一年生(sheng)或二(er)年生(sheng)草本,高(15)30-100厘米(mi)(mi)。莖直立,單生(sheng),有(you)縱(zong)棱,被白色糙毛,基部直徑6-7毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),或纖(xian)細(xi)達1毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),分枝斜(xie)升或不分枝。
下部(bu)莖(jing)(jing)葉(xie)花(hua)期脫落或(huo)生(sheng)存;中部(bu)莖(jing)(jing)葉(xie)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、菱狀(zhuang)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)匙形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)2.5-6厘米,寬2-4厘米,頂端(duan)漸尖,基部(bu)截形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣有(you)不規則的粗(cu)鋸(ju)齒(chi),兩面被稀疏的短硬毛,葉(xie)柄長(chang)2-4厘米,被白色短硬毛,有(you)狹翼;上部(bu)的莖(jing)(jing)葉(xie)漸小,菱狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)倒披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣有(you)1-2個(ge)鋸(ju)齒(chi),或(huo)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而全緣。
頭狀(zhuang)花(hua)序(xu)單生(sheng)于莖枝頂(ding)端,直徑6-8厘米(mi)(mi),有(you)長(chang)花(hua)序(xu)梗。總(zong)苞半球形,寬2-5厘米(mi)(mi);總(zong)苞片(pian)(pian)3層(ceng),近等長(chang),外層(ceng)長(chang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)形或匙形,葉質(zhi)(zhi),長(chang)1-2.4厘米(mi)(mi),寬2-4毫米(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端鈍,邊緣有(you)白色(se)長(chang)睫毛(mao),中層(ceng)匙形,較短,質(zhi)(zhi)地較薄,染紫色(se),內層(ceng)苞片(pian)(pian)長(chang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形,膜質(zhi)(zhi),半透明,頂(ding)端鈍。雌花(hua)1層(ceng),在圓(yuan)藝栽(zai)培中可為多層(ceng),紅(hong)色(se)、淡紅(hong)色(se)、藍色(se)、黃(huang)色(se)或淡藍紫色(se),舌(she)狀(zhuang)長(chang)2.5-3.5厘米(mi)(mi),寬2-7毫米(mi)(mi),有(you)長(chang)2-3毫米(mi)(mi)的短管(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu);兩性花(hua)花(hua)冠黃(huang)色(se),檐部(bu)(bu)(bu)長(chang)4-7毫米(mi)(mi),管(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)長(chang)1-1.5毫米(mi)(mi)。
瘦果長(chang)橢圓狀倒披針形(xing),稍扁,長(chang)3-3.5毫(hao)米,中部以上被柔毛。外(wai)層(ceng)冠毛宿存,內層(ceng)冠毛雪白色(se),不等長(chang),長(chang)3-4.5毫(hao)米,頂端漸尖,易脫(tuo)落。花果期:5-10月。
產于中(zhong)國(guo)吉林、遼寧、河北(bei)、山(shan)(shan)西、山(shan)(shan)東、云南(nan)以及四川省等。生長于山(shan)(shan)坡撩荒地、山(shan)(shan)坡草叢、水邊或疏林陰處。海拔(ba)30-2700米。通常(chang)引種(zhong)為(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物園(yuan)(yuan)、花(hua)園(yuan)(yuan)、庭院(yuan)及其他(ta)公共場(chang)所的(de)觀賞栽植(zhi)(zhi)。在日本(ben)、朝鮮都(dou)有廣泛的(de)栽培和野生類(lei)型。前蘇聯及歐洲其他(ta)各國(guo)的(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物園(yuan)(yuan)都(dou)有引種(zhong)作花(hua)卉觀賞。
翠菊為淺根性(xing)植物(wu),干燥季(ji)節注意水分供給。植株(zhu)健壯,不擇(ze)土(tu)壤,但(dan)具有喜(xi)(xi)(xi)肥(fei)性(xing),在肥(fei)沃(wo)沙質土(tu)壤中生長較(jiao)佳。喜(xi)(xi)(xi)陽光、喜(xi)(xi)(xi)濕(shi)(shi)潤、不耐澇(lao),高溫(wen)高濕(shi)(shi)易受病蟲危害。耐熱力(li)、耐寒力(li)均較(jiao)差。高型品種適(shi)應性(xing)較(jiao)強,隨處可栽,中矮型品種適(shi)應性(xing)較(jiao)差,要精細管理。
翠(cui)菊均(jun)(jun)采用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子繁殖,條播(bo)易出(chu)苗。在(zai)(zai)14-16度條件下4天(tian)發(fa)芽,10天(tian)左右出(chu)苗。一般多春(chun)播(bo),也可夏播(bo)和秋播(bo),播(bo)后(hou)2-3個月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)就(jiu)能開(kai)(kai)花。可根(gen)據需(xu)要分批播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)控制花期。矮型種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2-3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)溫室內播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)陽畦(qi)內播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),5-6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)即可開(kai)(kai)花;4-5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)露地播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)7-8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)開(kai)(kai)花;7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上旬播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),可在(zai)(zai)"十一"開(kai)(kai)花;8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上中旬播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),幼苗在(zai)(zai)冷床(chuang)中越(yue)冬,翌年(nian)"五一"開(kai)(kai)花。