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形態特征

風(feng)鈴草多(duo)(duo)數(shu)(shu)為多(duo)(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)草本，有(you)(you)(you)的具(ju)(ju)細(xi)長而橫走的根(gen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)莖，有(you)(you)(you)的具(ju)(ju)短(duan)的莖基而根(gen)加粗，多(duo)(duo)少(shao)肉質，少(shao)為一年生(sheng)(sheng)草本。葉全互生(sheng)(sheng)，基生(sheng)(sheng)葉有(you)(you)(you)的成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蓮座狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)朵頂生(sheng)(sheng)，或多(duo)(duo)朵組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聚傘(san)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序，聚傘(san)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圓(yuan)錐花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序，也有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)退化，既無(wu)(wu)總(zong)梗，亦無(wu)(wu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為由(you)數(shu)(shu)朵花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的頭狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼與子房(fang)貼生(sheng)(sheng)，裂(lie)片(pian)5枚，有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)裂(lie)片(pian)間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)附(fu)屬物。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠鐘狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，漏斗(dou)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或管(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)鐘形，有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)幾(ji)乎輻狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，5裂(lie)。雄(xiong)蕊離(li)生(sheng)(sheng)，極少(shao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥不同程度(du)地(di)相互粘合(he)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲基部擴大成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥長棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。柱頭3-5裂(lie)，裂(lie)片(pian)弧狀(zhuang)(zhuang)反卷(juan)或螺(luo)旋狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卷(juan)曲。無(wu)(wu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)盤。子房(fang)下(xia)位，3-5室。蒴果3-5室，帶有(you)(you)(you)宿存的花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼裂(lie)片(pian)，在側面的頂端或在基部孔裂(lie)。種子多(duo)(duo)數(shu)(shu)，橢圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，平滑。

生長環境

喜夏季涼爽、冬季溫(wen)(wen)和的(de)氣候，喜光照充(chong)足(zu)環(huan)境(jing)，可耐半陰。風鈴花對溫(wen)(wen)度比較敏感，生(sheng)長適溫(wen)(wen)13℃-18℃，發芽適溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)20℃-22℃，冬季溫(wen)(wen)度低于2℃則(ze)停止生(sheng)長，莖(jing)葉(xie)開始(shi)枯(ku)黃。夏季28℃以上的(de)高溫(wen)(wen)對植株生(sheng)長不利，30℃-35℃。

以上(shang)的高(gao)溫，植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)葉片(pian)會變(bian)(bian)(bian)黃脫落，甚至全株(zhu)(zhu)枯萎。風鈴花在(zai)(zai)珠海(hai)地區夏(xia)、秋季(ji)(ji)不(bu)適合(he)種植(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)冬(dong)、春季(ji)(ji)種植(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)為(wei)適宜。風鈴花喜干耐旱，忌水濕。因此，在(zai)(zai)雨天過多(duo)或土壤排水不(bu)良情況下生長不(bu)好，導(dao)致葉片(pian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)黃，植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)細長，節(jie)間伸長，花朵(duo)變(bian)(bian)(bian)小，可通過控制(zhi)澆水調節(jie)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)度。

風(feng)鈴花(hua)對土壤要求不嚴，以含豐富腐殖質、疏松透氣的沙質土壤為(wei)好。基質pH 值在5.5-6.2 之(zhi)間為(wei)宜(yi)。

生長繁殖

風鈴花(hua)的(de)繁殖以(yi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)主(zhu)。廣東地(di)區以(yi)初(chu)秋播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)好，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一般在(zai)農(nong)歷7月下旬至(zhi)8月初(chu)進行，到春節即(ji)可(ke)開花(hua)。從播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)到開花(hua)需6個月左右，也(ye)可(ke)根據開花(hua)時(shi)(shi)間確定播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間。由(you)于(yu)(yu)風鈴花(hua)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)比(bi)較細(xi)(xi)小，在(zai)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)首先(xian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇好苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)。苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)應選(xuan)陽光充足、地(di)下水(shui)位高(gao)、排水(shui)良好、土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)疏松肥沃的(de)沙(sha)質(zhi)土(tu)(tu)壤。整(zheng)地(di)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)細(xi)(xi)致，深翻碎土(tu)(tu)兩次以(yi)上，清除石頭、雜草，碎土(tu)(tu)均(jun)勻，刮(gua)平地(di)面。苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)害(hai)蟲有螻(lou)蛄、蠐螬、地(di)老虎等(deng)，對苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)和苗(miao)(miao)木危(wei)害(hai)極大，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)對土(tu)(tu)壤進行消毒(du)。另外，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)先(xian)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)浸泡10-12 小時(shi)(shi)晾(liang)干，然后將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)和沙(sha)按(an)1:5比(bi)例混拌后再播(bo)(bo)。播(bo)(bo)前(qian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)澆(jiao)透(tou)水(shui)，然后將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)均(jun)勻撒播(bo)(bo)于(yu)(yu)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)，播(bo)(bo)后不再覆土(tu)(tu)或薄蓋過(guo)篩(shai)細(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后保持(chi)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)微潮，但不要(yao)(yao)(yao)太(tai)濕，溫度在(zai)20℃-24℃范(fan)圍內，播(bo)(bo)后14-16天即(ji)可(ke)發芽。

