發展歷史
法(fa)牛起源(yuan)于法(fa)國(guo)。這些犬與巴(ba)哥(ge)犬和其他梗(geng)犬品種交(jiao)配就(jiu)產生了今天這種犬。當時(shi),這種犬深受(shou)當地貴婦喜愛(ai)。
形態特征
頭粗壯(zhuang),呈(cheng)三角形,有(you)皺紋(wen),正方形、較(jiao)短的獅子鼻和難看(kan)的黑嘴唇遮(zhe)蓋著它(ta)的牙齒。
嘴(zui)寬且短、強壯有力,額段非(fei)常(chang)明顯。眼睛大,黑色(se),圓形,輕微凸出(chu)。
耳(er)朵(duo)基部寬,大如蝙蝠翅膀狀,末端圓,直立,耳(er)朵(duo)自然豎(shu)立是
頸無皮肉下垂。
胸部寬,與(yu)身高不相(xiang)稱,腹發達。
尾巴短,低(di)垂、末端呈螺(luo)旋狀,被(bei)毛短、平(ping)滑、柔軟、有光(guang)澤,顏色有黑色和(he)淡紅(hong)色混合或白色背景帶有虎斑.
性格特點
非常友善,聰明且脾氣好,是很好的看(kan)門犬。
飼育要點
適(shi)合城市飼養。不耐(nai)熱。眼睛和面部的褶子要定期檢(jian)查。
繁殖與配種
選種
選用良種犬(quan)交配和(he)繁殖,使(shi)犬(quan)的優秀(xiu)品(pin)質(zhi)在它(ta)們(men)的后(hou)代身(shen)上得到鞏固(gu)和(he)發展,使(shi)人們(men)不希望的缺點在它(ta)們(men)后(hou)代身(shen)上逐漸消(xiao)失(shi),這是選種的目的。
同(tong)一品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具有(you)相同(tong)優(you)良性狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)犬(quan)和母犬(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)繁殖(zhi)(zhi)時,不(bu)(bu)但可(ke)以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證它(ta)們(men)(men)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)純(chun)正,還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)在它(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)身上(shang)鞏固和發展它(ta)們(men)(men)雙(shuang)親身上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)些優(you)良品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi),這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)繁殖(zhi)(zhi)叫純(chun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖(zhi)(zhi)。用某一優(you)良品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)犬(quan)與另一品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)母犬(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei),由于它(ta)們(men)(men)各具不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)良性狀(zhuang),因此(ci)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)獲得具有(you)雙(shuang)親不(bu)(bu)同(tong)優(you)良品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代(dai),這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖(zhi)(zhi)叫品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間雜交(jiao)(jiao)。使用兩個不(bu)(bu)同(tong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)獸和母獸交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei),培育出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或具有(you)新(xin)性狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代(dai),這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖(zhi)(zhi)叫混種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雜交(jiao)(jiao),如使用公(gong)狼與優(you)秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)母犬(quan)雜交(jiao)(jiao).可(ke)以(yi)(yi)培育出(chu)對敵兇狠對主人溫順的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)犬(quan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
種犬第一次開始交配繁殖的(de)最佳年齡(ling)
動物都有(you)性(xing)成熟(shu)(shu)的(de)具(ju)體(ti)時間,性(xing)成熟(shu)(shu)的(de)具(ju)體(ti)時間并不(bu)是(shi)最(zui)佳生(sheng)育后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)的(de)年齡(ling)(ling),犬(quan)(quan)(quan)也是(shi)這樣。以中(zhong)型(xing)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)為例(li),它(ta)們(men)(men)在(zai)出生(sheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)7~8月齡(ling)(ling)開始(shi)性(xing)成熟(shu)(shu),這時公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)和母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)雖然都有(you)了生(sheng)育后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)的(de)能(neng) 力(li),但它(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)軀(qu)(qu)體(ti)發(fa)育尚(shang)不(bu)健全,這時繁(fan)殖的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)也不(bu)會太好。