落葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)灌木,高達2米,枝條直(zhi)立(li)開(kai)(kai)展,有(you)(you)刺;小枝圓(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing),微屈曲,無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),紫褐(he)色(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)黑褐(he)色(se),有(you)(you)疏生(sheng)(sheng)淺褐(he)色(se)皮(pi)孔;冬芽三角(jiao)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),先(xian)(xian)(xian)端急尖(jian),近(jin)于(yu)(yu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)在鱗片(pian)邊緣(yuan)具短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),紫褐(he)色(se)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)至橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),稀長(chang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)3-9厘(li)米,寬1.5-5厘(li)米,先(xian)(xian)(xian)端急尖(jian)稀圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,基(ji)部楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)至寬楔形(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣(yuan)具有(you)(you)尖(jian)銳鋸齒,齒尖(jian)開(kai)(kai)展,無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)在萌蘗上沿下面葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)脈(mo)有(you)(you)短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao);葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)約(yue)1厘(li)米;托葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)大(da)形(xing)(xing)(xing),草質,腎形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)半(ban)(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),稀卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)5-10毫(hao)米,寬12-20毫(hao)米,邊緣(yuan)有(you)(you)尖(jian)銳重鋸齒,無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)先(xian)(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)開(kai)(kai)放,3-5朵簇生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)二年生(sheng)(sheng)老枝上;花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗短(duan)粗,長(chang)約(yue)3毫(hao)米或(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)于(yu)(yu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)柄;花(hua)(hua)(hua)直(zhi)徑3-5厘(li)米;萼筒鐘(zhong)狀(zhuang),外(wai)面無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao);萼片(pian)直(zhi)立(li),半(ban)(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)稀卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)3-4毫(hao)米。寬4-5毫(hao)米,長(chang)約(yue)萼筒之半(ban)(ban),先(xian)(xian)(xian)端圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,全緣(yuan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)波狀(zhuang)齒,及黃(huang)褐(he)色(se)睫毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣倒(dao)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),基(ji)部延伸(shen)成(cheng)短(duan)爪,長(chang)10-15毫(hao)米,寬8-13毫(hao)米,猩紅色(se),稀淡紅色(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)白(bai)色(se);雄蕊(rui)45-50,長(chang)約(yue)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣之半(ban)(ban);花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)5,基(ji)部合生(sheng)(sheng),無(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)稍有(you)(you)毛(mao)(mao),柱(zhu)頭頭狀(zhuang),有(you)(you)不顯明(ming)分裂,約(yue)與雄蕊(rui)等長(chang)。