中型品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)5-6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),8-9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)開(kai)(kai)花;8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)冷床(chuang)越(yue)冬,翌年(nian)5-6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)開(kai)(kai)花。高型品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)夏皆可播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),均(jun)(jun)于(yu)秋季開(kai)(kai)花,但(dan)以初夏播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為宜,早播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)(kai)花時株(zhu)高葉老,下部葉枯黃。
銹病(bing):可拔(ba)除并銷毀病(bing)株,噴120到160倍(bei)等量式波爾多(duo)液或150到300倍(bei)敵銹鈉。
黑斑病:發病后應及時拔除(chu)銷毀病株并(bing)噴(pen)灑(sa)7%托布(bu)津800倍液防治。
病(bing)毒病(bing):需要及(ji)時拔除并銷魂病(bing)株,同時應(ying)消滅傳播病(bing)毒的昆蟲。
立枯(ku)病:種子播(bo)前(qian)進行消(xiao)毒,可(ke)以用(yong)1000到3000倍升汞水(shui)浸(jin)泡半小(xiao)時,不使土壤(rang)過濕,適當多施點(dian)磷鉀(jia)肥,及時拔除病株燒掉,用(yong)100倍福爾馬林進行土壤(rang)消(xiao)毒。
翠(cui)菊(ju)枯萎病:是翠(cui)菊(ju)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生普遍(bian)的嚴重病害(hai),自(zi)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)至開花(hua)期(qi)均可發(fa)(fa)(fa)生。植株發(fa)(fa)(fa)病后迅速枯萎死亡(wang)(wang)。幼苗(miao)(miao)受侵染后,可能(neng)(neng)在1周內(nei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)病,也可能(neng)(neng)直到植株成年也不發(fa)(fa)(fa)病。幼小植株發(fa)(fa)(fa)病時(shi),葉(xie)片全(quan)部(bu)萎蔫,根系常發(fa)(fa)(fa)生程度不同(tong)的腐爛。感病成株,發(fa)(fa)(fa)病初期(qi)葉(xie)片變(bian)為淡黃綠(lv)色,下部(bu)葉(xie)片首先萎蔫,莖上出現褐色長條斑,有時(shi)僅在植株的一側表現癥狀,根系常全(quan)部(bu)腐爛,最后導致整株萎蔫死亡(wang)(wang)。
防(fang)治:①減少侵(qin)染來源:及時拔(ba)除(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)集中銷毀。②選擇排水良(liang)好(hao)的地段種植(zhi)。合理施肥,氮肥不要過多。避(bi)免連(lian)作。③用(yong)福爾馬林和熱力進行土壤消(xiao)毒(du)。④避(bi)免農具等(deng)將苗床上(shang)的病(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun)帶到凈土中。⑤選用(yong)抗(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)品種。⑥藥劑防(fang)治:發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)初(chu)期,用(yong)50%多菌(jun)靈(ling)500倍液,或50%苯來特(te)可濕性粉劑灌根。
翠菊(ju)是(shi)國內外園(yuan)藝界非常(chang)重視的(de)觀賞(shang)植物。國際上將(jiang)矮生種(zhong)用于(yu)盆(pen)栽(zai)、花壇觀賞(shang),高稈種(zhong)用作(zuo)切花觀賞(shang)。翠菊(ju)在中國主(zhu)要(yao)用于(yu)盆(pen)栽(zai)和庭園(yuan)觀賞(shang)較(jiao)多,已成為重要(yao)的(de)盆(pen)栽(zai)花卉(hui)之(zhi)一。
花(hua)壇。翠菊的矮生品種(zhong)適(shi)宜于花(hua)壇布置和盆(pen)栽,高稈品種(zhong)常用于切(qie)花(hua)。如用紫藍色翠菊瓶插、裝飾窗(chuang)臺,顯得(de)古(gu)樸(pu)高雅(ya)(ya)。若以黃色翠菊和石斛(hu)為主花(hua),配以絲石竹、腎蕨、海(hai)芋進行壁插,素中(zhong)帶艷(yan),充滿時(shi)代感。翠菊盆(pen)栽顯得(de)古(gu)樸(pu)高雅(ya)(ya),球(qiu)狀型翠菊玲(ling)球(qiu)可愛,用它擺放窗(chuang)臺、陽(yang)臺和花(hua)架,異常新奇。群體配置廣場、花(hua)壇、廳堂,清新悅目,富有(you)(you)時(shi)代氣(qi)息(xi)。翠菊還有(you)(you)不少優良切(qie)花(hua)品種(zhong),當外層小(xiao)花(hua)開始(shi)開放時(shi)采(cai)切(qie),濕貯(zhu)于水中(zhong),在0-4℃下,可貯(zhu)存1-2周。
觀賞花(hua)木。翠菊柱形尺度多(duo)樣、花(hua)色豐富,是園林綠(lv)化(hua)中常用的(de)觀賞花(hua)卉品種,廣泛應(ying)用于各類景(jing)觀項(xiang)目(mu)。
花(hua)境(jing)。翠菊(ju)是組成花(hua)境(jing)的上好材料(liao),它(ta)與不同品種、不同尺度的應(ying)(ying)季植物組合(he)(he)成形(xing)式豐富的花(hua)境(jing),應(ying)(ying)用到適合(he)(he)的景(jing)觀空間(jian)中(zhong)。
陽臺及屋頂(ding)花園。翠菊是陽臺及屋頂(ding)花園等微型空間綠化美化的優質植物。具(ju)有花色豐富(fu)、花期長、觀賞(shang)效果良好等特點。
搭(da)配造(zao)景(jing)(jing)。翠菊在與其他景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)植物(wu)搭(da)配造(zao)景(jing)(jing)時(shi),常應(ying)用作(zuo)前景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)花卉(hui),其后(hou)以高大花卉(hui)或(huo)花灌木作(zuo)背景(jing)(jing),營造(zao)出(chu)豐富的景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)層次美和不同色彩的組合美。
菊(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)專類園。翠(cui)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)適合與其他(ta)不(bu)同品種、不(bu)同種類的菊(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)組合作菊(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)專類觀賞園。