法國的長卷毛犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、匈牙(ya)利的水(shui)獵(lie)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、葡萄牙(ya)水(shui)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、愛爾蘭水(shui)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、西班牙(ya)獵(lie)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),甚至馬爾濟斯(si)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),都有可(ke)能是貴賓犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的祖先。
貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)在法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)被視為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)犬(quan)(quan)(quan),很(hen)多(duo)(duo)人認(ren)為(wei)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)原產(chan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),但(dan)(dan)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)仍(reng)對貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)起源爭執不休,都想把它(ta)(ta)(ta)據(ju)為(wei)己(ji)有。德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、前(qian)(qian)蘇(su)聯、意大利等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)均各抒己(ji)見,認(ren)為(wei)有些品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)產(chan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)他(ta)們(men)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia),如(ru)白(bai)毛(mao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)居多(duo)(duo),棕毛(mao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)產(chan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),黑毛(mao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)前(qian)(qian)蘇(su)聯為(wei)多(duo)(duo),茶褐色品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則以(yi)意大利為(wei)多(duo)(duo)。有些史學家(jia)(jia)深信,德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、前(qian)(qian)蘇(su)聯、法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)發展過程中,均扮演過極(ji)其(qi)重要的(de)角(jiao)色。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)起源于(yu)(yu)(yu)歐洲,具(ju)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)哪個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)還有爭議。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)以(yi)水中捕獵(lie)而(er)著(zhu)稱,是(shi)(shi)水獵(lie)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)只(zhi)有標(biao)準(zhun)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)具(ju)有工作能力(li)。它(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)聰明而(er)善解人意的(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。多(duo)(duo)年以(yi)來,它(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)直被認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)(shi)法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)根據(ju)體(ti)型(xing)(xing)(xing)大小被AKC標(biao)準(zhun)分為(wei)標(biao)準(zhun)型(xing)(xing)(xing),迷(mi)(mi)你型(xing)(xing)(xing),玩具(ju)型(xing)(xing)(xing)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。而(er)FCI把它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)分為(wei)大型(xing)(xing)(xing),中型(xing)(xing)(xing),迷(mi)(mi)你型(xing)(xing)(xing),玩具(ju)型(xing)(xing)(xing)四(si)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)氣質獨特,造(zao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)多(duo)(duo)變,贏得了許(xu)多(duo)(duo)人的(de)歡(huan)心,給人一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)漂亮(liang)的(de)、聰明的(de)印象(xiang)。值得注(zhu)意的(de)是(shi)(shi),并沒有泰迪這個品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan),泰迪不是(shi)(shi)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),它(ta)(ta)(ta)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)眾多(duo)(duo)美容造(zao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)中的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)名稱。
