杏(xing)樹(shu)為落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)喬(qiao)木,高5-8(12)米(mi)。樹(shu)冠圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、扁圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)長圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);樹(shu)皮灰褐(he)色(se)(se)(se),縱裂;多年(nian)生(sheng)枝淺褐(he)色(se)(se)(se),皮孔(kong)(kong)大而橫生(sheng),一年(nian)生(sheng)枝淺紅(hong)(hong)(hong)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se),有光澤,無(wu)毛(mao)(mao),具多數小皮孔(kong)(kong)。小枝褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)。葉(xie)片寬卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長5-9厘(li)(li)米(mi),寬4-8厘(li)(li)米(mi),先(xian)端(duan)急尖至短(duan)(duan)漸尖,基部(bu)(bu)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至近心形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),葉(xie)邊有圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun)鋸(ju)齒(chi),兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)下面(mian)(mian)脈腋間具柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao);葉(xie)柄長2-3.5厘(li)(li)米(mi),無(wu)毛(mao)(mao),基部(bu)(bu)常(chang)具1-6腺體。花(hua)單生(sheng),直(zhi)(zhi)徑2-3厘(li)(li)米(mi),先(xian)于葉(xie)開(kai)(kai)放;花(hua)梗短(duan)(duan),長1-3毫米(mi),被(bei)(bei)(bei)短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)萼紫綠色(se)(se)(se);萼筒圓(yuan)(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),外面(mian)(mian)基部(bu)(bu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao);萼片卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至卵(luan)狀(zhuang)長圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先(xian)端(duan)急尖或(huo)(huo)(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun),花(hua)后反(fan)折;花(hua)瓣圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),白色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)帶紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se),具短(duan)(duan)爪;雄蕊(rui)約20-45,稍短(duan)(duan)于花(hua)瓣;子房被(bei)(bei)(bei)短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao),花(hua)柱(zhu)稍長或(huo)(huo)(huo)幾與(yu)雄蕊(rui)等(deng)長,下部(bu)(bu)具柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)。果實球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),稀(xi)倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)(zhi)徑約2.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)以上(shang),白色(se)(se)(se)、黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)至黃(huang)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se),常(chang)具紅(hong)(hong)(hong)暈(yun),微(wei)被(bei)(bei)(bei)短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao);果肉(rou)多汁,成熟時不(bu)開(kai)(kai)裂;核卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),兩(liang)側扁平,頂端(duan)圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun),基部(bu)(bu)對稱,稀(xi)不(bu)對稱,表(biao)面(mian)(mian)稍粗糙或(huo)(huo)(huo)平滑,腹稜(leng)較(jiao)(jiao)圓(yuan)(yuan),常(chang)稍鈍(dun),背稜(leng)較(jiao)(jiao)直(zhi)(zhi),腹面(mian)(mian)具龍骨狀(zhuang)稜(leng);種仁味(wei)(wei)苦或(huo)(huo)(huo)甜。花(hua)期3-4月,花(hua)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)桃花(hua)和(he)梅花(hua)相仿(fang),含苞時純紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se),開(kai)(kai)花(hua)后顏色(se)(se)(se)逐(zhu)漸變(bian)淡,花(hua)落(luo)(luo)時變(bian)成純白色(se)(se)(se)。果期6-7月,果肉(rou)暗(an)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se),味(wei)(wei)甜 多汁,具縫合線和(he)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao),淡黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)至黃(huang)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)。2n=16。
