株(zhu)高約(yue)1米(mi);根莖圓柱形,肉質,具樟腦般香味(wei),淡黃色(se)或白色(se);根細長或末端膨(peng)大成塊(kuai)根。葉(xie)(xie)直立,橢圓狀(zhuang)長圓形至長圓狀(zhuang)披針形,長25-35(60)厘米(mi),寬10-15厘米(mi),中部常有紫(zi)斑,無毛;葉(xie)(xie)柄較葉(xie)(xie)片為長。
花(hua)葶由根(gen)莖單獨發出,常先葉(xie)而(er)生(sheng),長(chang)(chang)10-20厘(li)(li)米,被(bei)疏松、細長(chang)(chang)的(de)鱗片狀鞘數(shu)枚;穗(sui)狀花(hua)序闊橢(tuo)圓形(xing),長(chang)(chang)10-18厘(li)(li)米,寬(kuan)5-8厘(li)(li)米;苞片卵(luan)形(xing)至倒(dao)卵(luan)形(xing),稍(shao)開展,頂端(duan)(duan)鈍,下部的(de)綠色(se)(se),頂端(duan)(duan)紅(hong)色(se)(se),上部的(de)較(jiao)長(chang)(chang)而(er)紫色(se)(se);花(hua)萼長(chang)(chang)1-1.2厘(li)(li)米,白(bai)色(se)(se),頂端(duan)(duan)3裂(lie);花(hua)冠(guan)管長(chang)(chang)2-2.5厘(li)(li)米,裂(lie)片長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing),黃色(se)(se),不(bu)相等,后方的(de)1片較(jiao)大,長(chang)(chang)1.5-2厘(li)(li)米,頂端(duan)(duan)具(ju)小(xiao)尖頭(tou);側生(sheng)退(tui)化雄蕊比唇瓣小(xiao);唇瓣黃色(se)(se),近(jin)倒(dao)卵(luan)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)約2厘(li)(li)米,寬(kuan)1.2-1.5厘(li)(li)米,頂端(duan)(duan)微缺;花(hua)藥(yao)長(chang)(chang)約4毫米,藥(yao)隔基部具(ju)叉開的(de)距;子房無(wu)毛。花(hua)期(qi):4-6月。
栽培于野生林(lin)蔭下(xia)。
產中國臺(tai)灣、福建、江(jiang)西、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西、四川、云南(nan)、安(an)徽等(deng)省區(qu);印度至馬來(lai)西亞亦有分布。 ?
根(gen)(gen)莖(jing)稱“莪(e)術”,供藥用,主治“氣(qi)血(xue)凝(ning)滯(zhi),心腹脹痛,癥瘕,積聚,宿食不消,婦女血(xue)瘀經閉,跌(die)打(da)損傷作(zuo)痛。”塊根(gen)(gen)稱“綠絲郁(yu)金”,有行氣(qi)解郁(yu),破(po)瘀,止痛的功用。
根(gen)莖的(de)選擇:冬季收獲時選擇健(jian)壯飽滿的(de)當年(nian)新生(sheng)根(gen)莖貯藏做種。栽植前將種栽取出曬1~2天,除去須根(gen),大小分開。大的(de)縱切數塊,每塊有芽1~2個,切后稍晾使傷口(kou)愈合,或用草木灰涂抹傷口(kou)。
栽種期(qi):栽植時期(qi)因品種和地(di)區不同(tong)而異。溫(wen)(wen)郁金(溫(wen)(wen)莪術)為4月上、中旬,莪術于(yu)5~6月中下旬為宜。
栽種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法:在(zai)(zai)整好的(de)(de)畦(qi)內按(an)行(xing)(xing)株(zhu)(zhu)距30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)×20~25厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)挖(wa)穴(xue),穴(xue)深(shen)(shen)6~9厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),每(mei)(mei)(mei)穴(xue)內大(da)(da)(da)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)放(fang)1塊(kuai)(kuai),小根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)放(fang)2塊(kuai)(kuai),芽(ya)頭(tou)向上(shang)栽入穴(xue)內。栽后覆土(tu)(tu)6厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)并(bing)稍加鎮壓,每(mei)(mei)(mei)畝(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)100千(qian)克(ke)左右。另外(wai),為提高土(tu)(tu)地(di)效益,主(zhu)產區多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與(yu)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、大(da)(da)(da)豆等間(jian)套作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)方式。玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)和大(da)(da)(da)豆可于(yu)(yu)3月末、4月初(chu)穴(xue)播(bo)于(yu)(yu)畦(qi)溝(gou)內或(huo)畦(qi)上(shang),行(xing)(xing)株(zhu)(zhu)距應(ying)適(shi)當加大(da)(da)(da),6月中(zhong)下旬將(jiang)莪術(shu)間(jian)套種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)(yu)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)行(xing)(xing)間(jian)和株(zhu)(zhu)間(jian),行(xing)(xing)距33厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),挖(wa)7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)深(shen)(shen)穴(xue),呈(cheng)三(san)(san)角形排(pai)列,每(mei)(mei)(mei)穴(xue)放(fang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)5塊(kuai)(kuai),四角及中(zhong)央各(ge)1塊(kuai)(kuai),芽(ya)頭(tou)向上(shang),上(shang)面用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)細(xi)土(tu)(tu)或(huo)堆(dui)肥(fei)覆蓋,每(mei)(mei)(mei)畝(mu)(mu)需種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)150千(qian)克(ke)左右,將(jiang)溫郁金(溫莪術(shu))根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)分成(cheng)(cheng)老(lao)頭(tou)、大(da)(da)(da)頭(tou)、二(er)頭(tou)、三(san)(san)頭(tou)、奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)、小奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)等六類。老(lao)頭(tou)即(ji)是(shi)母(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)第(di)一(yi)(yi)次生(sheng)(sheng)出來的(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing);大(da)(da)(da)頭(tou)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)老(lao)頭(tou)上(shang)的(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing);二(er)頭(tou)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)頭(tou)上(shang)的(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing);三(san)(san)頭(tou)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)二(er)頭(tou)上(shang)的(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing);奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)、小奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)依次類推。除(chu)老(lao)頭(tou)不能作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai),其余(yu)均可采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。但大(da)(da)(da)頭(tou)作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量大(da)(da)(da),成(cheng)(cheng)本高;小奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)個(ge)小,生(sheng)(sheng)長弱。故這兩類在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產中(zhong)不作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。一(yi)(yi)般應(ying)選健(jian)壯(zhuang),芽(ya)飽滿,形粗短的(de)(de)二(er)頭(tou)、三(san)(san)頭(tou)作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)愈(yu)短愈(yu)好。于(yu)(yu)清明前后下種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。狹(xia)畦(qi)株(zhu)(zhu)距33厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)單行(xing)(xing);闊畦(qi)按(an)株(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距各(ge)50厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),以三(san)(san)角形開穴(xue)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)二(er)行(xing)(xing)。穴(xue)大(da)(da)(da)17~20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深(shen)(shen)約7~10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),穴(xue)底要平,切(qie)忌過(guo)深(shen)(shen)而底尖,過(guo)深(shen)(shen)塊(kuai)(kuai)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)分散,采(cai)收費工而不易收凈。每(mei)(mei)(mei)穴(xue)傾斜放(fang)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)芽(ya)一(yi)(yi)個(ge),芽(ya)向上(shang)。覆土(tu)(tu)3~7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。每(mei)(mei)(mei)畝(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)125~150千(qian)克(ke)。