就(jiu)黑(hei)背(bei)、狼青(qing)、靈猩(xing)、昆(kun)明(ming)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)等來說,它(ta)們(men)(men)第一(yi)(yi)次繁(fan)殖后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)的(de)最(zui)佳犬(quan)(quan)(quan)齡(ling)(ling):母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)應(ying)從出生(sheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)18月齡(ling)(ling)或20月齡(ling)(ling)開始(shi),這時它(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)軀(qu)(qu)體(ti)才發(fa)育完善,也具(ju)有(you)哺育乳犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)能(neng)力(li),因此母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)應(ying)在(zai)第三(san)次發(fa) 情期配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)育定(ding)型(xing)比(bi)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)晚,因此,第一(yi)(yi)次配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)最(zui)佳犬(quan)(quan)(quan)齡(ling)(ling)應(ying)在(zai)兩(liang)周歲開始(shi)。公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)年齡(ling)(ling)從兩(liang)周歲可以延續到(dao)七八歲齡(ling)(ling),要(yao)想(xiang)得到(dao)良(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)優良(liang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai),配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前還必須加強種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)營養(yang),注意(yi)對(dui)它(ta)們(men)(men)進行適當(dang)訓練和運動,不(bu)但要(yao)保持(chi)軀(qu)(qu)體(ti)健康、還要(yao)保持(chi)它(ta)們(men)(men)興奮工作(zuo)的(de)積極(ji)性(xing)。
發情和發情期
性成熟(shu)的犬(quan)每年(nian)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)兩(liang)次。春季(ji)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)期在3~5月(yue),秋(qiu)季(ji)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)期在9—11月(yue),兩(liang)次發(fa)情(qing)(qing)間隔約6個(ge)月(yue)。就母(mu)犬(quan)來(lai)說,母(mu)犬(quan)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)以母(mu)犬(quan)陰道(dao)(dao)流(liu)血為標志:陰道(dao)(dao)流(liu)血一般持續(xu)21天左(zuo)右(you),但老齡母(mu)犬(quan)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)期陰道(dao)(dao)流(liu)血可(ke)能稍短一兩(liang)天。
母犬(quan)發(fa)情期的主要特征:
1、發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)唇腫(zhong)脹(zhang)、肥大(da)、外突、初期粉(fen)紅色(se)(se)(se)(se),明顯(xian)充血并有少量(liang)(liang)黏液(ye)伴隨(sui)(sui)血液(ye)從母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)道(dao)流出(chu)(chu)。隨(sui)(sui)著發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)延續,流出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)血量(liang)(liang)逐(zhu)日(ri)增(zeng)加,血液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)也由粉(fen)紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)變為(wei)深紅色(se)(se)(se)(se):發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)8天(tian),血量(liang)(liang)最多最濃,血色(se)(se)(se)(se)最深。第(di)9天(tian)以后血量(liang)(liang)漸少,濃度漸稀,這時陰(yin)(yin)(yin)唇也逐(zhu)漸變為(wei)暗紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)。由于(yu)這時陰(yin)(yin)(yin)唇腫(zhong)脹(zhang)漸消,開(kai)始(shi)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)皺紋,發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)進入了排卵(luan)期。排卵(luan)期大(da)約持續5—6天(tian),這時的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)樂意接受公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)爬跨。隨(sui)(sui)著排卵(luan)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)延伸,發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)求愛表(biao)現(xian)日(ri)熾,直到發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)16天(tian),母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)開(kai)始(shi)討(tao)厭公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)糾纏(chan)、這時發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)道(dao)仍(reng)有血水流出(chu)(chu),到第(di)21天(tian)時,陰(yin)(yin)(yin)道(dao)流血停止,陰(yin)(yin)(yin)唇腫(zhong)脹(zhang)消退,母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)結(jie)束。
