風鈴草多(duo)數(shu)為多(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)草本,有(you)的(de)(de)具細長(chang)而(er)橫走的(de)(de)根(gen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)莖,有(you)的(de)(de)具短的(de)(de)莖基(ji)而(er)根(gen)加粗,多(duo)少(shao)肉質,少(shao)為一(yi)年生(sheng)(sheng)草本。葉全互(hu)生(sheng)(sheng),基(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)葉有(you)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蓮(lian)座狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單朵(duo)(duo)頂生(sheng)(sheng),或多(duo)朵(duo)(duo)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聚傘花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu),聚傘花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)有(you)時集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圓錐花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu),也有(you)時退化,既無(wu)總梗,亦無(wu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為由數(shu)朵(duo)(duo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)頭狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼與子房(fang)貼生(sheng)(sheng),裂(lie)片(pian)5枚(mei),有(you)時裂(lie)片(pian)間(jian)有(you)附屬物。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠鐘狀(zhuang)(zhuang),漏斗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)鐘形,有(you)時幾乎輻狀(zhuang)(zhuang),5裂(lie)。雄(xiong)蕊(rui)離生(sheng)(sheng),極少(shao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)不同程度地相(xiang)互(hu)粘合,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲基(ji)部擴大成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)長(chang)棒(bang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。柱頭3-5裂(lie),裂(lie)片(pian)弧狀(zhuang)(zhuang)反卷或螺(luo)旋(xuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卷曲。無(wu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)盤。子房(fang)下位,3-5室。蒴果3-5室,帶(dai)有(you)宿存的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼裂(lie)片(pian),在(zai)側面的(de)(de)頂端或在(zai)基(ji)部孔(kong)裂(lie)。種子多(duo)數(shu),橢圓狀(zhuang)(zhuang),平(ping)滑。
喜(xi)(xi)夏(xia)季涼爽、冬季溫(wen)和(he)的(de)氣候(hou),喜(xi)(xi)光(guang)照充足(zu)環境,可耐半陰。風鈴花對溫(wen)度比(bi)較敏感,生(sheng)長適溫(wen)13℃-18℃,發(fa)芽適溫(wen)為(wei)20℃-22℃,冬季溫(wen)度低于2℃則停止生(sheng)長,莖葉開始枯黃。夏(xia)季28℃以上的(de)高溫(wen)對植株生(sheng)長不利,30℃-35℃。
以上的高(gao)溫(wen),植株葉(xie)片會變(bian)(bian)黃脫落,甚至全株枯(ku)萎。風鈴(ling)花(hua)(hua)在(zai)珠海地區夏(xia)、秋季(ji)不(bu)適合種植,在(zai)冬、春季(ji)種植較為(wei)適宜(yi)。風鈴(ling)花(hua)(hua)喜干(gan)耐旱,忌水(shui)濕。因此(ci),在(zai)雨天過(guo)多(duo)或土壤排(pai)水(shui)不(bu)良情況下生(sheng)長不(bu)好(hao),導致葉(xie)片變(bian)(bian)黃,植株細(xi)長,節(jie)間伸(shen)長,花(hua)(hua)朵(duo)變(bian)(bian)小,可通過(guo)控制(zhi)澆(jiao)水(shui)調節(jie)植株高(gao)度(du)。
風鈴花對土壤(rang)要求不嚴,以(yi)含豐富(fu)腐殖質、疏(shu)松(song)透(tou)氣的沙質土壤(rang)為(wei)好。基質pH 值在5.5-6.2 之間(jian)為(wei)宜。
風鈴(ling)花(hua)(hua)的繁殖以(yi)(yi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為主。廣東(dong)地區以(yi)(yi)初秋(qiu)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為好,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)般在農歷(li)7月下旬至8月初進(jin)行,到(dao)春節即(ji)可(ke)開花(hua)(hua)。從播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)到(dao)開花(hua)(hua)需6個月左右,也(ye)可(ke)根據開花(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)確定播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。由于(yu)(yu)風鈴(ling)花(hua)(hua)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)細(xi)小(xiao),在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)首先要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇(ze)好苗(miao)床。