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基本介紹

《論讀(du)書》是文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)藝復興時期英國(guo)哲學(xue)家、散文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)家弗朗西斯·培(pei)(pei)根創作(zuo)的(de)(de)一篇論說(shuo)散文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。全文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)雖短卻(que)字(zi)(zi)字(zi)(zi)珠璣。這(zhe)篇文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章(zhang)不(bu)僅在用(yong)詞方面多(duo)采用(yong)莊重(zhong)典雅的(de)(de)古(gu)語(yu)詞、大詞，著重(zhong)體現作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)冷靜、理性，語(yu)言富有(you)卓見，蘊含(han)哲理，而且句(ju)(ju)子富有(you)節奏感，讀(du)來(lai)朗朗上口。句(ju)(ju)式多(duo)采用(yong)并列式，體現語(yu)言及(ji)語(yu)義的(de)(de)平衡美。培(pei)(pei)根善用(yong)排比(bi)和比(bi)喻，深(shen)入(ru)淺出(chu)地說(shuo)明(ming)道理。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)格言警句(ju)(ju)層出(chu)不(bu)窮，除連結(jie)句(ju)(ju)外，幾乎句(ju)(ju)句(ju)(ju)是警句(ju)(ju)，言簡(jian)意賅，很有(you)說(shuo)服(fu)力。這(zhe)些論說(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)特色在原文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)體現得(de)非常明(ming)顯(xian)，堪(kan)稱論說(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)典范。

內容介紹

作品原文

Of Studies

Studies serve for delight, for ornament①, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition② of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling③ of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth④; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning⑤, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute⑥; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things⑦.

Reading makes a full man; conference⑧ a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend⑨. Abeunt studia in mores⑩:Studies pass into the character. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but maybe wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen ; for they are cymini sectores?. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt?.?

注釋譯文

詞句注釋

①ornament：n.裝飾(shi)(shi)；裝飾(shi)(shi)物。

②disposition：n.處置。

③marshalling：n.處(chu)理。

④sloth：n.懶惰。

⑤pruning：n.修剪(jian)；剪(jian)枝(zhi)。

⑥confute：vt.駁(bo)斥，駁(bo)倒。

⑦flashy things：索然無味的(de)東(dong)西。

⑧conference：n.談(tan)話，會談(tan)。

⑨contend：vt & vi. 辯論。

⑩Abeunt studia in mores：拉丁文，學問塑造(zao)氣質（Studies influence manners）。

?cymini sectores：善于區分細(xi)節的人（splitters of hairs）。

?receipt：n.處方。

中文譯文

論讀書

讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)足(zu)以怡情，足(zu)以博(bo)才(cai)，足(zu)以長才(cai)。其怡情也(ye)(ye)，最見(jian)于(yu)獨處(chu)幽居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)；其博(bo)才(cai)也(ye)(ye)，最見(jian)于(yu)高談闊(kuo)論之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)；其長才(cai)也(ye)(ye)，最見(jian)于(yu)處(chu)世判(pan)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際。練達之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士雖(sui)能分(fen)別處(chu)理細(xi)事或(huo)一一判(pan)別枝節，然(ran)縱觀統籌(chou)、全局策劃，則(ze)舍好學深(shen)思者(zhe)(zhe)莫(mo)屬。讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)費(fei)時(shi)(shi)過多(duo)易惰，文采藻飾太盛(sheng)則(ze)矯，全憑(ping)條文斷(duan)事乃(nai)學究故態。讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)補(bu)天然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不足(zu)，經驗又補(bu)讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不足(zu)，蓋天生(sheng)才(cai)干猶(you)如自然(ran)花草，讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)然(ran)后知如何修剪移接；而書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)示，如不以經驗范(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則(ze)又大而無(wu)當。有(you)一技之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長者(zhe)(zhe)鄙(bi)讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，無(wu)知者(zhe)(zhe)羨讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，唯明(ming)智之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士用讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，然(ran)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)并不以用處(chu)告人，用書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智不在書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)，而在書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)外，全憑(ping)觀察(cha)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)時(shi)(shi)不可(ke)(ke)(ke)存心詰難作者(zhe)(zhe)，不可(ke)(ke)(ke)盡信書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)上所(suo)言，亦不可(ke)(ke)(ke)只為尋(xun)章摘句，而應推敲細(xi)思。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)淺嘗(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)，有(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)吞食者(zhe)(zhe)，少(shao)數則(ze)須(xu)(xu)咀嚼消化。換言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，有(you)只須(xu)(xu)讀(du)(du)其部(bu)分(fen)者(zhe)(zhe)，有(you)只須(xu)(xu)大體(ti)涉獵者(zhe)(zhe)，少(shao)數則(ze)須(xu)(xu)全讀(du)(du)，讀(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)須(xu)(xu)全神貫注，孜(zi)孜(zi)不倦。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)亦可(ke)(ke)(ke)請人代讀(du)(du)，取其所(suo)作摘要(yao)，但只限題材(cai)較次或(huo)價值不高者(zhe)(zhe)，否(fou)則(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)經提煉猶(you)如水經蒸(zheng)餾、淡(dan)而無(wu)味矣。

