風鈴(ling)草(cao)多(duo)數(shu)為多(duo)年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)本(ben),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)具細長而橫走的(de)(de)(de)根狀(zhuang)莖,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)具短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)莖基而根加粗,多(duo)少(shao)(shao)肉(rou)質(zhi),少(shao)(shao)為一年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)本(ben)。葉全互生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),基生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)葉有(you)的(de)(de)(de)成蓮座狀(zhuang)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)單朵(duo)頂生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),或(huo)多(duo)朵(duo)組成聚傘花(hua)(hua)(hua)序,聚傘花(hua)(hua)(hua)序有(you)時(shi)集成圓錐花(hua)(hua)(hua)序,也有(you)時(shi)退(tui)化,既(ji)無總梗,亦無花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗,成為由數(shu)朵(duo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)組成的(de)(de)(de)頭狀(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序。花(hua)(hua)(hua)萼與子房貼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片5枚,有(you)時(shi)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片間有(you)附(fu)屬物。花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠鐘(zhong)狀(zhuang),漏斗狀(zhuang)或(huo)管(guan)狀(zhuang)鐘(zhong)形,有(you)時(shi)幾乎輻(fu)狀(zhuang),5裂(lie)(lie)(lie)。雄蕊離生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),極少(shao)(shao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)不(bu)同(tong)程(cheng)度(du)地相互粘合(he),花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲(si)基部擴大成片狀(zhuang),花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)長棒狀(zhuang)。柱頭3-5裂(lie)(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片弧狀(zhuang)反卷(juan)或(huo)螺旋狀(zhuang)卷(juan)曲。無花(hua)(hua)(hua)盤。子房下(xia)位(wei),3-5室(shi)。蒴果3-5室(shi),帶(dai)有(you)宿(su)存的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)萼裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片,在(zai)側面的(de)(de)(de)頂端或(huo)在(zai)基部孔裂(lie)(lie)(lie)。種子多(duo)數(shu),橢圓狀(zhuang),平滑。
喜(xi)夏季涼爽、冬季溫(wen)(wen)和(he)的氣候,喜(xi)光照充(chong)足環境,可耐(nai)半陰。風鈴(ling)花對溫(wen)(wen)度比較(jiao)敏感(gan),生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)適溫(wen)(wen)13℃-18℃,發芽適溫(wen)(wen)為20℃-22℃,冬季溫(wen)(wen)度低于2℃則停止生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),莖葉開始(shi)枯黃。夏季28℃以上的高溫(wen)(wen)對植株生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)不(bu)利,30℃-35℃。
以上的高(gao)溫,植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)葉(xie)片(pian)會變黃脫落,甚至全株(zhu)枯(ku)萎。風鈴(ling)花(hua)在珠海地區夏、秋季(ji)不(bu)適合(he)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),在冬、春季(ji)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)較為適宜。風鈴(ling)花(hua)喜干耐旱(han),忌水(shui)濕。因此(ci),在雨(yu)天過多(duo)或土壤排水(shui)不(bu)良(liang)情況下(xia)生長不(bu)好(hao),導致葉(xie)片(pian)變黃,植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)細長,節間(jian)伸長,花(hua)朵(duo)變小,可通(tong)過控制澆水(shui)調節植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)高(gao)度。
風鈴(ling)花對土(tu)(tu)壤要(yao)求不嚴,以含豐富腐殖質、疏松透氣的沙質土(tu)(tu)壤為好。基質pH 值在5.5-6.2 之間(jian)為宜(yi)。
風鈴(ling)花(hua)(hua)的繁殖(zhi)以(yi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)主。廣東地(di)(di)區以(yi)初(chu)秋播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)好,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)一般在(zai)農歷7月(yue)下(xia)旬至8月(yue)初(chu)進行(xing),到春節即(ji)可開(kai)花(hua)(hua)。從播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)到開(kai)花(hua)(hua)需6個月(yue)左右,也(ye)可根據開(kai)花(hua)(hua)時(shi)間確定播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)間。由于風鈴(ling)花(hua)(hua)的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)比較細(xi)小,在(zai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前首先要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇好苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)應選(xuan)陽光充(chong)足(zu)、地(di)(di)下(xia)水位高、排水良好、土(tu)(tu)質疏松肥沃的沙質土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)。