果(guo)(guo)實球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑4-6厘(li)米,黃(huang)色(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)帶(dai)黃(huang)綠色(se),有(you)(you)稀疏不顯明(ming)斑(ban)點,味芳香;萼片(pian)脫落,果(guo)(guo)梗短(duan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)于(yu)(yu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)梗。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)3-5月(yue),果(guo)(guo)期(qi)9-10月(yue)。
溫帶樹種(zhong)。適應性強,喜光,也(ye)耐(nai)半陰,耐(nai)寒,耐(nai)旱(han)。對土壤要求不嚴,在肥沃(wo)、排水良好的(de)黏土、壤土中均可正常生長,忌低洼和鹽堿地。
產(chan)陜西、甘肅、四川(chuan)、貴州、云南、廣東。緬(mian)甸亦有(you)分布。
木瓜樹需要防治的主(zhu)要病(bing)害是(shi)葉(xie)枯病(bing),對葉(xie)子的危(wei)害為(wei)主(zhu),有多角(jiao)形黑褐(he)色病(bing)斑出(chu)現在(zai)(zai)受害葉(xie)片上。凡是(shi)在(zai)(zai)綠(lv)葉(xie)期間都可發生這(zhe)一病(bing)害,而尤其(qi)嚴重的在(zai)(zai)7~8月。防治措施包(bao)括(kuo)把枯枝(zhi)落葉(xie)清除(chu)并集中燒掉;以1:1:100倍(bei)的波(bo)爾多液(ye)噴霧于葉(xie)子上。另一病(bing)害就是(shi)蟲害。這(zhe)些害蟲主(zhu)要是(shi)天牛、蚜(ya)蟲,蛀(zhu)食樹干、葉(xie)等(deng)等(deng),防治可用樂果(guo)劑1500倍(bei)液(ye)施行。
早春先花(hua)后葉(xie),很(hen)美(mei)麗。枝(zhi)密多刺(ci)可作綠蘺。
公園、庭院、校園、廣場(chang)等道路(lu)兩側可(ke)(ke)(ke)栽植皺(zhou)皮(pi)木(mu)(mu)瓜(gua)樹,亭亭玉立(li),花(hua)果(guo)繁茂,燦若云(yun)錦,清(qing)香四溢,效(xiao)果(guo)甚(shen)佳。皺(zhou)皮(pi)木(mu)(mu)瓜(gua)作為獨特孤植觀賞樹或三五成叢的點(dian)綴(zhui)于(yu)園林小品或園林綠地中,也可(ke)(ke)(ke)培育成獨干或多干的喬灌木(mu)(mu)作片林或庭院點(dian)綴(zhui);春(chun)季觀花(hua)夏秋賞果(guo),淡雅俏秀,多姿多彩,使人百看不(bu)厭,取悅其中。皺(zhou)皮(pi)木(mu)(mu)瓜(gua)可(ke)(ke)(ke)制作多種(zhong)造型的盆景(jing),被稱為盆景(jing)中的十八學士(shi)之(zhi)一(yi)。皺(zhou)皮(pi)木(mu)(mu)瓜(gua)盆景(jing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)置于(yu)廳(ting)堂、花(hua)臺、門廊角隅、休閑場(chang)地,可(ke)(ke)(ke)與建筑合理搭(da)配,使庭園勝景(jing)倍添風采,被點(dian)綴(zhui)得更加幽雅清(qing)秀。
據化驗(yan)分(fen)析(xi),皺(zhou)皮木瓜優良品種含(han)蛋(dan)白質0.45%、脂肪0.57%、粗(cu)纖維(wei)2.11%、可溶性固形物8.8%、果膠9.5%、有機酸3.22%,每100g鮮果中含(han)鈣24.79mg、磷6.04mg、鐵(tie)4.53mg、維(wei)生(sheng)素C 96.8mg、維(wei)生(sheng)素A 6.35μg。此外,還含(han)有17種氨(an)(an)基酸,氨(an)(an)基酸總含(han)量達529m/100g。皺(zhou)皮木瓜最突出的特點是含(han)有豐富的齊墩果酸等有機酸,加工(gong)產品不(bu)需(xu)添加防腐劑、檸(ning)檬酸、香精、色素,是風味獨特的純天然綠(lv)色食(shi)品。
果實(shi)含蘋果酸、酒(jiu)石酸、構椽酸及丙(bing)種維(wei)生(sheng)素等,干制后入藥,有驅鳳、舒筋、活(huo)絡、鎮痛、消腫、順(shun)氣之效。
據上(shang)海藥物研究所等(deng)(deng)單位聯合測定,皺(zhou)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)木(mu)瓜中含有增強(qiang)人體免疫功能、具廣譜殺菌作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)齊(qi)墩果酸,對傷寒(han)、痢疾(ji)桿(gan)菌和金(jin)色(se)葡萄球菌等(deng)(deng)都有較強(qiang)的(de)抑(yi)制作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。此外,民間還(huan)流傳著(zhu)很多(duo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)皺(zhou)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)木(mu)瓜健身治病的(de)土方、驗方,如加蜜糖煮食用(yong)(yong)(yong),可順氣(qi)、活(huo)血(xue)、壯筋骨;皺(zhou)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)木(mu)瓜煎湯(tang)服,用(yong)(yong)(yong)于產婦催(cui)奶;老年人用(yong)(yong)(yong)皺(zhou)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)木(mu)瓜枝干(gan)作(zuo)(zuo)手杖,可舒筋活(huo)絡,延年益壽。另(ling)外,皺(zhou)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)木(mu)瓜對腰腿(tui)酸痛麻木(mu),腓腸肌(ji)痙(jing)攣,四(si)肢抽搐(chu),風濕(shi)性關節(jie)炎等(deng)(deng)病癥(zheng)具良好的(de)功效。