讀(du)(du)書(shu)使(shi)(shi)人(ren)充實，討論使(shi)(shi)人(ren)機智，筆記(ji)使(shi)(shi)人(ren)準(zhun)確。因此不(bu)(bu)常作筆記(ji)者(zhe)須(xu)記(ji)憶特強，不(bu)(bu)常討論者(zhe)須(xu)天生(sheng)聰穎，不(bu)(bu)常讀(du)(du)書(shu)者(zhe)須(xu)欺世(shi)有(you)術，始能無(wu)知而(er)顯有(you)知。讀(du)(du)史使(shi)(shi)人(ren)明智，讀(du)(du)詩(shi)使(shi)(shi)人(ren)靈秀，數學使(shi)(shi)人(ren)周(zhou)密，科學使(shi)(shi)人(ren)深刻(ke)，倫理學使(shi)(shi)人(ren)莊(zhuang)重，邏輯修辭(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)學使(shi)(shi)人(ren)善辯：凡(fan)有(you)所學，皆(jie)(jie)成性格。人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)智但有(you)滯礙，無(wu)不(bu)(bu)可讀(du)(du)適當之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)使(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)順(shun)暢(chang)，一如身體百病，皆(jie)(jie)可借相宜(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)運動除之(zhi)(zhi)。滾球利(li)睪腎，射箭利(li)胸肺，慢步利(li)腸胃，騎術利(li)頭腦，諸如此類。如智力不(bu)(bu)集中，可令讀(du)(du)數學，蓋(gai)演題須(xu)全(quan)神(shen)貫注，稍有(you)分散即須(xu)重演；如不(bu)(bu)能辨異(yi)，可令讀(du)(du)經院哲學，蓋(gai)是(shi)輩皆(jie)(jie)吹毛求疵(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)；如不(bu)(bu)善求同，不(bu)(bu)善以(yi)一物闡證(zheng)另一物，可令讀(du)(du)律(lv)師之(zhi)(zhi)案卷。如此頭腦中凡(fan)有(you)缺陷，皆(jie)(jie)有(you)特藥可醫。

（王佐良譯）

背景介紹

文(wen)藝(yi)復興時(shi)(shi)期，人(ren)(ren)文(wen)主義者關心人(ren)(ren)本(ben)身，把(ba)完美的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)作為(wei)(wei)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)理想。為(wei)(wei)救治與教(jiao)化(hua)有弱(ruo)點與弊病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凡人(ren)(ren)，當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章(zhang)常(chang)帶有教(jiao)誨(hui)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。《論讀書》就是(shi)在這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史背(bei)景下創(chuang)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)《培(pei)根隨筆》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一篇重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章(zhang)，發表于1653年。