杏(xing)樹壽命(ming)長,華北、西北各(ge)地常見百年以上大樹,產量仍很高(gao)。經濟壽命(ming)亦很長,在40~50年間。杏(xing)對(dui)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)、地勢的(de)(de)(de)適應(ying)能力(li)強,多種植在山(shan)坡(po)梯田和丘(qiu)陵地上,在800~1000米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)山(shan)上也能正常生長。在壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)、粘土(tu)、微酸性(xing)土(tu)、堿(jian)性(xing)土(tu)上甚(shen)至在巖縫中都能生長。杏(xing)樹耐(nai)寒力(li)較強,可耐(nai)-30℃或更低的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度;耐(nai)高(gao)溫(wen),如新(xin)疆(jiang)喀什(shen)等地,夏(xia)季最高(gao)氣溫(wen)43.4℃仍能正常生長結果且(qie)品(pin)質佳。
可能原產中(zhong)國(guo),亞洲中(zhong)部,日本(ben)和朝鮮,但是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)亞美尼亞和古(gu)波斯(si)國(guo)的地域也發(fa)現有此植物;中(zhong)國(guo)的西北、華北和東北各地分布最(zui)廣。中(zhong)國(guo)在(zai)(zai)公元(yuan)前(qian)3000年就開始(shi)大量(liang)栽(zai)培,西方(fang)國(guo)家的主要是(shi)(shi)通過絲(si)綢之路而傳過去的,性耐(nai)寒、喜光、抗旱、不耐(nai)澇。
杏在中國分(fen)布范圍很廣,除南(nan)部沿(yan)海(hai)及臺灣省外,大(da)多數省區皆有(you),其(qi)中以河北(bei)、山東(dong)(dong)、山西、河南(nan)、陜西、甘(gan)肅、青海(hai)、新疆、遼寧、吉林(lin)(lin)(lin)、黑龍(long)江、內蒙、江蘇、安徽等(deng)地較(jiao)多,其(qi)集中栽培(pei)區為東(dong)(dong)北(bei)南(nan)部、華北(bei)、西北(bei)等(deng)黃河流域各省。在新疆伊犁一帶(dai)野生成純(chun)林(lin)(lin)(lin)或與新疆野蘋果林(lin)(lin)(lin)混(hun)生,海(hai)拔(ba)可達3000米。
為了(le)發(fa)展杏(xing)商(shang)品(pin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),先后在一(yi)些老產區(qu)建成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)批新品(pin)種基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),如河(he)北(bei)巨鹿、廣宗的(de)串枝紅(hong)杏(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),山東招(zhao)遠(yuan)的(de)紅(hong)金(jin)榛杏(xing)商(shang)品(pin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),張(zhang)家(jia)口(kou)大扁杏(xing)商(shang)品(pin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),北(bei)京(jing)的(de)水晶杏(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),山東嶗山關爺臉杏(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),山西(xi)陽高(gao)京(jing)杏(xing)種植基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),歷城紅(hong)荷苞基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),河(he)南澠池仰韶紅(hong)杏(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),陜西(xi)華縣(xian)大接杏(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),甘肅敦煌李光杏(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和新疆英吉沙杏(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等。在這些基(ji)(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)建設過程(cheng)中(zhong),選用名優品(pin)種,科(ke)學的(de)栽培管理技術(shu),使(shi)中(zhong)國杏(xing)生產水平躍上了(le)一(yi)個新的(de)臺階。