貴(gui)賓(bin)犬(quan)性格活潑,性情優(you)良,極(ji)易近人,是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)忠(zhong)實的犬(quan)種(zhong)(zhong)。非常敏捷,聰明而(er)優(you)雅(ya)的狗,正方形結構、比例勻(yun)稱(cheng),步伐有力而(er)自信(xin)。
它的(de)(de)被毛(mao)通常修(xiu)剪成傳統的(de)(de)形狀,被毛(mao)有卷曲(qu)型和繩(sheng)索型:卷曲(qu)型被毛(mao)粗(cu)硬、濃密:繩(sheng)索型被毛(mao)下垂(chui),身體各部(bu)位(wei)被毛(mao)長度不等,頸部(bu)、軀干、頭部(bu)和耳部(bu)的(de)(de)被毛(mao)很長。
它的頭(tou)顱頂部(bu)稍圓,眉頭(tou)隨淺(qian)但(dan)很清(qing)晰,面頰平坦(tan);眼睛顏色(se)很深(shen)呈卵(luan)圓形(xing),兩眼間距寬,眼神機警;吻部(bu)長直(zhi)而纖細,眼睛下方有輕微誒凹陷。頸部(bu)強(qiang)壯,頸長可以使頭(tou)部(bu)高高抬起;胸部(bu)深(shen)而擴張,肋部(bu)伸展(zhan)。后(hou)腳跟(gen)短,與(yu)地面垂直(zhi) 。
貴賓犬的(de)頭(tou)(tou)部較小的(de)犬,為了彌(mi)補這一缺(que)點,可把頭(tou)(tou)上的(de)毛(mao)(mao)留長(chang)些,并剪(jian)成圓(yuan)形,而(er)頸部的(de)被毛(mao)(mao)要(yao)自然垂下(xia),耳朵的(de)毛(mao)(mao)要(yao)留長(chang),這樣(yang)才顯(xian)得頭(tou)(tou)部稍大(da)而(er)美觀。頭(tou)(tou)部較大(da)的(de)犬,則應將(jiang)毛(mao)(mao)剪(jian)短(duan)(duan),而(er)頸部的(de)毛(mao)(mao)不需剪(jian)短(duan)(duan)。
貴賓犬(quan)的(de)(de)幼犬(quan)很容(rong)易患(huan)病,平時要(yao)特(te)別注意(yi)預防,注意(yi)它的(de)(de)飲食(shi)衛生。食(shi)物(wu)中(zhong)必(bi)須具有豐富的(de)(de)蛋(dan)白質,每天給(gei)予肉類不得少于100克。喂前(qian)要(yao)加等量的(de)(de)素食(shi)或餅干用(yong)水調和,同時應供給(gei)些(xie)新鮮清潔的(de)(de)飲水。
早晚應各梳毛1次,每次梳毛5分鐘。
梳毛要注意順序:由頸(jing)部(bu)(bu)開始,由前向后(hou)(hou),自(zi)上而下順次進行,即先從頸(jing)部(bu)(bu)到肩部(bu)(bu),然后(hou)(hou)依次背、胸、腰(yao)、腹(fu)、后(hou)(hou)軀,再(zai)梳(shu)(shu)頭部(bu)(bu),最(zui)后(hou)(hou)是四肢和尾部(bu)(bu),梳(shu)(shu)理(li)過程中應梳(shu)(shu)完一側再(zai)梳(shu)(shu)另(ling)一側。
梳毛的手法:梳(shu)毛(mao)(mao)應按順毛(mao)(mao)方向快速梳(shu)拉。許多人在(zai)給(gei)長(chang)毛(mao)(mao)犬梳(shu)毛(mao)(mao)時(shi),只梳(shu)表面的(de)長(chang)毛(mao)(mao)而忽略(lve)了下面的(de)細茸毛(mao)(mao)梳(shu)理(li)。犬的(de)底毛(mao)(mao),細軟而綿密,長(chang)期不梳(shu)理(li),會(hui)形成纏結,甚(shen)至(zhi)會(hui)引起濕疹、皮(pi)癬或其他皮(pi)膚病(bing)。因此在(zai)對長(chang)毛(mao)(mao)犬梳(shu)理(li)時(shi),應一層(ceng)一層(ceng)地梳(shu),還(huan)要把長(chang)毛(mao)(mao)翻起來,然(ran)后(hou)對其底毛(mao)(mao)進(jin)行(xing)梳(shu)理(li)。
梳子的種類:毛刷(shua)、彈性鋼絲(si)刷(shua)和(he)長而(er)疏的金(jin)屬梳(shu)。毛刷(shua)只能使(shi)長毛的末端(duan)蓬松,而(er)細(xi)茸毛卻梳(shu)不(bu)到。梳(shu)理長毛犬時,毛刷(shua)、彈性鋼絲(si)刷(shua)和(he)長而(er)疏的金(jin)屬梳(shu)應配合使(shi)用。
選用良(liang)種犬(quan)交配(pei)和繁(fan)殖,使(shi)犬(quan)的(de)優(you)秀品(pin)質在(zai)它(ta)們(men)的(de)后(hou)代身(shen)上(shang)得(de)到(dao)鞏固和發展(zhan),使(shi)人們(men)不希望的(de)缺點在(zai)它(ta)們(men)后(hou)代身(shen)上(shang)逐漸消失,這是選種的(de)目的(de)。
同一(yi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具(ju)(ju)有相同優良(liang)性狀的(de)(de)公(gong)犬(quan)和(he)母(mu)犬(quan)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)繁殖(zhi)時(shi),不(bu)(bu)但可(ke)以保證它(ta)(ta)們后(hou)代(dai)的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)純正,還可(ke)以在它(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai)身上(shang)鞏固和(he)發展它(ta)(ta)們雙親身上(shang)的(de)(de)那些(xie)優良(liang)品(pin)質,這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)繁殖(zhi)叫(jiao)純種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖(zhi)。