作者介紹

弗(fu)朗西(xi)斯·培(pei)根（Francis Bacon，1561年(nian)1月(yue)22日(ri)—1626年(nian)4月(yue)9日(ri)），第一(yi)代(dai)圣阿爾本(ben)子(zi)爵（1st Viscount St Alban），英(ying)國(guo)文藝復興時(shi)期散文家(jia)、哲學(xue)(xue)家(jia)。英(ying)國(guo)唯物(wu)主義哲學(xue)(xue)家(jia)，實(shi)(shi)驗科(ke)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)創始人，是(shi)近代(dai)歸納(na)法(fa)的(de)(de)創始人，又是(shi)給科(ke)學(xue)(xue)研究(jiu)程序進行邏輯組織化的(de)(de)先驅。培(pei)根12歲入劍橋大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)，后(hou)擔任(ren)女王特(te)別法(fa)律顧問以(yi)(yi)及朝廷(ting)的(de)(de)首(shou)席檢(jian)察官、掌璽大(da)(da)臣等。晚(wan)年(nian)，受(shou)宮廷(ting)陰謀逐出(chu)宮廷(ting)，脫(tuo)離政治生涯(ya)，專心從事學(xue)(xue)術(shu)研究(jiu)和(he)著(zhu)述活動，寫成了一(yi)批在近代(dai)文學(xue)(xue)思想(xiang)史上具有(you)重(zhong)大(da)(da)影響的(de)(de)著(zhu)作(zuo)，其(qi)中(zhong)最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)是(shi)《偉(wei)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)復興新工具論(lun)(lun)》。另外，他以(yi)(yi)哲學(xue)(xue)家(jia)的(de)(de)眼光，思考(kao)了廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)人生問題，寫出(chu)了許多形(xing)式短小、風格活潑(po)的(de)(de)隨筆小品(pin)，集成《培(pei)根隨筆》。1626年(nian)3月(yue)底，培(pei)根由(you)于身體孱弱，在實(shi)(shi)驗中(zhong)遭受(shou)風寒，支氣管炎復發，病情惡化。1626年(nian)4月(yue)9日(ri)清晨病逝。主要著(zhu)作(zuo)有(you)《新工具》《論(lun)(lun)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)增進》以(yi)(yi)及《學(xue)(xue)術(shu)的(de)(de)偉(wei)大(da)(da)復興》等。

鑒賞評價

文學賞析

詞匯分析

《論(lun)讀(du)書》這篇隨(sui)筆，文字干(gan)凈利落，多(duo)用(yong)古語詞（archaism）和大詞（big words），語言顯得莊重(zhong)、典雅(ya)，給(gei)人以厚(hou)重(zhong)、正式(shi)的(de)感覺。詞的(de)運用(yong)幾乎未(wei)選possibly, perhaps, probably, inmy opinion 等謙遜、客氣、模棱兩可的(de)詞。

文中(zhong)用(yong)到的文言詞(ci)有：marshalling, humour, maketh, doth, stond, discourse。這些詞(ci)的使(shi)用(yong)就像古漢語中(zhong)“之”、“乎”、“者”、“也”詞(ci)匯(hui)的使(shi)用(yong)一(yi)樣，給人一(yi)種古老、厚重的感覺。

文(wen)中(zhong)還(huan)用(yong)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)現(xian)代英語(yu)詞的古用(yong)法(fa)形式。其中(zhong)很多詞今天已經不再(zai)具備它(ta)(ta)原有的語(yu)法(fa)和(he)語(yu)義功能。它(ta)(ta)們和(he)中(zhong)國的文(wen)言文(wen)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)具有特定歷史(shi)時期的語(yu)言色(se)彩。例如：proyning = pruning, subtile = subtle, stond = hindrance, stoppage, receipt = recipe, nay = no, like as = as, except = unless, else = or else, never = ever, natural philosophy= natural science, in the wit = in themind, bounded in = checked, disposition = management。

文中還有兩處使用了拉(la)丁(ding)語，這是作(zuo)者(zhe)的偏好(hao)，認為(wei)拉(la)丁(ding)語能流傳長(chang)久，能給文章增(zeng)添古(gu)色(se)古(gu)香的味道(dao)。“Abeunt studia in mores”一(yi)句(ju)，培根(gen)在Advancement of Leaning 一(yi)文中的解釋為(wei)：“studieshave an influence upon the manners of those that are conversant in them”，意為(wei)：“專心學問者(zhe)，性格也受陶冶(ye)。”Cymini sectores = hair-splitters，即“過(guo)分講究細節的人”。