杏是中國著名的(de)觀賞樹(shu)(shu)木(mu)(mu),其花(hua)(hua)色(se)又(you)紅又(you)白,胭脂萬(wan)點,花(hua)(hua)繁姿嬌,占(zhan)盡春風。杏可(ke)配植(zhi)(zhi)于庭前、墻隅、道路(lu)旁、水(shui)邊,也可(ke)群植(zhi)(zhi)、片植(zhi)(zhi)于山坡、水(shui)畔(pan)。同時杏還(huan)是沙漠及(ji)荒山造(zao)木(mu)(mu)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)。果可(ke)生食或加工果脯、果仁可(ke)供(gong)食用(yong)及(ji)藥用(yong)。杏是著名的(de)果木(mu)(mu),果供(gong)生食之(zhi)外,還(huan)可(ke)制成杏干、杏脯等。杏仁可(ke)供(gong)食用(yong)、榨油和藥用(yong)。樹(shu)(shu)齡較長,可(ke)活一百年以上(shang),是春季(ji)主要的(de)觀賞樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)。
“裁剪冰綃,輕疊數重,淡著燕脂勻(yun)注(zhu)。新樣靚裝,艷溢香(xiang)融,羞煞蕊(rui)珠宮(gong)女。”這是宋徽(hui)宗描述杏(xing)(xing)花的傳(chuan)神佳作(zuo)。 杏(xing)(xing)花具有(you)補中益(yi)氣,祛(qu)風通絡的作(zuo)用(yong),可營養肌膚,祛(qu)除面(mian)上的粉(fen)滓。宋代的《太(tai)平圣惠方(fang)(fang)》中,就有(you)以杏(xing)(xing)花、桃花洗面(mian)治斑點(dian)的記(ji)載。古籍《魯府禁(jin)方(fang)(fang)》里有(you)一(yi)個美(mei)容(rong)秘(mi)方(fang)(fang),叫“楊太(tai)真紅玉膏(gao)”,是楊貴妃美(mei)容(rong)專用(yong)的。制作(zuo)時,將杏(xing)(xing)仁(ren)去皮,取滑(hua)石(shi)、輕粉(fen)各等份,共研末(mo),蒸過,入龍腦、麝香(xiang)少許,以雞(ji)蛋(dan)清調勻(yun),早晚洗面(mian)后敷之(zhi),具有(you)“令面(mian)紅潤悅(yue)澤,旬日后色如紅玉”的功效。 杏(xing)(xing)花的美(mei)容(rong)作(zuo)用(yong)與其(qi)含有(you)抑制皮膚細胞(bao)酯(zhi)酸酶活(huo)性的成分(fen)(fen)有(you)關。將杏(xing)(xing)花熬粥服用(yong),可以借米谷助期藥力,讓腸胃充分(fen)(fen)吸收其(qi)內含抑制皮膚細胞(bao)酪氨酸酶活(huo)性的有(you)效成分(fen)(fen),以預防粉(fen)刺和黑斑的產生。
播(bo)種或嫁接(jie)繁殖。嫁接(jie)砧木可(ke)(ke)(ke)選山(shan)桃(tao)、梅(mei)、東北杏(xing)等,于(yu)7月中下旬進行丁字形芽(ya)接(jie)。芽(ya)接(jie)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)晚,否則離皮困難(nan),成活(huo)率低。如當年芽(ya)接(jie)末成活(huo),可(ke)(ke)(ke)至(zhi)次(ci)年春季(ji)枝接(jie)。也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)用分蘗繁殖。
主要病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)有杏(xing)瘡痂(jia)病(bing)(bing)、黑斑病(bing)(bing),流膠(jiao)病(bing)(bing),杏(xing)象甲、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、紅蜘蛛(zhu)、球(qiu)堅介(jie)、舟(zhou)形毛蟲(chong)(chong)等(deng),而以杳瘡痂(jia)病(bing)(bing)、黑斑病(bing)(bing)、球(qiu)堅介(jie)等(deng)危害(hai)(hai)較重,應采取(qu)以下(xia)綜合(he)措施(shi)防(fang)治。
一、從(cong)入冬到發(fa)芽前,清(qing)(qing)除果(guo)園內的枯枝(zhi)、落葉,剪除病(bing)枝(zhi),集(ji)中銷毀,刮除老樹皮(pi),清(qing)(qing)除越冬病(bing)蟲(chong)源,減少病(bing)蟲(chong)基(ji)數。
二(er)、開花前用(yong)5波美度石(shi)硫合劑噴(pen)枝干,防治杏瘡痂病、黑(hei)斑病、球堅介和(he)其他(ta)越(yue)冬蟲卵。
三、3月中旬至4月上(shang)(shang)旬是(shi)杏(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)甲出土上(shang)(shang)樹危害期(qi),利用其(qi)(qi)假(jia)死(si)性,清(qing)晨搖樹,人(ren)工捕殺(sha),清(qing)除蟲果(guo),并及時噴20%速撲(pu)殺(sha)2000倍液(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)50%多(duo)菌(jun)靈600倍液(ye)(ye)混合(he)液(ye)(ye)。防治杏(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)甲和(he)(he)杏(xing)(xing)瘡痂(jia)病、黑斑病、穿(chuan)孔(kong)病,也可選(xuan)用其(qi)(qi)他(ta)殺(sha)蟲殺(sha)菌(jun)劑混用。
四、4月中旬噴40%菊馬(ma)乳油1000倍液和速克(ke)靈200倍液,可防(fang)治杏(xing)瘡痂病,黑斑病、穿孔病及桃蚜。
五(wu)、6月中旬用(yong)滅掃利(li)2000-3000倍(bei)液(ye)、速撲殺1000倍(bei)液(ye)和多霉清1500倍(bei)液(ye)防(fang)治紅蜘蛛、介類(lei)、黑斑病(bing)(bing)、穿孔病(bing)(bing)等病(bing)(bing)蟲,并(bing)人工捕殺紅頸天(tian)牛(niu)成蟲。
六、7月(yue)中下(xia)旬(xun),人工(gong)捕殺(sha)群集(ji)而未分散的(de)舟形毛蟲,或及時噴速(su)滅殺(sha)丁2000倍液進行防治。
七、發(fa)芽(ya)前即花芽(ya)膨(peng)大期(qi)噴藥,可用(yong)(yong)吡(bi)蟲啉4000-5000倍液(ye)。發(fa)芽(ya)后使(shi)用(yong)(yong)吡(bi)蟲啉4000-5000倍液(ye)并加對氯(lv)氰菊酯2000~3000倍液(ye)可殺(sha)滅(mie)蚜(ya)(ya)蟲,也可兼治杏仁蜂。坐果后可用(yong)(yong)蚜(ya)(ya)滅(mie)凈1500倍液(ye)防治蚜(ya)(ya)蟲。