一年(nian)生或(huo)(huo)二年(nian)生草本,高(15)30-100厘米(mi)。莖直(zhi)立,單生,有縱棱,被白(bai)色糙(cao)毛(mao),基部直(zhi)徑6-7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),或(huo)(huo)纖(xian)細(xi)達1毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),分枝(zhi)斜升或(huo)(huo)不(bu)分枝(zhi)。
下部莖葉花期脫(tuo)落或(huo)(huo)生存(cun);中(zhong)部莖葉卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)、菱(ling)狀卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)匙(chi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)2.5-6厘(li)米,寬2-4厘(li)米,頂端漸尖(jian),基部截形(xing)(xing)(xing)、楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣(yuan)有(you)不(bu)規(gui)則的(de)粗鋸齒(chi),兩面被稀(xi)疏的(de)短硬毛,葉柄長(chang)(chang)2-4厘(li)米,被白色(se)短硬毛,有(you)狹翼;上部的(de)莖葉漸小,菱(ling)狀披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)倒披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣(yuan)有(you)1-2個鋸齒(chi),或(huo)(huo)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)而全緣(yuan)。
頭狀花序(xu)單生于(yu)莖枝頂端(duan),直徑(jing)6-8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),有(you)長花序(xu)梗。總(zong)苞半球形,寬2-5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);總(zong)苞片(pian)3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),近等長,外層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)長橢圓(yuan)狀披(pi)針形或匙形,葉(xie)質(zhi),長1-2.4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬2-4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),頂端(duan)鈍(dun),邊緣有(you)白色(se)長睫(jie)毛,中層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)匙形,較短,質(zhi)地較薄,染紫色(se),內層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)苞片(pian)長橢圓(yuan)形,膜質(zhi),半透明,頂端(duan)鈍(dun)。雌花1層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),在圓(yuan)藝(yi)栽培中可為多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),紅色(se)、淡(dan)紅色(se)、藍色(se)、黃色(se)或淡(dan)藍紫色(se),舌狀長2.5-3.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬2-7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),有(you)長2-3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的短管(guan)(guan)部(bu);兩性花花冠(guan)黃色(se),檐部(bu)長4-7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),管(guan)(guan)部(bu)長1-1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
瘦果(guo)長橢圓狀倒(dao)披(pi)針形,稍扁(bian),長3-3.5毫(hao)米,中部以上被柔毛(mao)。外層冠(guan)毛(mao)宿存,內(nei)層冠(guan)毛(mao)雪白色,不等長,長3-4.5毫(hao)米,頂端漸尖,易脫(tuo)落(luo)。花果(guo)期:5-10月。
產于中國吉林、遼寧、河(he)北、山西、山東、云南以及四川省等。生(sheng)長于山坡(po)撩(liao)荒地、山坡(po)草(cao)叢、水(shui)邊或疏(shu)林陰處。海(hai)拔30-2700米。通常引(yin)種為(wei)植物(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)、花園(yuan)(yuan)、庭(ting)院及其(qi)他(ta)公共場所(suo)的觀(guan)(guan)賞(shang)栽植。在(zai)日(ri)本、朝鮮都有(you)廣(guang)泛的栽培(pei)和野生(sheng)類(lei)型(xing)。前蘇(su)聯(lian)及歐洲其(qi)他(ta)各國的植物(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)都有(you)引(yin)種作花卉觀(guan)(guan)賞(shang)。
翠菊為淺根性(xing)植物,干燥(zao)季節注(zhu)意水分供給(gei)。植株健壯,不擇土壤(rang),但具(ju)有(you)喜肥(fei)(fei)性(xing),在肥(fei)(fei)沃沙質土壤(rang)中生(sheng)長較(jiao)佳。喜陽光、喜濕潤、不耐(nai)澇,高(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)濕易受病蟲(chong)危害。耐(nai)熱力(li)、耐(nai)寒力(li)均較(jiao)差。高(gao)型(xing)品種適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)較(jiao)強,隨(sui)處可栽,中矮(ai)型(xing)品種適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)較(jiao)差,要精細(xi)管理。
翠(cui)菊均采用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子繁殖,條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)易(yi)出苗。在(zai)14-16度(du)條(tiao)件下(xia)4天(tian)發(fa)芽(ya),10天(tian)左(zuo)右出苗。一般(ban)多春播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),也可(ke)夏(xia)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)和秋播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)后(hou)2-3個月(yue)就能開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)。可(ke)根據需要分批播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)控制(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)。