文中(zhong)還用到一(yi)些(xie)大詞(ci)，例如：ornament, disposition, contradict, confute, attention, extracts, conference, cunmng, impediment, demonstrations，等等。這些(xie)詞(ci)給(gei)人一(yi)種(zhong)高雅(ya)、莊嚴的色彩(cai)感(gan)覺，適(shi)于嚴肅、正式的場合。

句式分析

并列句

《論讀書》這(zhe)篇文章(zhang)句(ju)式(shi)單一，19個(ge)句(ju)子就有12個(ge)句(ju)子采用(yong)了并列(lie)結構(gou)，體現了語言的平衡美。這(zhe)樣的文章(zhang)樸實大方，讀起來毫無(wu)矯揉造作(zuo)之(zhi)感(gan)。盡管如(ru)(ru)此，作(zuo)者還(huan)是十分注意長、短(duan)句(ju)的交替使用(yong)，以避(bi)免整齊劃一的句(ju)式(shi)顯得單調乏(fa)味，從而使行文更富節奏感(gan)。例如(ru)(ru)：

Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to content.

這是由分(fen)號連(lian)結起來的(de)一個并列(lie)(lie)句(ju)。第一個分(fen)號之(zhi)后各(ge)句(ju)承前省略(lve)了make men。這樣的(de)句(ju)子排列(lie)(lie)整齊，表意(yi)鮮明。并列(lie)(lie)的(de)部(bu)分(fen)都省略(lve)前面(mian)相(xiang)同的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)，重點突出，使讀者一目了然，給人以(yi)清晰明快的(de)感覺。而且平衡的(de)句(ju)式形成(cheng)(cheng)排比風(feng)格，猶(you)如排山倒(dao)海之(zhi)勢(shi)，頗(po)具(ju)說(shuo)服力。

“關于make的用法(fa)(fa)，培根在(zai)此(ci)篇文章中(zhong)采用兩種用法(fa)(fa)，一是(shi)帶(dai)賓(bin)補的用法(fa)(fa)，即這(zhe)一句中(zhong)：histories make men wise；另一種是(shi)帶(dai)賓(bin)語的用法(fa)(fa)，如：reading maketh a full man，作(zuo)者用make和(he)maketh加以區別make所帶(dai)的不同結(jie)構。”

For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling ofaffairs, come best from those that are learned.

這(zhe)一并列句(ju)(ju)(ju)不(bu)同(tong)于上一句(ju)(ju)(ju)，這(zhe)句(ju)(ju)(ju)中的(de)(de)并列關系(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)連(lian)詞(ci)and，but連(lian)接起來的(de)(de)。每一個分句(ju)(ju)(ju)不(bu)如(ru)上句(ju)(ju)(ju)那(nei)么短(duan)促(cu)、明快，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo)一些推(tui)理和描述性(xing)的(de)(de)語(yu)言(yan)，這(zhe)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為此句(ju)(ju)(ju)中作者(zhe)旨在(zai)分析讀書(shu)給(gei)人(ren)的(de)(de)益處，分析那(nei)些有經驗的(de)(de)“練(lian)達之(zhi)士雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)能處理細(xi)事，一一判別枝節(jie)，然(ran)(ran)縱(zong)觀統籌，全(quan)局策劃，則(ze)非(fei)好學深(shen)思(si)多(duo)讀書(shu)之(zhi)人(ren)莫屬(shu)”（王佐良譯）。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)短(duan)句(ju)(ju)(ju)和長(chang)句(ju)(ju)(ju)給(gei)人(ren)的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)感(gan)覺。短(duan)句(ju)(ju)(ju)，短(duan)小利落，給(gei)人(ren)以確信(xin)、勿(wu)庸(yong)置疑的(de)(de)味道，多(duo)使人(ren)受教；而長(chang)句(ju)(ju)(ju)，尤其由(you)連(lian)詞(ci)連(lian)接的(de)(de)長(chang)句(ju)(ju)(ju)，語(yu)氣連(lian)貫、舒緩，善于推(tui)理、論(lun)述，在(zai)陳述和分析中給(gei)人(ren)以啟(qi)迪和思(si)考的(de)(de)空(kong)間。