用(yong)某一(yi)優良(liang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)公(gong)犬(quan)與另一(yi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)母(mu)犬(quan)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei),由(you)于(yu)它(ta)(ta)們各具(ju)(ju)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)優良(liang)性狀,因(yin)此(ci)可(ke)以獲得具(ju)(ju)有雙親不(bu)(bu)同優良(liang)品(pin)質的(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai),這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖(zhi)叫(jiao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間雜交(jiao)。使(shi)用(yong)兩個不(bu)(bu)同種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)公(gong)獸(shou)和(he)母(mu)獸(shou)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei),培(pei)育出的(de)(de)新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或具(ju)(ju)有新(xin)性狀的(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai),這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖(zhi)叫(jiao)混(hun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雜交(jiao),如使(shi)用(yong)公(gong)狼與優秀的(de)(de)母(mu)犬(quan)雜交(jiao),可(ke)以培(pei)育出對敵兇狠對主人溫順的(de)(de)新(xin)犬(quan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
動物都有性成熟的具體時間,性成熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體時(shi)(shi)(shi)間并(bing)不(bu)(bu)是最佳生育(yu)后(hou)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)年齡(ling),犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)也(ye)是這樣(yang)。以中(zhong)型犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)為(wei)例,它(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)在(zai)出生后(hou)7~8月(yue)齡(ling)開始性成熟,這時(shi)(shi)(shi)公犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)雖然都有(you)了(le)生育(yu)后(hou)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng) 力(li),但(dan)它(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軀體發(fa)育(yu)尚不(bu)(bu)健全,這時(shi)(shi)(shi)繁殖(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)會太(tai)好(hao)。就黑背、狼(lang)青、靈提、昆明犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)等來說,它(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)第一次繁殖(zhi)后(hou)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)齡(ling):母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)應從出生后(hou)18月(yue)齡(ling)或20月(yue)齡(ling)開始,這時(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軀體才發(fa)育(yu)完善,也(ye)具有(you)哺育(yu)乳犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li),因此(ci)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)應在(zai)第三次發(fa) 情期配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);公犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)育(yu)定型比(bi)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)晚,因此(ci),第一次配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)齡(ling)應在(zai)兩(liang)周(zhou)歲開始。公犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)年齡(ling)從兩(liang)周(zhou)歲可以延(yan)續到(dao)(dao)七八歲齡(ling),要想(xiang)得到(dao)(dao)良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優良后(hou)代(dai),配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)還必須(xu)加強(qiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang),注(zhu)意對它(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)進行適(shi)當訓(xun)練和(he)運動,不(bu)(bu)但(dan)要保持軀體健康、還要保持它(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)興奮工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性。
性成熟的犬每年發情(qing)(qing)兩次。春季發情(qing)(qing)期在3~5月,秋季發情(qing)(qing)期在9—11月,兩次發情(qing)(qing)間隔約6個月。就母犬來說,母犬發情(qing)(qing)以母犬陰(yin)道流血為(wei)標志:陰(yin)道流血一般持(chi)續21天左右,但(dan)老齡母犬發情(qing)(qing)期陰(yin)道流血可能稍短一兩天:
母犬發情期的主要特征:
1、發(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)唇(chun)腫(zhong)脹、肥大、外突、初(chu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)粉(fen)紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se),明顯充血(xue)(xue)并有少量黏液伴(ban)隨血(xue)(xue)液從母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)道(dao)(dao)流出。隨著(zhu)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延續,流出的(de)(de)(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)量逐(zhu)日(ri)增(zeng)加,血(xue)(xue)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)也(ye)由粉(fen)紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)變為(wei)深紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se):發(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第8天(tian)(tian),血(xue)(xue)量最(zui)多最(zui)濃,血(xue)(xue)色(se)(se)(se)最(zui)深。第9天(tian)(tian)以后血(xue)(xue)量漸(jian)少,濃度漸(jian)稀,這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)陰(yin)唇(chun)也(ye)逐(zhu)漸(jian)變為(wei)暗紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)。由于這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)陰(yin)唇(chun)腫(zhong)脹漸(jian)消,開始(shi)出現(xian)皺紋,發(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)進入了(le)排(pai)卵期(qi)(qi)(qi)。排(pai)卵期(qi)(qi)(qi)大約持續5—6天(tian)(tian),這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)樂意接受公犬(quan)爬(pa)跨(kua)。隨著(zhu)排(pai)卵期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延伸,發(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)求愛表現(xian)日(ri)熾,直到發(fa)情(qing)(qing)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第16天(tian)(tian),母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)開始(shi)討厭(yan)公犬(quan)糾(jiu)纏、這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)道(dao)(dao)仍(reng)有血(xue)(xue)水(shui)流出,到第21天(tian)(tian)時(shi),陰(yin)道(dao)(dao)流血(xue)(xue)停止,陰(yin)唇(chun)腫(zhong)脹消退,母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)結束。
2、發(fa)(fa)情(qing)期母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)表(biao)情(qing)興奮。隨著發(fa)(fa)情(qing)期的(de)(de)(de)持續,母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)興奮增強,表(biao)情(qing)比平(ping)時恍(huang)惚不(bu)(bu)安,吠聲(sheng)粗大,雙目發(fa)(fa)亮。發(fa)(fa)情(qing)熾期,母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)坐(zuo)臥(wo)不(bu)(bu)安,食欲銳(rui)減,拴養的(de)(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)(bu)斷對空發(fa)(fa)出(chu)求偶吠,養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)者(zhe)這時如果用(yong)手按壓母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)腰部(bu)或(huo)撫摸犬(quan)(quan)(quan)尾(wei)時,母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)站(zhan)立(li)不(bu)(bu)動(dong),或(huo)把犬(quan)(quan)(quan)尾(wei)偏向一側(ce),犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)陰唇不(bu)(bu)斷抽動(dong),并(bing)且陰門頻頻開啟和閉合(he),這時如用(yong)性成熟的(de)(de)(de)公犬(quan)(quan)(quan)試情(qing)時,發(fa)(fa)情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)后肢叉開,出(chu)現主動(dong)接受交配(pei)狀。養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)者(zhe)在犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)期,一定要密切觀察發(fa)(fa)情(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)上述變化和表(biao)情(qing),一定要記(ji)住母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)開始(母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)陰道(dao)流血第一天(tian))的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)子(zi),以便推算出(chu)該母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)最佳的(de)(de)(de)交配(pei)日(ri)(ri):只有在最佳交配(pei)日(ri)(ri)配(pei)種,才能提高母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)受胎率和產仔數。