矮型(xing)(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2-3月(yue)在(zai)溫(wen)室(shi)內(nei)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或3月(yue)在(zai)陽畦內(nei)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),5-6月(yue)即可(ke)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua);4-5月(yue)露(lu)地播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)7-8月(yue)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua);7月(yue)上旬(xun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),可(ke)在(zai)"十(shi)一"開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua);8月(yue)上中(zhong)旬(xun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),幼(you)苗在(zai)冷床(chuang)中(zhong)越(yue)冬,翌年"五(wu)一"開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)。中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)5-6月(yue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),8-9月(yue)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua);8月(yue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需冷床(chuang)越(yue)冬,翌年5-6月(yue)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)。高型(xing)(xing)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春夏(xia)皆可(ke)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),均于(yu)秋季開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua),但(dan)以初夏(xia)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)宜,早(zao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)時株高葉老,下(xia)部葉枯黃。
銹病:可拔除并銷毀病株,噴120到160倍等量式波爾(er)多液或150到300倍敵銹鈉。
黑(hei)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing):發病(bing)(bing)(bing)后應及時拔除銷毀病(bing)(bing)(bing)株并噴灑7%托布津800倍液防治(zhi)。
病(bing)毒(du)(du)病(bing):需要及時(shi)拔除(chu)并銷(xiao)魂(hun)病(bing)株,同時(shi)應(ying)消滅傳播病(bing)毒(du)(du)的昆(kun)蟲。
立枯病:種子播前進行消毒(du),可以用(yong)1000到(dao)3000倍(bei)升汞水浸泡半小時,不(bu)使土壤過濕(shi),適當多施點磷鉀(jia)肥(fei),及時拔除病株燒掉,用(yong)100倍(bei)福(fu)爾(er)馬林進行土壤消毒(du)。
翠菊(ju)枯(ku)萎(wei)(wei)病(bing):是翠菊(ju)發(fa)生(sheng)普遍的(de)嚴重(zhong)病(bing)害,自(zi)苗(miao)期至開花期均可(ke)發(fa)生(sheng)。植株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)病(bing)后迅(xun)速枯(ku)萎(wei)(wei)死(si)亡。幼苗(miao)受侵(qin)染(ran)后,可(ke)能(neng)在1周內發(fa)病(bing),也可(ke)能(neng)直到植株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)年也不(bu)發(fa)病(bing)。幼小(xiao)植株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)病(bing)時(shi),葉片(pian)全部(bu)萎(wei)(wei)蔫(nian),根(gen)系(xi)常發(fa)生(sheng)程度(du)不(bu)同的(de)腐(fu)爛。感病(bing)成(cheng)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),發(fa)病(bing)初期葉片(pian)變為淡黃綠色,下部(bu)葉片(pian)首(shou)先萎(wei)(wei)蔫(nian),莖上出現褐色長條斑,有(you)時(shi)僅在植株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)一側表現癥狀,根(gen)系(xi)常全部(bu)腐(fu)爛,最后導致整株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)萎(wei)(wei)蔫(nian)死(si)亡。
防治:①減少侵染來源:及(ji)時拔除病株(zhu)集中銷毀。②選擇排(pai)水良好的地(di)段種(zhong)植。合理施肥,氮肥不要過多。避(bi)免連作。③用福爾(er)馬林和熱力進行土壤消(xiao)毒(du)。④避(bi)免農(nong)具等將苗床上的病菌(jun)(jun)帶到凈土中。⑤選用抗病品種(zhong)。⑥藥劑防治:發病初期,用50%多菌(jun)(jun)靈500倍液,或50%苯來特可濕性粉劑灌根。
翠(cui)菊是國(guo)內外園藝界非常重視的(de)觀賞植物(wu)。國(guo)際(ji)上將矮生種用(yong)于盆栽(zai)、花壇(tan)觀賞,高稈種用(yong)作切花觀賞。翠(cui)菊在中國(guo)主要(yao)用(yong)于盆栽(zai)和庭園觀賞較(jiao)多(duo),已成為重要(yao)的(de)盆栽(zai)花卉之一。
花壇(tan)。翠菊(ju)(ju)的矮生品種(zhong)適宜于花壇(tan)布置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)盆(pen)栽(zai),高(gao)(gao)稈品種(zhong)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)于切花。如用(yong)紫藍色翠菊(ju)(ju)瓶(ping)插、裝(zhuang)飾窗臺(tai),顯得古樸高(gao)(gao)雅。若(ruo)以黃色翠菊(ju)(ju)和(he)石斛為主花,配以絲石竹(zhu)、腎蕨、海芋(yu)進行壁(bi)插,素中(zhong)帶艷(yan),充滿(man)時代感。翠菊(ju)(ju)盆(pen)栽(zai)顯得古樸高(gao)(gao)雅,球狀型(xing)翠菊(ju)(ju)玲(ling)球可愛,用(yong)它(ta)擺放窗臺(tai)、陽臺(tai)和(he)花架,異常(chang)(chang)新奇(qi)。群(qun)體配置(zhi)(zhi)廣場、花壇(tan)、廳(ting)堂,清新悅目,富有(you)時代氣息(xi)。翠菊(ju)(ju)還有(you)不少優良切花品種(zhong),當外(wai)層小花開始開放時采切,濕貯(zhu)于水中(zhong),在0-4℃下(xia),可貯(zhu)存1-2周。
觀賞花木。翠菊柱形尺度多樣、花色豐富,是園林綠化(hua)中常用(yong)的觀賞花卉(hui)品種,廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)各類景觀項目。
花(hua)境。翠菊是(shi)組成花(hua)境的上好材料,它與不同品種(zhong)、不同尺(chi)度的應(ying)季植物(wu)組合成形式豐富(fu)的花(hua)境,應(ying)用到(dao)適合的景觀空(kong)間中。
陽臺及屋頂(ding)(ding)花園。翠菊(ju)是陽臺及屋頂(ding)(ding)花園等(deng)微型空間綠化美(mei)化的優質植物。具有花色豐富、花期長、觀賞效果良好等(deng)特點(dian)。
搭配造景(jing)。翠菊(ju)在與其他景(jing)觀(guan)植物搭配造景(jing)時,常應(ying)用作前(qian)景(jing)觀(guan)花卉(hui)(hui),其后以高大花卉(hui)(hui)或(huo)花灌木作背景(jing),營造出豐富的景(jing)觀(guan)層(ceng)次美和不(bu)同色(se)彩的組合美。
菊(ju)花(hua)專類(lei)園(yuan)。翠菊(ju)適合(he)與其他不(bu)同品種(zhong)、不(bu)同種(zhong)類(lei)的菊(ju)花(hua)組(zu)合(he)作菊(ju)花(hua)專類(lei)觀賞(shang)園(yuan)。