2、發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)期母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)表(biao)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)興奮(fen)。隨著發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)期的(de)(de)持續,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)興奮(fen)增強(qiang),表(biao)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)比平(ping)時(shi)(shi)恍惚不(bu)安,吠聲(sheng)粗大,雙目發(fa)(fa)亮(liang)。發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)熾(chi)期,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)坐(zuo)臥不(bu)安,食(shi)欲銳減,拴養(yang)的(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)斷(duan)對空發(fa)(fa)出(chu)求偶吠,養(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)者這時(shi)(shi)如(ru)果用(yong)手按壓母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)腰部或撫摸犬(quan)(quan)(quan)尾時(shi)(shi),母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)站立(li)不(bu)動(dong),或把犬(quan)(quan)(quan)尾偏向一(yi)側,犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)陰唇不(bu)斷(duan)抽動(dong),并(bing)且陰門頻(pin)頻(pin)開(kai)啟和閉(bi)合(he),這時(shi)(shi)如(ru)用(yong)性成熟的(de)(de)公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)試情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi)(shi),發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)后肢叉開(kai),出(chu)現(xian)主動(dong)接(jie)受交配(pei)(pei)狀(zhuang)。養(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)者在犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)期,一(yi)定要(yao)密切觀(guan)察發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)上述變化和表(biao)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),一(yi)定要(yao)記住母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)開(kai)始(母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)陰道流血第一(yi)天)的(de)(de)日(ri)子,以便(bian)推算出(chu)該母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)最佳(jia)的(de)(de)交配(pei)(pei)日(ri):只有(you)在最佳(jia)交配(pei)(pei)日(ri)配(pei)(pei)種,才(cai)能提高母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)受胎率(lv)和產(chan)仔(zi)數。
最佳配種日和(he)配種
根據觀察研究和養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實踐(jian)證明:發(fa)育正常母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)期共21天(tian)(tian),母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)10天(tian)(tian)至第(di)13天(tian)(tian)是最(zui)佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)最(zui)易受(shou)孕。所(suo)以(yi)一般在母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)10天(tian)(tian)進行首次(ci)(ci)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei),以(yi)后每天(tian)(tian)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)1次(ci)(ci),連(lian)續(xu)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)4次(ci)(ci),最(zui)后1次(ci)(ci)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)是母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)13天(tian)(tian);或在母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)第(di)10天(tian)(tian)首次(ci)(ci)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei),以(yi)后每隔(ge)1天(tian)(tian)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)1次(ci)(ci),在最(zui)佳配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)2次(ci)(ci)。 