根據觀(guan)察(cha)研(yan)究和(he)養(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)踐證明:發育正常母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)發情期(qi)共21天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情的(de)(de)第(di)(di)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)至第(di)(di)13天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)是最(zui)佳的(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)日配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)最(zui)易(yi)受(shou)(shou)(shou)孕(yun)。所以(yi)一般在母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情的(de)(de)第(di)(di)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)進行首(shou)次(ci)(ci)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei),以(yi)后(hou)每(mei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)1次(ci)(ci),連續交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)4次(ci)(ci),最(zui)后(hou)1次(ci)(ci)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)是母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情的(de)(de)第(di)(di)13天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian);或在母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情第(di)(di)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)首(shou)次(ci)(ci)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei),以(yi)后(hou)每(mei)隔1天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)1次(ci)(ci),在最(zui)佳配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)日交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)2次(ci)(ci)。 就(jiu)發情母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)外生殖器的(de)(de)變化來說,到(dao)了第(di)(di)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)最(zui)佳配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)日時(shi)(shi)(shi),發情母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)腫脹的(de)(de)陰(yin)唇(chun)已明顯消退,顏色呈(cheng)暗紅色,陰(yin)唇(chun)周圍出(chu)現(xian)皺紋,養(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者用手指觸動刺激發情母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)唇(chun)時(shi)(shi)(shi),犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)唇(chun)神(shen)經很敏感,會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)有節律的(de)(de)收縮(suo),母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)還會(hui)本能地叉開(kai)后(hou)肢,出(chu)現(xian)接受(shou)(shou)(shou)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)狀。 就(jiu)發情母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)這時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)生理(li)狀況來說,當母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)接受(shou)(shou)(shou)公犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)、子宮受(shou)(shou)(shou)到(dao)精(jing)子刺激后(hou),12~14小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)始排卵,排卵時(shi)(shi)(shi)間持續12~48小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)。公犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)射入母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)體(ti)內的(de)(de)精(jing)子,在母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)子宮里存(cun)活48小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)左右,這時(shi)(shi)(shi)遇到(dao)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)卵子則結合“坐胎”。在母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情的(de)(de)第(di)(di)10~13天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)排卵期(qi)連續交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)或隔日交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei),都會(hui)獲得最(zui)佳的(de)(de)受(shou)(shou)(shou)胎效果。