分布范圍

風鈴草全(quan)屬二(er)百(bai)多種(zhong)，幾乎全(quan)在北溫帶(dai)，多數(shu)種(zhong)類產(chan)于歐亞大陸北部，少數(shu)在北美。我(wo)國近20種(zhong)，主產(chan)西(xi)南(nan)山(shan)區，少數(shu)種(zhong)類產(chan)北方，個別種(zhong)也產(chan)廣東、廣西(xi)和(he)湖(hu)北西(xi)部。

病蟲防治

銹病

主(zhu)要(yao)危(wei)害風鈴花的(de)葉片、莖部(bu)和(he)(he)芽(ya)(ya)。葉片發(fa)病(bing)呈黃綠色的(de)皰狀水(shui)斑，后(hou)(hou)逐(zhu)漸擴大，皰狀斑破(po)裂后(hou)(hou)露出紅褐色夏孢(bao)子(zi)堆，病(bing)斑周圍的(de)葉組(zu)織變為淡(dan)黃色，莖部(bu)和(he)(he)芽(ya)(ya)處的(de)癥狀與葉部(bu)相(xiang)似(si)。受害植株(zhu)生(sheng)長衰弱，嚴(yan)重時葉子(zi)焦枯。發(fa)病(bing)初期可用25% 的(de)粉銹寧400～600倍液防治。

白粉病

真菌性病(bing)害(hai)，常危(wei)害(hai)葉(xie)片，也(ye)危(wei)害(hai)枝條、花柄、花蕾、花芽及(ji)嫩梢等。表(biao)面常出現一(yi)層(ceng)白(bai)色粉(fen)狀霉(mei)層(ceng)，后期白(bai)粉(fen)狀霉(mei)層(ceng)變為灰色，受害(hai)植株矮小(xiao)，嫩葉(xie)扭曲、畸形、枯萎，葉(xie)片不(bu)開展(zhan)、變小(xiao)，枝條畸形等，嚴重時植株死(si)亡。防(fang)治(zhi)方法為結合修剪，剪除(chu)病(bing)殘枝并集(ji)中燒(shao)毀。加強(qiang)栽(zai)培(pei)管理，增施磷、鉀肥(fei)并控制氮肥(fei)的施用(yong)量，提高(gao)植株的抗病(bing)性。選用(yong)抗病(bing)品種，發病(bing)初期或(huo)在未發病(bing)時進行(xing)預防(fang)，噴(pen)(pen)施50% 多菌靈可濕性粉(fen)劑800-1000 倍(bei)(bei)液，70% 甲基托布津可濕性粉(fen)劑800 倍(bei)(bei)液，或(huo)25% 粉(fen)銹寧可濕性粉(fen)劑400-600倍(bei)(bei)液，每周噴(pen)(pen)一(yi)次，連續2-3 次，交替(ti)使用(yong)，對白(bai)粉(fen)病(bing)有(you)特效。

葉斑病

初期(qi)(qi)在葉(xie)片上呈水(shui)浸狀壞死斑，后迅(xun)速變深褐色，病斑上長有(you)明(ming)、暗相間的同心輪紋，外圍(wei)有(you)黃色暈圈(quan)。發病初期(qi)(qi)及時(shi)剪去病斑或(huo)病葉(xie)，并集中燒毀。發病初期(qi)(qi)噴灑14%絡氨銅水(shui)劑(ji)350-500 倍液，每隔7-10天一次，連續防治2-3 次。

主要價值

景觀用(yong)途：風鈴草適于配置(zhi)小庭園作花(hua)壇、花(hua)境(jing)材料(liao)。若(ruo)用(yong)風鈴草和觀賞向日(ri)葵為(wei)主(zhu)材，配上常(chang)春藤、海(hai)金(jin)砂、絲石竹籃插(cha)、表(biao)現生機蓬勃、欣欣向榮的歡樂氣氛。如以紫色(se)風鈴草為(wei)主(zhu)花(hua)，配上白(bai)色(se)百合(he)、飛(fei)燕草、天門(men)冬做花(hua)插(cha)，將顯得(de)嫻靜柔(rou)美。

花(hua)(hua)(hua)壇表現：作為一(yi)年生(sheng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)卉，風(feng)鈴草(cao)在冬(dong)季溫(wen)暖地區越冬(dong)，可用于花(hua)(hua)(hua)壇，巖竹園(yuan)或(huo)園(yuan)林中的邊境或(huo)邊緣種植。盆(pen)栽于可15-20厘米花(hua)(hua)(hua)盆(pen)中的風(feng)鈴草(cao)可放在半陰(yin)至全陽(yang)光下養護。