就(jiu)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)外(wai)生殖器的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化來說,到(dao)(dao)了第(di)10天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)佳配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)時(shi),發(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)腫脹的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰唇(chun)(chun)已(yi)明顯消退,顏色呈暗紅色,陰唇(chun)(chun)周圍出(chu)現(xian)皺紋,養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者用手指觸動刺激發(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰唇(chun)(chun)時(shi),犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰唇(chun)(chun)神經很(hen)敏感(gan),會出(chu)現(xian)有節律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)收縮(suo),母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)還會本(ben)能地叉開后肢,出(chu)現(xian)接受(shou)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)狀(zhuang)。 就(jiu)發(fa)睛母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)這時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生理(li)狀(zhuang)況來說,當母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)接受(shou)公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)、子(zi)宮受(shou)到(dao)(dao)精(jing)子(zi)刺激后,12~14小(xiao)時(shi)開始排卵(luan),排卵(luan)時(shi)間(jian)持續(xu)12~48小(xiao)時(shi)。公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)射入(ru)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)體內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)子(zi),在母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)子(zi)宮里存活48小(xiao)時(shi)左右,這時(shi)遇(yu)到(dao)(dao)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)子(zi)則(ze)結(jie)合(he)“坐胎(tai)”。在母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)10~13天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排卵(luan)期連(lian)續(xu)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)或隔(ge)Et交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei),都會獲(huo)得最(zui)佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)胎(tai)效(xiao)果。
孕犬的飼養管理
母(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)懷胎期(qi)為(wei)58~65天,平均62天。其中(zhong),大型犬(quan)和中(zhong)型犬(quan)的(de)(de)孕(yun)期(qi)約(yue)63天,哈巴(ba)狗(gou)等小(xiao)型犬(quan)的(de)(de)孕(yun)期(qi)約(yue)60天。為(wei)了保證繁殖的(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai)品種純正,母(mu)犬(quan)配種后(hou)的(de)(de)最初幾(ji)天,不許(xu)該母(mu)犬(quan)接近(jin)其他品種的(de)(de)公(gong)犬(quan),以免所產子代(dai)不純。
母(mu)犬(quan)孕(yun)期(qi)喂養要(yao)精心,飼(si)料營(ying)養要(yao)豐富,數(shu)量要(yao)充(chong)足,任其自由取(qu)食。還必須喂點軟骨、青(qing)綠鮮菜、魚肝油等(deng)。孕(yun)犬(quan)要(yao)有(you)適當的活動,懷孕(yun)第一(yi)個月的母(mu)犬(quan),每天(tian)可以進行專業科目訓練活動;懷孕(yun)第二個月開始,孕(yun)犬(quan)停(ting)止訓練,不許(xu)跳躍(yue),也不許(xu)參加(jia)專業活動,但每天(tian)主人(ren)要(yao)帶它散步兩小時。活動不適當,對(dui)孕(yun)犬(quan)很有(you)害。
常見病的防治和養犬者的自身保護
現將(jiang)犬病中最嚴重和(he)最常見的做以下簡介
狂(kuang)犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing):是由濾過性病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒引起的(de)急性傳(chuan)染病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),該病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人畜共患,危害十分(fen)嚴重(zhong),死亡率幾(ji)乎100%,至(zhi)今無(wu)(wu)藥可醫,注(zhu)射(she)(she)狂(kuang)犬疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)是惟一的(de)有效預(yu)防(fang)措施。目前我國生產的(de)預(yu)防(fang)狂(kuang)犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)有兩種:狂(kuang)犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)弱毒細胞凍(dong)干苗(miao)(miao)和狂(kuang)犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)。