);幼(you)(you)苗(miao)出土后(hou)(hou)(hou),要(yao)及時(shi)把(ba)薄(bo)膜揭開,并在每天上(shang)午的(de)9:30之(zhi)前,或者在下午的(de)3:30之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)讓幼(you)(you)苗(miao)接受太陽的(de)光照,否(fou)則(ze)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)會生長得非(fei)常柔弱;大(da)(da)多數(shu)的(de)種(zhong)子(zi)出齊后(hou)(hou)(hou),需要(yao)適當地間苗(miao):把(ba)有病的(de)、生長不健康的(de)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)拔掉,使(shi)留下的(de)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)相互之(zhi)間有一定(ding)的(de)空(kong)間;當大(da)(da)部分的(de)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)長出了(le)3片(pian)(pian)或3片(pian)(pian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)葉(xie)子(zi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)移栽。
進行(xing)嫩(nen)枝(zhi)扦插(cha)時,在春末至早秋植(zhi)株生長旺(wang)盛時,選用當年(nian)生粗壯(zhuang)枝(zhi)條(tiao)作(zuo)為插(cha)穗(sui)。把(ba)枝(zhi)條(tiao)剪下后(hou),選取壯(zhuang)實的(de)(de)(de)部位(wei),剪成5-15公(gong)分(fen)長的(de)(de)(de)一段,每段要(yao)帶(dai)3個以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)節(jie)。剪取插(cha)穗(sui)時需要(yao)注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),上(shang)面的(de)(de)(de)剪口在最(zui)上(shang)一個葉(xie)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)方(fang)大(da)約1公(gong)分(fen)處平(ping)剪,下面的(de)(de)(de)剪口在最(zui)下面的(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)節(jie)下方(fang)大(da)約為0.5公(gong)分(fen)處斜剪,上(shang)下剪口都要(yao)平(ping)整(刀(dao)要(yao)鋒利)。進行(xing)硬枝(zhi)扦插(cha)時,在早春氣溫回升后(hou),選取的(de)(de)(de)健壯(zhuang)枝(zhi)條(tiao)做插(cha)穗(sui)。每段插(cha)穗(sui)通常保(bao)留3-4個節(jie),剪取的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法同嫩(nen)枝(zhi)扦插(cha)。
初秋(qiu),是桃金(jin)娘果熟時節。其果先青而(er)黃,黃而(er)赤(chi),赤(chi)而(er)紫。掛(gua)果累累,像一個個縮小版的酒杯,果中有芯,很象一條蟲子,芯外多籽(zi),味道異(yi)常甜(tian)美。崗稔熟得紫色的時候(hou)最好吃,生津(jin)止渴(ke),回味甘甜(tian),舌頭(tou)牙齒也(ye)會被(bei)染成紫黑色。而(er)棯子多吃了時一定要喝一碗鹽水,否(fou)則次日會大便困難。
桃金娘株形緊(jin)湊(cou),四季常青,花先白后(hou)紅,紅白相映(ying),十分艷麗,花期也較(jiao)長。果色鮮紅轉為醬(jiang)紅,均可(ke)觀賞,園林綠化中可(ke)用其叢植、片植或孤植點綴(zhui)綠地,可(ke)收到較(jiao)好的效果。
桃金(jin)娘生長迅速,耐貧(pin)瘠,抗逆性強,株(zhu)形緊湊,四季常青。株(zhu)高1-2m,幼枝有(you)(you)短絨毛。葉(xie)對生,革(ge)質,橢圓形或倒(dao)卵(luan)(luan)形。聚傘花(hua)序腋生,有(you)(you)花(hua)3-5朵,花(hua)瓣5片,倒(dao)卵(luan)(luan)形,花(hua)先白后紅(hong)(hong)、玫瑰紅(hong)(hong)、紫紅(hong)(hong)色(se),同株(zhu)花(hua)色(se)變化(hua)大,紅(hong)(hong)白相(xiang)問,艷麗秀美,甚為顯目(mu),引人(ren)入勝,花(hua)陸續(xu)開放,花(hua)期可(ke)達2個多月。枝干韌性強,可(ke)以制作盆景或在庭園中(zhong)叢植或片植,是具有(you)(you)良好的綠(lv)化(hua)美化(hua)效果的野生花(hua)卉,已逐漸被(bei)部分城市列入園林植物觀(guan)賞(shang)花(hua)卉名錄。
桃(tao)金娘的根含(han)酚類、鞣(rou)質(zhi)等(deng),有(you)治(zhi)慢(man)性痢疾、風濕(shi)、肝炎及降血脂等(deng)功效(xiao)。
出處:《綱目拾遺》:粵志,草花之以娘名者,有桃金娘,叢生野(ye)間,似梅而微銳,似桃而色倍赬,中莖純紫,絲綴深黃如金粟,名桃金娘。八(ba)九(jiu)月實(shi)熟(shu)青(qing)紺,若牛乳狀。產桂(gui)林,今(jin)廣州亦多有之。所述原植物(wu)與今(jin)桃金娘相同。
別名:金(jin)絲桃、山(shan)稔(ren)子(zi)(zi)、山(shan)菍、多蓮、豆稔(ren)干、稔(ren)果(guo)、多奶(nai)、山(shan)多奶(nai)、蘇園子(zi)(zi)、石榴(liu)子(zi)(zi)、白碾子(zi)(zi)、崗稔(ren)、水刀蓮、烏肚子(zi)(zi)、當(dang)梨子(zi)(zi)、哆(duo)哞(mou)仔、稔(ren)子(zi)(zi);崗棯花(廣州空軍《常用(yong)中草藥手冊(ce)》)。
藥材基源:為桃金娘科植物桃金娘的果實。
采(cai)收儲藏:于秋季果(guo)實成熟時(shi)采(cai)收,曬(shai)干。
性味(wei):味(wei)甘;澀;性平
歸經(jing)(jing):歸肝;脾(pi)經(jing)(jing), 歸肺(fei)經(jing)(jing)
功能主治(zhi):養血(xue)(xue)(xue)止血(xue)(xue)(xue);澀腸固精(jing)。主血(xue)(xue)(xue)虛體弱;吐血(xue)(xue)(xue);鼻(bi)衄;勞傷咳血(xue)(xue)(xue);便血(xue)(xue)(xue);崩(beng)漏(lou);遺精(jing);帶(dai)下;痢疾;脫肛;燙傷;外傷出血(xue)(xue)(xue)。收斂止血(xue)(xue)(xue)。
根:祛風活絡,收斂止瀉。用于急、慢(man)性(xing)腸胃炎,胃痛,消化不良,肝(gan)炎,痢疾,風濕(shi)性(xing)關(guan)節炎,腰肌勞損(sun),功能性(xing)子宮出(chu)血(xue),脫肛(gang);外用治燒燙(tang)傷。根含酚類、鞣質等,有治慢(man)性(xing)痢疾、風濕(shi)、肝(gan)炎及(ji)降血(xue)脂等功效。
葉:收(shou)斂止(zhi)瀉(xie),止(zhi)血。用于急(ji)性胃腸炎,消(xiao)化不良(liang),痢疾:外用治外傷(shang)出血。
果:補血(xue),滋養,安(an)胎。用(yong)于貧血(xue),病后體虛,神經(jing)衰(shuai)弱,耳鳴,遺精。