苗(miao)床應選(xuan)陽光充(chong)足、地下水(shui)位(wei)高、排(pai)水(shui)良好、土(tu)質疏松(song)肥沃(wo)的沙(sha)質土(tu)壤。整地時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)細(xi)致,深翻碎土(tu)兩次以(yi)(yi)上,清除石頭、雜(za)草,碎土(tu)均勻,刮平地面。苗(miao)床主要(yao)(yao)害蟲有螻蛄、蠐(qi)螬、地老虎等,對苗(miao)床和苗(miao)木危(wei)害極大(da),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)要(yao)(yao)對土(tu)壤進(jin)行消(xiao)毒(du)。另外,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)先將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子浸泡10-12 小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)晾干,然后(hou)(hou)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子和沙(sha)按(an)1:5比(bi)(bi)例(li)混拌(ban)后(hou)(hou)再播(bo)(bo)。播(bo)(bo)前(qian)要(yao)(yao)澆透水(shui),然后(hou)(hou)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子均勻撒播(bo)(bo)于(yu)(yu)苗(miao)床,播(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)不再覆(fu)土(tu)或薄(bo)蓋過篩細(xi)土(tu)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)保持苗(miao)床微(wei)潮,但不要(yao)(yao)太濕,溫度在20℃-24℃范圍(wei)內,播(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)14-16天即(ji)可(ke)發(fa)芽。
風鈴草全屬二百多(duo)種,幾乎(hu)全在北溫帶,多(duo)數種類產(chan)于歐亞大(da)陸北部,少數在北美。我國近20種,主產(chan)西(xi)南山(shan)區,少數種類產(chan)北方,個別種也產(chan)廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西(xi)和湖北西(xi)部。
銹病
主(zhu)要危害風鈴(ling)花(hua)的葉(xie)片、莖部(bu)和芽(ya)。葉(xie)片發病呈黃綠色的皰狀水斑(ban),后逐漸擴大(da),皰狀斑(ban)破裂后露(lu)出紅褐色夏孢子堆,病斑(ban)周(zhou)圍的葉(xie)組織變為(wei)淡(dan)黃色,莖部(bu)和芽(ya)處的癥(zheng)狀與葉(xie)部(bu)相(xiang)似。受害植(zhi)株生長衰(shuai)弱,嚴重時葉(xie)子焦(jiao)枯。發病初期(qi)可用25% 的粉(fen)銹寧(ning)400~600倍液防治。
白粉病
真菌性(xing)病(bing)(bing)害(hai),常危害(hai)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian),也危害(hai)枝條(tiao)、花(hua)柄、花(hua)蕾、花(hua)芽(ya)及嫩梢等(deng)。表面常出現一層白色粉(fen)狀霉層,后期白粉(fen)狀霉層變為(wei)(wei)灰(hui)色,受害(hai)植(zhi)株(zhu)矮小,嫩葉(xie)(xie)扭(niu)曲(qu)、畸形(xing)、枯萎,葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)不(bu)開(kai)展、變小,枝條(tiao)畸形(xing)等(deng),嚴重時植(zhi)株(zhu)死(si)亡。防(fang)治方法為(wei)(wei)結合(he)修剪,剪除病(bing)(bing)殘枝并集中燒毀。加強(qiang)栽培管(guan)理(li),增施(shi)磷、鉀肥(fei)并控制氮肥(fei)的施(shi)用(yong)量(liang),提高植(zhi)株(zhu)的抗病(bing)(bing)性(xing)。選用(yong)抗病(bing)(bing)品(pin)種,發病(bing)(bing)初期或在未發病(bing)(bing)時進行預防(fang),噴(pen)施(shi)50% 多(duo)菌靈可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑800-1000 倍(bei)液,70% 甲(jia)基托布津可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑800 倍(bei)液,或25% 粉(fen)銹寧可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑400-600倍(bei)液,每周(zhou)噴(pen)一次,連續2-3 次,交(jiao)替(ti)使用(yong),對白粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)有特效。
葉斑病
初期在葉片上呈水浸狀(zhuang)壞(huai)死(si)斑(ban),后(hou)迅速變深褐色,病斑(ban)上長有(you)明(ming)、暗相間的同心輪紋,外圍(wei)有(you)黃色暈圈。發(fa)病初期及(ji)時剪去病斑(ban)或病葉,并集中燒毀。發(fa)病初期噴灑14%絡氨(an)銅水劑350-500 倍液(ye),每隔7-10天(tian)一次,連(lian)續防治(zhi)2-3 次。
景觀(guan)用途:風(feng)鈴草(cao)適于配(pei)置小庭園作花(hua)壇、花(hua)境材料。若(ruo)用風(feng)鈴草(cao)和觀(guan)賞向日葵為主材,配(pei)上(shang)常春藤、海金砂、絲石(shi)竹籃插(cha)、表現生機蓬勃、欣(xin)欣(xin)向榮的歡樂氣氛。如以紫色風(feng)鈴草(cao)為主花(hua),配(pei)上(shang)白色百合、飛燕草(cao)、天(tian)門冬做花(hua)插(cha),將(jiang)顯(xian)得嫻靜柔美(mei)。
花壇表(biao)現:作為一年生(sheng)花卉,風鈴(ling)草在冬季溫暖地區越(yue)冬,可用于花壇,巖竹園(yuan)或(huo)園(yuan)林中的邊(bian)境(jing)或(huo)邊(bian)緣(yuan)種植(zhi)。盆(pen)栽于可15-20厘米花盆(pen)中的風鈴(ling)草可放(fang)在半陰(yin)至(zhi)全陽(yang)光下養護(hu)。