狂(kuang)犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)弱毒細胞凍(dong)干苗(miao)(miao),用滅菌水稀釋后,不(bu)論犬只大小,一律(lv)皮(pi)下注(zhu)射(she)(she)1毫升(sheng)(sheng),免疫(yi)(yi)期1年。狂(kuang)犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao),體(ti)重(zhong)4千(qian)克以下的(de)犬,每次注(zhu)射(she)(she)3毫升(sheng)(sheng);體(ti)重(zhong)4千(qian)克以上的(de)犬,每次注(zhu)射(she)(she)5毫升(sheng)(sheng),免疫(yi)(yi)期半(ban)年。此(ci)外,注(zhu)射(she)(she)五聯苗(miao)(miao)或六聯苗(miao)(miao),更是預(yu)防(fang)狂(kuang)犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)多種疫(yi)(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)良(liang)法:上述疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)接種后雖無(wu)(wu)明顯的(de)不(bu)良(liang)反應(ying),但應(ying)按說明注(zhu)射(she)(she)。
蛔蟲病(bing):是傳(chuan)播很廣泛的(de)腸(chang)道寄生蟲病(bing),嚴重影響幼犬和青年(nian)犬的(de)正(zheng)常發育。
偽(wei)狂犬(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing):本病(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)由(you)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒引(yin)起(qi)的多(duo)種家畜和野生動物共患的傳(chuan)染病(bing)(bing)(bing),豬的發病(bing)(bing)(bing)率高,犬(quan)也感(gan)染。犬(quan)是(shi)由(you)于吃了患偽(wei)狂犬(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的牛肉(rou)、豬肉(rou)、鼠肉(rou)等被感(gan)染,或由(you)犬(quan)的傷口(kou)感(gan)染所致。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)死亡率高,但并不向外排(pai)泄病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒。病(bing)(bing)(bing)初凝視、沉郁、搔抓受傷處。傷口(kou)周圍紅腫(zhong),病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)呻吟(yin)、拒(ju)食(shi)、嘔(ou)吐,啃咬異物,咽(yan)麻痹,流口(kou)涎,出現類(lei)似狂犬(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的癥狀(zhuang)而(er)死亡。本病(bing)(bing)(bing)以(yi)預防(fang)為主:嚴禁(jin)犬(quan)進入豬舍,對4月齡以(yi)上的幼(you)犬(quan)注射(she)偽(wei)狂犬(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)弱毒疫苗是(shi)良(liang)策(ce)。
犬(quan)細小病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing):本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)是近(jin)幾年分別發(fa)現由(you)病(bing)(bing)(bing)畜的(de)糞、尿(niao),唾液等感染的(de)犬(quan)科動(dong)物傳染病(bing)(bing)(bing)。主要危害幼犬(quan)。腸炎型的(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)人精(jing)神不振,體(ti)溫升高,拒食、嘔吐(tu)、腹瀉(xie),排(pai)出稀糊便(bian)、水(shui)(shui)樣便(bian)和噴射式排(pai)出番茄樣的(de)臭(chou)便(bian),不久因脫水(shui)(shui)死亡,心(xin)肌型的(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)腹瀉(xie)輕,往往突然死于呼吸困(kun)難。本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)易誤(wu)診(zhen)為腸炎、痢疾(ji)、肺炎等。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)死亡率10%—50%,病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)由(you)獸醫對癥治療,注(zhu)射抗毒素1號對本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)有較好的(de)療效。發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)前注(zhu)射犬(quan)細小病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒疫苗或五(wu)聯疫苗是預防本(ben)(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)上策。
犬瘟熱:本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒引起的(de)(de)急性傳染(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing),主要危害3—12月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)的(de)(de)幼(you)犬。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬食欲減(jian)退、嘔(ou)吐、倦怠、寒戰(zhan)、咳嗽、高燒,糞便(bian)惡臭或(huo)帶血;跟怕光、流淚(lei),流鼻(bi)涕或(huo)膿(nong)樣(yang)鼻(bi)液(ye),出現支(zhi)氣(qi)管炎(yan)或(huo)肺炎(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian);軀(qu)體痙攣樣(yang)運動(dong),尖叫(jiao)狂(kuang)奔,口吐白沫(mo)或(huo)倒地抽(chou)搐,病(bing)(bing)(bing)程或(huo)長或(huo)短,愈后(hou)(hou)往(wang)往(wang)有后(hou)(hou)軀(qu)無(wu)力的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)遺(yi)癥,有的(de)(de)幾(ji)個月(yue)(yue)后(hou)(hou)死(si)亡。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)多(duo)發生在(zai)寒冷的(de)(de)10—4月(yue)(yue),病(bing)(bing)(bing)死(si)率高。治(zhi)療本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)可注射安乃近(jin)、肌肉注射青霉素(su)或(huo)口服磺胺(an)類藥物。斷奶的(de)(de)幼(you)犬接種五(wu)聯疫(yi)苗是(shi)預防本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)上策(ce)。