母犬(quan)的(de)(de)懷(huai)胎(tai)期(qi)為58~65天(tian)(tian),平均62天(tian)(tian)。其中,大型(xing)犬(quan)和中型(xing)犬(quan)的(de)(de)孕(yun)期(qi)約63天(tian)(tian),哈巴狗等小型(xing)犬(quan)的(de)(de)孕(yun)期(qi)約60天(tian)(tian)。為了保證繁殖的(de)(de)后代品種(zhong)純(chun)正,母犬(quan)配(pei)種(zhong)后的(de)(de)最初幾天(tian)(tian),不許該母犬(quan)接近其他(ta)品種(zhong)的(de)(de)公犬(quan),以免所產子(zi)代不純(chun)。
母(mu)犬(quan)孕(yun)期喂(wei)養要精(jing)心,飼(si)料營養要豐富,數量要充(chong)足,任(ren)其自由取(qu)食。還必須喂(wei)點(dian)軟骨、青綠鮮菜、魚肝油等(deng)。孕(yun)犬(quan)要有適(shi)當的活(huo)(huo)動,懷孕(yun)第一個(ge)月的母(mu)犬(quan),每天(tian)(tian)可以進(jin)行專業(ye)科目(mu)訓練活(huo)(huo)動;懷孕(yun)第二(er)個(ge)月開(kai)始,孕(yun)犬(quan)停止(zhi)訓練,不(bu)許跳(tiao)躍,也不(bu)許參加專業(ye)活(huo)(huo)動,但每天(tian)(tian)主(zhu)人要帶(dai)它(ta)散步兩小時。活(huo)(huo)動不(bu)適(shi)當,對孕(yun)犬(quan)很(hen)有害(hai)。
狂犬病
其是(shi)(shi)由濾過性(xing)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)引(yin)起的(de)急(ji)性(xing)傳染病(bing)(bing),該病(bing)(bing)人畜共患,危害十分(fen)嚴重(zhong),死亡率(lv)幾乎100%,至(zhi)今無藥可醫,注(zhu)射(she)(she)狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)是(shi)(shi)惟一的(de)有(you)效預(yu)防(fang)措施(shi)。目前我(wo)國生產的(de)預(yu)防(fang)狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)的(de)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)有(you)兩種:狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)弱(ruo)毒(du)(du)細胞凍(dong)干苗(miao)和(he)狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)。狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)弱(ruo)毒(du)(du)細胞凍(dong)干苗(miao),用滅菌水稀釋(shi)后(hou)(hou),不論(lun)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)只大小,一律(lv)皮下(xia)注(zhu)射(she)(she)1毫升,免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)期(qi)1年。狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao),體(ti)重(zhong)4千克(ke)以下(xia)的(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan),每次注(zhu)射(she)(she)3毫升;體(ti)重(zhong)4千克(ke)以上(shang)的(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan),每次注(zhu)射(she)(she)5毫升,免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)期(qi)半年。此外,注(zhu)射(she)(she)五(wu)聯苗(miao)或六(liu)聯苗(miao),更是(shi)(shi)預(yu)防(fang)狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)等多種疫(yi)(yi)病(bing)(bing)的(de)良法:上(shang)述疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)接(jie)種后(hou)(hou)雖無明顯的(de)不良反應,但(dan)應按說明注(zhu)射(she)(she)。
蛔蟲病
其是傳播(bo)很廣泛(fan)的(de)腸道寄生蟲(chong)病(bing),嚴(yan)重影響(xiang)幼犬和青(qing)年(nian)犬的(de)正常(chang)發育(yu)。
偽狂犬病
本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)是由病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒引起的(de)(de)(de)多種家(jia)畜和野生動物共患(huan)的(de)(de)(de)傳染(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing),豬的(de)(de)(de)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)率高,犬(quan)(quan)也感染(ran)。犬(quan)(quan)是由于吃了患(huan)偽狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)牛肉、豬肉、鼠(shu)肉等被(bei)感染(ran),或(huo)由犬(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)傷(shang)口感染(ran)所致(zhi)。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)死亡(wang)率高,但并(bing)不向外排泄病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒。病(bing)(bing)(bing)初凝視、沉郁、搔抓受傷(shang)處(chu)。傷(shang)口周圍紅腫,病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)呻(shen)吟、拒食(shi)、嘔吐,啃咬異物,咽麻痹,流口涎,出(chu)現類似狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)癥狀而死亡(wang)。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)以預(yu)防(fang)為(wei)主:嚴(yan)禁犬(quan)(quan)進入(ru)豬舍,對(dui)4月齡以上的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)犬(quan)(quan)注(zhu)射偽狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)弱毒疫苗是良策(ce)。
