灌木,高達4米(mi)。枝直立,粗壯,灰褐色(se),具(ju)皮(pi)(pi)孔(kong)(kong),小枝淡灰棕色(se),無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)被(bei)微柔毛(mao),具(ju)皮(pi)(pi)孔(kong)(kong)。葉(xie)片卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),橢圓狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、寬橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至倒卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-11(-15)厘(li)(li)米(mi),寬1.5-6(-11)厘(li)(li)米(mi),先端(duan)(duan)銳尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)短漸尖(jian),基部楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)寬楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至近圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),上面深綠色(se),無(wu)毛(mao),下(xia)面粉綠色(se),貼生疏(shu)柔毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)僅(jin)沿(yan)葉(xie)脈被(bei)須狀(zhuang)(zhuang)柔毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)柔毛(mao),稀(xi)無(wu)毛(mao);葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.8-2.5厘(li)(li)米(mi),無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)略被(bei)柔毛(mao)。圓錐(zhui)花(hua)(hua)序直立,由(you)頂芽(ya)抽生,長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塔(ta)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)5-13(-17)厘(li)(li)米(mi),寬3-10厘(li)(li);米(mi);花(hua)(hua)序軸(zhou)與花(hua)(hua)梗、花(hua)(hua)萼(e)無(wu)毛(mao),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)被(bei)微柔毛(mao)、短柔毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)柔毛(mao);花(hua)(hua)序軸(zhou)具(ju)皮(pi)(pi)孔(kong)(kong);花(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.5-1.5毫米(mi);花(hua)(hua)芳香;花(hua)(hua)萼(e)長(chang)(chang)(chang)2-4毫米(mi),萼(e)齒銳尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)鈍;花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)淡紫(zi)紅(hong)色(se)、粉紅(hong)色(se)至白色(se),花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)管細弱,稀(xi)較粗達3毫米(mi),近圓柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.7-1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi),裂片成熟時呈直角向外(wai)展開,卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓狀(zhuang)(zhuang)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5毫米(mi),先端(duan)(duan)內彎(wan)呈兜狀(zhuang)(zhuang)而(er)具(ju)喙,喙凸(tu)出;花(hua)(hua)藥(yao)黃(huang)色(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)3毫米(mi),位于花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)管喉部或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)稍凸(tu)出。果長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi),寬約(yue)6毫米(mi),先端(duan)(duan)凸(tu)尖(jian),皮(pi)(pi)孔(kong)(kong)不明顯(xian)。
產于(yu)河(he)北(bei)、山西。生(sheng)山坡灌叢或溝邊、河(he)旁,海拔1 200-2 200米。
生山坡(po)叢林(lin)、山溝溪邊、山谷(gu)路旁(pang)、灘地(di)(di)水邊,山谷(gu)灌叢中(zhong)或(huo)河邊溝旁(pang),海拔900-2100米。庭園普遍栽(zai)培。喜(xi)光(guang),喜(xi)溫暖、濕潤(run)及陽(yang)光(guang)充足。稍耐(nai)陰,陰處或(huo)半(ban)陰處生長衰弱,開花稀少。具(ju)有(you)一定耐(nai)寒性(xing)和(he)較(jiao)強的(de)(de)耐(nai)旱力。對土壤(rang)的(de)(de)要求不嚴,耐(nai)瘠薄,喜(xi)肥沃、排水良(liang)(liang)好的(de)(de)土壤(rang),忌(ji)在低洼地(di)(di)種植,積水會(hui)引起病害,直(zhi)至全株死亡。落葉后萌動前裸根移植,選土壤(rang)肥沃、排水良(liang)(liang)好的(de)(de)向陽(yang)處種植。
播(bo)種(zhong)、扦(qian)插、嫁接、分株、壓條繁殖(zhi)。播(bo)種(zhong)苗不(bu)易保持原有性狀,但(dan)常(chang)有新的(de)花(hua)色出(chu)現;種(zhong)子(zi)須經層積,翌春(chun)播(bo)種(zhong)。夏季用(yong)嫩枝扦(qian)插,成活(huo)率很高(gao)。
紅丁香生(sheng)長(chang)強健,枝干茂(mao)密,頂生(sheng)大型圓錐花序(xu)燦爛無比,花色(se)美(mei)麗芳香,抗病(bing)蟲害能力極強,對(dui)大氣污染、粉塵(chen)及氟(fu)化氫、二(er)氧化硫等有(you)(you)毒氣體有(you)(you)較(jiao)強的(de)吸(xi)附(fu)能力。故可(ke)作為西北城市(shi)城鎮行道(dao)樹、綠化、美(mei)化樹種,庭院(yuan)種植(zhi)或叢植(zhi)于(yu)(yu)草坪中(zhong)效(xiao)果更佳。丁香花中(zhong)可(ke)提取丁香酚(fen),可(ke)消炎(yan)(yan)治(zhi)病(bing),主治(zhi)牙科(ke)疾(ji)病(bing),防腐止痛。且(qie)豐富(fu)的(de)丁香酚(fen)對(dui)人的(de)大腦皮層中(zhong)樞神經(jing)有(you)(you)興(xing)奮作用,有(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)調節情緒(xu),提神養性(xing),促進健康,為優良(liang)的(de)保健原材料。且(qie)丁香酚(fen)中(zhong)所含的(de)化學物(wu)質,其殺菌(jun)能力比石灰酸高(gao)5倍以(yi)上,對(dui)肺炎(yan)(yan)雙(shuang)球菌(jun)、流感細菌(jun)等也(ye)有(you)(you)一定的(de)抑(yi)制(zhi)作用。同時(shi),丁香的(de)根、莖人藥,在(zai)藏醫中(zhong)稱之為“沉香”,可(ke)清(qing)心(xin)解熱,治(zhi)療頭(tou)痛、健忘(wang)和失眠等癥,也(ye)可(ke)鎮咳化痰,順氣平(ping)喘,主治(zhi)慢(man)性(xing)支氣管炎(yan)(yan)。