犬(quan)傳染性肝炎(yan):本(ben)病(bing)(bing)是由犬(quan)傳染肝炎(yan)病(bing)(bing)毒引起的(de)急(ji)性敗血性傳染病(bing)(bing),主要侵害1歲齡以內的(de)幼(you)犬(quan)。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)初起,體溫升(sheng)至41℃,倦怠、渴飲、腹瀉、便血、怕光(guang)、拱背等。幼(you)犬(quan)死亡(wang)率高;成(cheng)年(nian)犬(quan)耐過危險期可康復(fu)。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)輸液和補充維生(sheng)素(su)(su)B、維生(sheng)素(su)(su)C治療,注射抗生(sheng)素(su)(su)預防感染,口服肝太樂護肝。
犬結(jie)核(he)(he)病(bing):結(jie)核(he)(he)病(bing)有人(ren)型、牛型、禽(qin)型三(san)種。犬結(jie)核(he)(he)病(bing)由人(ren)型或牛型結(jie)核(he)(he)病(bing)菌引起(qi)。幼犬易發病(bing),對人(ren)也有威脅。患(huan)開放(fang)性肺(fei)結(jie)核(he)(he)的病(bing)犬,應撲殺(sha)和(he)深(shen)埋處理,以免擴大傳染。
大腦膜炎:本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)由(you)腦膜炎病(bing)(bing)(bing)原(yuan)菌(jun)感(gan)染發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬陣發(fa)性 肌肉僵直或抽搐,角弓反張(zhang)。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬無治療價(jia)值,應撲殺(sha)深埋處理。
犬腦(nao)炎:本病(bing)(bing)或因(yin)神經(jing)細(xi)胞被(bei)破壞(huai)、或由犬瘟熱病(bing)(bing)毒引起、或因(yin)腦(nao)內原蟲侵入、或其他病(bing)(bing)毒感(gan)染等不同的病(bing)(bing)因(yin)引起的病(bing)(bing)變。主要癥狀(zhuang)是高燒、嘔吐、嗜(shi)睡(shui)、頸強直、驚厥(jue)抽搐、意識不清,死于呼吸(xi)衰竭(jie)。發(fa)病(bing)(bing)早期(qi)可(ke)對癥治療(liao);病(bing)(bing)情嚴重的應撲殺和深埋(mai)處理。
肺炎:病(bing)犬精(jing)神不振(zhen),食欲不佳,喜臥地,愛飲水,體溫39.5—40℃。有(you)明顯的肺炎征(zheng)兆。本(ben)病(bing)可注(zhu)射安(an)痛(tong)定降體溫,肌(ji)肉(rou)注(zhu)射青霉素(su)或(huo)口眼(yan)紅霉素(su)的療效也很好。
犬霉菌(jun)肺(fei)炎(yan):本病系霉菌(jun)感染,也傳(chuan)染人(ren)。霉菌(jun)性肺(fei)炎(yan)的癥狀:咳嗽、呼吸困難、腹水、腹瀉、嚴重脫水等(deng)。
犬(quan)感冒(mao):本病(bing)由于淋雨、受(shou)涼、疲勞過度和營(ying)養不良等致(zhi)病(bing)。病(bing)犬(quan)厭食、高(gao)燒、流淚、咳嗽、呼吸和脈(mo)搏加快、精(jing)神沉郁等。
養犬必須注意自身保護
犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)是畜生,再有(you)靈(ling)性的(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)也是畜生,因(yin)此(ci),不(bu)但(dan)訓(xun)練警犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)學習逮(dai)捕本領時(shi)(shi),助訓(xun)員要(yao)(yao)穿(chuan)好防護衣,平時(shi)(shi)養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)訓(xun)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)時(shi)(shi)也必須隨時(shi)(shi)注意自身的(de)安(an)全防護,不(bu)要(yao)(yao)被犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)咬傷或銜傷。有(you)的(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)會因(yin)一時(shi)(shi)野(ye)性發作,攻擊主人(ren)(ren)(ren)或咬傷鄰居和行人(ren)(ren)(ren),就是那(nei)些訓(xun)練有(you)素的(de)健康犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),偶(ou)爾也會銜傷主人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)手或腿等(deng)部位。不(bu)管什(shen)么(me)原(yuan)因(yin)被犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)咬傷或銜傷達到(dao)出(chu)血程度時(shi)(shi),除對傷口進行常規處理外,還應(ying)在(zai)24小時(shi)(shi)內立即到(dao)當地防疫(yi)站皮下注射狂犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)疫(yi)苗(miao),防患(huan)于未(wei)然。千萬不(bu)要(yao)(yao)掉以輕心(xin)。養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)場的(de)飼(si)養員應(ying)定期(qi)注射預防狂犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)的(de)疫(yi)苗(miao)。養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者家(jia)中的(de)小孩,不(bu)要(yao)(yao)輕易(yi)接(jie)近犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)窩,以防犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)獸性管作而傷人(ren)(ren)(ren)。