省略句

Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

這一句省略了表語(yu) is，全(quan)句結構緊(jin)(jin)湊、表意(yi)突(tu)出(chu)，具有(you)(you)言簡意(yi)賅的強烈(lie)效果。三個否(fou)定(ding)(ding)詞not，nor，nor的使用把“讀書不(bu)是(shi)為了要(yao)辯駁，不(bu)是(shi)要(yao)盲(mang)目信從，不(bu)是(shi)要(yao)尋找談資”排(pai)列(lie)得緊(jin)(jin)湊整齊，強烈(lie)地表達了作者否(fou)定(ding)(ding)的語(yu)氣和不(bu)贊成(cheng)的態度。最后以一個轉(zhuan)折詞but連接收尾，簡潔有(you)(you)力，語(yu)氣上由(you)否(fou)定(ding)(ding)轉(zhuan)向肯定(ding)(ding)，給人一種義正詞嚴(yan)、豁然開朗(lang)的感受(shou)。由(you)“不(bu)要(yao)”、“不(bu)要(yao)”、“不(bu)要(yao)”轉(zhuan)為“而要(yao)權衡和思考”，給人留下深刻(ke)的印象，很(hen)有(you)(you)說服力。

復合句

復合(he)句(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)使用有并列句(ju)(ju)所(suo)不及的(de)(de)(de)文體功(gong)能，即善于表現事物間的(de)(de)(de)種種復雜關系，“在復合(he)句(ju)(ju)中，主句(ju)(ju)結(jie)構獨立，從句(ju)(ju)依附于主句(ju)(ju)；從句(ju)(ju)所(suo)表達(da)的(de)(de)(de)概念是對主句(ju)(ju)意義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)補充、解(jie)釋(shi)或限定(ding)”。

They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in experience.

這(zhe)一句(ju)(ju)(ju)中的(de)(de)(de)主句(ju)(ju)(ju)后帶有一個(ge)由連(lian)詞for引導的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)狀(zhuang)語(yu)從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)，從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)中有主句(ju)(ju)(ju)、由that引導的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)語(yu)從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)和由except引導的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)。原(yuan)因(yin)狀(zhuang)語(yu)從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)用來(lai)解釋讀書(shu)和經驗的(de)(de)(de)互補(bu)關(guan)系(xi)；定(ding)語(yu)從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)是補(bu)充說明“天生的(de)(de)(de)才干猶如(ru)(ru)天然花(hua)木(mu)，須靠讀書(shu)修剪枝葉”。條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)是用來(lai)限制“讀書(shu)如(ru)(ru)不以經驗范之，則又(you)(you)大(da)而無(wu)當(dang)”（王佐(zuo)良譯(yi)）。語(yu)義雖然冗繁復雜，但使用不同從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)連(lian)詞來(lai)引導，則又(you)(you)顯得條(tiao)(tiao)理十分清(qing)楚(chu)。這(zhe)是并列句(ju)(ju)(ju)乃(nai)至其他句(ju)(ju)(ju)式所不能比擬的(de)(de)(de)文體功能優勢。

修辭特點

排比

排(pai)比就是把(ba)結構(gou)(gou)相同、意氣并重、語(yu)氣一(yi)致的(de)(de)詞組或句子排(pai)列成串，形(xing)成一(yi)個整體。《論讀書》中這樣(yang)的(de)(de)結構(gou)(gou)隨處(chu)可見，而且(qie)作者運用得當，很有(you)氣勢。

To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour ofa scholar.

三個同樣的不定式(shi)結(jie)構語氣一致，分析褥淋漓盡致、準確生動(dong)。這種(zhong)排比結(jie)構用來說明(ming)和定論，不僅(jin)結(jie)構嚴謹整齊，而且文章(zhang)的節(jie)奏(zou)也勻(yun)稱悅耳，大大提高了語言(yan)的表現力(li)。

