株高(gao)約(yue)1米(mi);根(gen)莖圓(yuan)柱形,肉(rou)質,具樟腦般(ban)香味,淡黃(huang)色或白色;根(gen)細長(chang)或末端膨大成塊根(gen)。葉直立(li),橢圓(yuan)狀長(chang)圓(yuan)形至長(chang)圓(yuan)狀披針(zhen)形,長(chang)25-35(60)厘米(mi),寬10-15厘米(mi),中部常有紫斑(ban),無毛;葉柄較葉片為長(chang)。
花(hua)葶由根莖單獨(du)發(fa)出(chu),常先葉而生,長(chang)(chang)10-20厘米(mi),被疏松(song)、細長(chang)(chang)的鱗片狀(zhuang)鞘數(shu)枚;穗(sui)狀(zhuang)花(hua)序闊橢(tuo)圓形(xing),長(chang)(chang)10-18厘米(mi),寬5-8厘米(mi);苞(bao)片卵形(xing)至倒卵形(xing),稍開展,頂(ding)端(duan)鈍,下部(bu)的綠色(se)(se),頂(ding)端(duan)紅色(se)(se),上部(bu)的較(jiao)長(chang)(chang)而紫色(se)(se);花(hua)萼長(chang)(chang)1-1.2厘米(mi),白色(se)(se),頂(ding)端(duan)3裂(lie);花(hua)冠管長(chang)(chang)2-2.5厘米(mi),裂(lie)片長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing),黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),不相等,后方的1片較(jiao)大,長(chang)(chang)1.5-2厘米(mi),頂(ding)端(duan)具(ju)(ju)小(xiao)尖頭;側生退(tui)化雄蕊比唇瓣小(xiao);唇瓣黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),近倒卵形(xing),長(chang)(chang)約2厘米(mi),寬1.2-1.5厘米(mi),頂(ding)端(duan)微缺;花(hua)藥(yao)長(chang)(chang)約4毫米(mi),藥(yao)隔基部(bu)具(ju)(ju)叉開的距;子房(fang)無毛。花(hua)期(qi):4-6月。
栽培于野生林蔭下(xia)。
產中國(guo)臺灣、福(fu)建、江西(xi)(xi)、廣東(dong)、廣西(xi)(xi)、四川、云南、安徽(hui)等省區;印(yin)度至馬來西(xi)(xi)亞亦有分布。 ?
根莖稱“莪(e)術”,供藥用,主治“氣血凝滯,心腹脹痛(tong),癥(zheng)瘕,積聚,宿食不消,婦(fu)女血瘀(yu)經閉(bi),跌(die)打損傷作(zuo)痛(tong)。”塊根稱“綠絲(si)郁(yu)金”,有行(xing)氣解郁(yu),破瘀(yu),止痛(tong)的功用。
根莖的(de)選擇(ze):冬(dong)季收(shou)獲時選擇(ze)健壯飽滿的(de)當年新生根莖貯藏做種。栽(zai)植前將種栽(zai)取出曬(shai)1~2天,除去須根,大(da)小分開(kai)。大(da)的(de)縱切數塊(kuai),每(mei)塊(kuai)有芽1~2個(ge),切后(hou)稍晾(liang)使傷(shang)口愈合,或用草木灰涂抹傷(shang)口。
栽種期:栽植時期因品種和地區不同而異(yi)。溫郁金(jin)(溫莪術)為4月上、中旬(xun),莪術于5~6月中下旬(xun)為宜。
栽(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa):在(zai)整(zheng)好的(de)畦(qi)內(nei)按行(xing)(xing)(xing)株距(ju)(ju)30厘(li)(li)米(mi)×20~25厘(li)(li)米(mi)挖穴(xue),穴(xue)深(shen)6~9厘(li)(li)米(mi),每穴(xue)內(nei)大(da)(da)根莖(jing)(jing)放1塊(kuai)(kuai),小根莖(jing)(jing)放2塊(kuai)(kuai),芽(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)向上(shang)栽(zai)(zai)入穴(xue)內(nei)。栽(zai)(zai)后覆土(tu)6厘(li)(li)米(mi)并稍加鎮壓(ya),每畝用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)根莖(jing)(jing)100千(qian)(qian)克(ke)左右。另外,為提(ti)高(gao)土(tu)地效(xiao)益,主產區(qu)多采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與玉米(mi)、大(da)(da)豆等(deng)間套作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)方式。玉米(mi)和(he)大(da)(da)豆可于(yu)3月(yue)末、4月(yue)初穴(xue)播于(yu)畦(qi)溝內(nei)或(huo)畦(qi)上(shang),行(xing)(xing)(xing)株距(ju)(ju)應適(shi)當加大(da)(da),6月(yue)中下(xia)旬將莪(e)術間套種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)玉米(mi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)間和(he)株間,行(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)(ju)33厘(li)(li)米(mi),挖7厘(li)(li)米(mi)深(shen)穴(xue),呈三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)排(pai)列,每穴(xue)放種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)5塊(kuai)(kuai),四角(jiao)(jiao)及(ji)中央各(ge)1塊(kuai)(kuai),芽(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)向上(shang),上(shang)面用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)細土(tu)或(huo)堆肥(fei)覆蓋,每畝需(xu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)根莖(jing)(jing)150千(qian)(qian)克(ke)左右,將溫郁金(溫莪(e)術)根莖(jing)(jing)分成老(lao)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、大(da)(da)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、二(er)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、三(san)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、奶(nai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、小奶(nai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)等(deng)六類(lei)(lei)。老(lao)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)即是(shi)母(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)第一(yi)次(ci)生(sheng)出來的(de)根莖(jing)(jing);大(da)(da)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)是(shi)生(sheng)在(zai)老(lao)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)上(shang)的(de)根莖(jing)(jing);二(er)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)是(shi)生(sheng)在(zai)大(da)(da)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)上(shang)的(de)根莖(jing)(jing);三(san)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)是(shi)生(sheng)在(zai)二(er)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)上(shang)的(de)根莖(jing)(jing);奶(nai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、小奶(nai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)依次(ci)類(lei)(lei)推。除老(lao)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)不能作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外,其(qi)余均可采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。但大(da)(da)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)大(da)(da),成本高(gao);小奶(nai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)個小,生(sheng)長弱。故(gu)這兩類(lei)(lei)在(zai)生(sheng)產中不作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。一(yi)般應選健(jian)壯(zhuang),芽(ya)(ya)(ya)飽滿,形(xing)粗短的(de)二(er)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、三(san)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)根莖(jing)(jing)愈(yu)短愈(yu)好。于(yu)清明前(qian)后下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。狹畦(qi)株距(ju)(ju)33厘(li)(li)米(mi),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)單行(xing)(xing)(xing);闊畦(qi)按株行(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)(ju)各(ge)50厘(li)(li)米(mi),以三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)開(kai)穴(xue)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)二(er)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。穴(xue)大(da)(da)17~20厘(li)(li)米(mi),深(shen)約7~10厘(li)(li)米(mi),穴(xue)底(di)要平(ping),切忌過深(shen)而(er)底(di)尖,過深(shen)塊(kuai)(kuai)根分散,采收費工而(er)不易(yi)收凈。每穴(xue)傾斜(xie)放根芽(ya)(ya)(ya)一(yi)個,芽(ya)(ya)(ya)向上(shang)。覆土(tu)3~7厘(li)(li)米(mi)。每畝用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)根莖(jing)(jing)125~150千(qian)(qian)克(ke)。