整地(di)(di)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)細(xi)致,深(shen)翻碎土(tu)(tu)兩次以(yi)上,清除石頭、雜草,碎土(tu)(tu)均勻,刮(gua)平(ping)地(di)(di)面(mian)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)主要(yao)(yao)害蟲(chong)有螻(lou)蛄、蠐螬、地(di)(di)老虎等,對苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)和(he)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)危害極大,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前要(yao)(yao)對土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)進行(xing)消毒。另外,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前先將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)浸泡10-12 小時(shi)晾干,然(ran)后將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)沙按(an)1:5比例混拌(ban)后再播(bo)(bo)(bo)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)前要(yao)(yao)澆透水,然(ran)后將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)均勻撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)于苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang),播(bo)(bo)(bo)后不再覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)或薄(bo)蓋過篩細(xi)土(tu)(tu)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后保持苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)微(wei)潮,但不要(yao)(yao)太濕,溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)20℃-24℃范圍(wei)內,播(bo)(bo)(bo)后14-16天即(ji)可發(fa)芽。
風鈴草全屬二百多種(zhong)(zhong),幾乎全在北(bei)溫帶,多數種(zhong)(zhong)類產(chan)于歐亞大(da)陸北(bei)部,少數在北(bei)美。我國近20種(zhong)(zhong),主(zhu)產(chan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南山區,少數種(zhong)(zhong)類產(chan)北(bei)方,個別種(zhong)(zhong)也產(chan)廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)湖北(bei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部。
銹病
主要危害風鈴花的葉片(pian)、莖部和(he)芽。葉片(pian)發病(bing)呈黃(huang)綠色(se)的皰狀水斑,后(hou)逐(zhu)漸擴(kuo)大,皰狀斑破(po)裂后(hou)露出紅褐(he)色(se)夏孢子堆(dui),病(bing)斑周圍的葉組織變為(wei)淡黃(huang)色(se),莖部和(he)芽處的癥狀與葉部相(xiang)似。受害植(zhi)株生長衰弱,嚴重時葉子焦(jiao)枯。發病(bing)初期可用25% 的粉銹寧(ning)400~600倍液防治。
白粉病
真菌性(xing)(xing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai),常危害(hai)(hai)葉(xie)片,也危害(hai)(hai)枝(zhi)條(tiao)、花(hua)柄(bing)、花(hua)蕾、花(hua)芽及嫩梢等。表(biao)面常出現一層白色粉狀霉層,后期(qi)白粉狀霉層變為灰色,受害(hai)(hai)植株(zhu)矮小,嫩葉(xie)扭曲(qu)、畸形(xing)、枯萎,葉(xie)片不開展(zhan)、變小,枝(zhi)條(tiao)畸形(xing)等,嚴重時植株(zhu)死亡。防(fang)治方(fang)法為結合修剪,剪除病(bing)(bing)(bing)殘枝(zhi)并集中燒(shao)毀。加強栽培管理(li),增施(shi)(shi)磷(lin)、鉀肥(fei)并控制(zhi)氮肥(fei)的施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang),提高植株(zhu)的抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)性(xing)(xing)。選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)品種,發病(bing)(bing)(bing)初期(qi)或在未(wei)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)時進行預(yu)防(fang),噴(pen)施(shi)(shi)50% 多菌靈可(ke)(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉劑800-1000 倍液(ye),70% 甲基托布津可(ke)(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉劑800 倍液(ye),或25% 粉銹(xiu)寧可(ke)(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉劑400-600倍液(ye),每(mei)周噴(pen)一次,連續2-3 次,交替使用(yong)(yong),對(dui)白粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)有特效。
葉斑病
初期在葉片上(shang)呈水浸狀壞死斑(ban),后迅速變深褐(he)色,病(bing)斑(ban)上(shang)長有明、暗(an)相間(jian)的同(tong)心輪紋,外圍有黃色暈圈。發病(bing)初期及時剪去病(bing)斑(ban)或病(bing)葉,并集中燒(shao)毀。發病(bing)初期噴灑14%絡(luo)氨銅水劑350-500 倍液,每(mei)隔(ge)7-10天(tian)一(yi)次,連續防治2-3 次。
景觀用途:風鈴(ling)草(cao)適(shi)于配置小庭園作花(hua)(hua)壇、花(hua)(hua)境材料(liao)。若用風鈴(ling)草(cao)和(he)觀賞向日葵為主(zhu)材,配上常春藤、海(hai)金砂(sha)、絲石竹(zhu)籃插(cha)、表現生機蓬勃、欣(xin)(xin)欣(xin)(xin)向榮的歡樂(le)氣氛。如以(yi)紫色風鈴(ling)草(cao)為主(zhu)花(hua)(hua),配上白色百合、飛燕草(cao)、天門冬做花(hua)(hua)插(cha),將顯得嫻靜柔美。
花壇表(biao)現(xian):作為(wei)一年生花卉(hui),風鈴(ling)草在冬(dong)季(ji)溫暖地區越冬(dong),可用于(yu)花壇,巖(yan)竹園或園林(lin)中的邊(bian)境(jing)或邊(bian)緣種植。盆栽(zai)于(yu)可15-20厘米(mi)花盆中的風鈴(ling)草可放在半陰(yin)至(zhi)全陽光(guang)下養護。