犬細小病毒病
本(ben)病(bing)(bing)是(shi)近幾(ji)年分別發(fa)現由病(bing)(bing)畜(chu)的(de)糞(fen)、尿,唾(tuo)液等(deng)感染(ran)的(de)犬(quan)科動物傳染(ran)病(bing)(bing)。主要危害幼(you)犬(quan)。腸(chang)炎型的(de)病(bing)(bing)人精(jing)神不振(zhen),體溫升高,拒食、嘔吐、腹瀉,排出稀糊便(bian)、水樣便(bian)和噴射(she)(she)式排出番茄樣的(de)臭便(bian),不久因(yin)脫(tuo)水死(si)亡,心(xin)肌型的(de)病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)腹瀉輕,往(wang)往(wang)突然(ran)死(si)于呼吸困難。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)易(yi)誤診為腸(chang)炎、痢疾、肺炎等(deng)。病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)死(si)亡率10%—50%,病(bing)(bing)犬(quan)由獸(shou)醫(yi)對癥治療(liao),注(zhu)射(she)(she)抗毒素1號(hao)對本(ben)病(bing)(bing)有(you)較好的(de)療(liao)效。發(fa)病(bing)(bing)前注(zhu)射(she)(she)犬(quan)細小病(bing)(bing)毒疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)或五聯疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)是(shi)預(yu)防(fang)本(ben)病(bing)(bing)的(de)上策。
犬瘟熱
本(ben)病(bing)(bing)是病(bing)(bing)毒引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)急(ji)性傳染病(bing)(bing),主(zhu)要(yao)危害3—12月齡的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)犬。病(bing)(bing)犬食(shi)欲(yu)減退、嘔(ou)吐、倦(juan)怠(dai)、寒戰、咳嗽、高燒,糞(fen)便(bian)惡(e)臭或(huo)(huo)帶血;跟怕光、流淚,流鼻涕或(huo)(huo)膿樣(yang)鼻液,出現支氣管炎或(huo)(huo)肺炎病(bing)(bing)變;軀體痙攣樣(yang)運(yun)動,尖叫(jiao)狂奔(ben),口吐白沫或(huo)(huo)倒地抽搐,病(bing)(bing)程或(huo)(huo)長或(huo)(huo)短,愈后(hou)往往有(you)后(hou)軀無(wu)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)遺癥(zheng),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)個月后(hou)死亡(wang)。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)多發生(sheng)在寒冷的(de)(de)(de)10—4月,病(bing)(bing)死率高。治療本(ben)病(bing)(bing)可注(zhu)射安乃近(jin)、肌肉注(zhu)射青霉素或(huo)(huo)口服(fu)磺胺類藥物。斷奶的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)犬接種五聯疫(yi)苗是預防(fang)本(ben)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)上策。
犬傳染性肝炎
本(ben)病(bing)是由犬傳染肝(gan)炎病(bing)毒引(yin)起(qi)的(de)急性敗(bai)血性傳染病(bing),主要(yao)侵害1歲齡以內的(de)幼犬。本(ben)病(bing)初(chu)起(qi),體溫升至41℃,倦怠、渴飲、腹(fu)瀉、便血、怕光、拱背等。幼犬死亡率(lv)高(gao);成(cheng)年犬耐過危險期可康復。本(ben)病(bing)輸液和(he)補充(chong)維生素B、維生素C治療,注(zhu)射抗生素預防感染,口服肝(gan)太樂護肝(gan)。
犬結核病
結(jie)(jie)核(he)病(bing)(bing)有(you)人型(xing)(xing)、牛型(xing)(xing)、禽(qin)型(xing)(xing)三種。犬結(jie)(jie)核(he)病(bing)(bing)由(you)人型(xing)(xing)或(huo)牛型(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)核(he)病(bing)(bing)菌引起。幼犬易發病(bing)(bing),對人也有(you)威脅。患(huan)開(kai)放性肺結(jie)(jie)核(he)的病(bing)(bing)犬,應撲殺(sha)和深埋處理,以免擴大傳染(ran)。
大腦膜炎
本病由腦(nao)膜炎病原菌感染發病。病犬陣發性 肌(ji)肉僵直或抽搐,角弓反張。病犬無治(zhi)療價(jia)值(zhi),應撲殺深埋處理。
犬腦炎
本病或(huo)因神經細胞被破壞(huai)、或(huo)由(you)犬瘟熱病毒引起(qi)、或(huo)因腦內原蟲侵入、或(huo)其他病毒感染等不(bu)同的病因引起(qi)的病變。主要癥(zheng)狀是高燒、嘔吐、嗜睡(shui)、頸強直、驚厥抽搐、意識不(bu)清,死于呼吸衰竭。發病早期可對癥(zheng)治療;病情(qing)嚴重的應撲殺和(he)深埋處理。
肺炎
病犬精神不振,食欲不佳,喜(xi)臥地,愛飲水,體(ti)溫(wen)39.5—40℃。有明顯的肺炎征兆。本(ben)病可注射安痛定降體(ti)溫(wen),肌肉注射青(qing)霉素(su)或口服紅霉素(su)的療效也(ye)很(hen)好。
犬霉菌肺炎
本病系霉(mei)(mei)菌感染,也(ye)傳染人。霉(mei)(mei)菌性肺炎的癥狀:咳嗽、呼吸(xi)困難、腹水(shui)、腹瀉、嚴(yan)重(zhong)脫水(shui)等。