優(you)美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)散(san)文(wen)之所(suo)以(yi)能(neng)給人們(men)的(de)(de)聽覺帶來美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)享受，在(zai)(zai)很(hen)大程度上應(ying)歸功于其(qi)優(you)美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)。散(san)文(wen)的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)雖不像(xiang)詩的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)那樣有固定的(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)和(he)規律，但作(zuo)(zuo)家總(zong)是注(zhu)意選(xuan)擇某種節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)，使(shi)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)成為(wei)烘托語(yu)義的(de)(de)一(yi)種表(biao)達手段；而文(wen)學批(pi)評家則(ze)總(zong)是把節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)看作(zuo)(zuo)“文(wen)體風(feng)格的(de)(de)組成部分(fen)（anintegral part of the style）”。S.H. Burton在(zai)(zai)《The Criticism ofProse》一(yi)書(shu)中(zhong)指出：早期英語(yu)散(san)文(wen)的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)多(duo)是靠(kao)排比結構予以(yi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)《論讀書(shu)》這篇散(san)文(wen)中(zhong)，培根就十分(fen)注(zhu)重使(shi)用排比結構來實(shi)現(xian)(xian)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)美(mei)(mei)，還注(zhu)意交替使(shi)用并列(lie)句和(he)復合句來體現(xian)(xian)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)感。例(li)如：

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

比喻

培根善用(yong)形象(xiang)的比(bi)(bi)喻(yu)(yu)深入淺出地(di)說明一個道理(li)，因而文中充滿(man)了(le)諸如taste, swallow, chew, digest等比(bi)(bi)喻(yu)(yu)。“Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study”，是(shi)(shi)說天生的才(cai)干需要知識來磨練就像草(cao)木(mu)需要修枝(zhi)剪葉一樣；“some books are to be tasted, others to beswallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested”，是(shi)(shi)說讀書猶如吃食物，“有的書淺嘗即可，有的書可以狼吞虎咽，少數則須(xu)咀(ju)嚼消化”（王楫 譯）。“else distilled books are, likecommon distilled waters, flashy things”，這一句是(shi)(shi)說“書經提煉猶如水(shui)經蒸餾，淡(dan)而無味(wei)矣”（王佐良譯）。這些深刻的讀書之道，若不是(shi)(shi)用(yong)這么形象(xiang)的比(bi)(bi)喻(yu)(yu)，很難(nan)達(da)到(dao)這么通俗易(yi)懂(dong)的效果，形象(xiang)的比(bi)(bi)喻(yu)(yu)用(yong)得恰(qia)到(dao)好處，令人信(xin)服(fu)。

語言特色

《論讀書》全(quan)文(wen)(wen)沒有(you)分段(duan)，一(yi)氣呵(he)成。文(wen)(wen)中短(duan)句多(duo)，并列句多(duo)，標點多(duo)。像(xiang)培根這樣的(de)文(wen)(wen)風在當時被稱為“松散、自由(you)的(de)風格(ge)（loose and free style）”（1987: 340）。文(wen)(wen)中不大使(shi)用復(fu)合結構，并列句中各個意思都處(chu)于平等的(de)地位，一(yi)個接一(yi)個說下去(qu)，逐步深入。因此，并列連詞（and, but, for, nor 等）遠遠多(duo)于主從連詞（as, smce, because等）。“這類文(wen)(wen)章，雖則是松散自由(you)的(de)，它(ta)還是很講究(jiu)修辭”，排比(bi)和(he)比(bi)喻隨處(chu)可見。

全篇文(wen)章旨(zhi)在強調讀(du)書的(de)功效，作者相(xiang)(xiang)信人(ren)(ren)們(men)頭腦(nao)中一切病端(duan)都有辦法救(jiu)治(zhi)，而讀(du)書就是一劑萬能的(de)良藥。這種對人(ren)(ren)的(de)自(zi)我完(wan)善的(de)渴求及確信必(bi)達目的(de)之抱負，反映了(le)文(wen)藝復(fu)興時代崇尚(shang)理(li)性、相(xiang)(xiang)信人(ren)(ren)的(de)力量和人(ren)(ren)具有無(wu)限潛(qian)力的(de)“人(ren)(ren)文(wen)主義(yi)精神”。

為反(fan)映作(zuo)者的(de)(de)冷靜(jing)、理性(xing)和自信的(de)(de)態度，文章也采用簡(jian)潔這一風格。“簡(jian)潔就是言(yan)簡(jian)意賅(gai)。文章沒(mei)有(you)多(duo)(duo)余的(de)(de)詞，沒(mei)有(you)多(duo)(duo)余的(de)(de)句，但內(nei)容又很(hen)豐富，含義也很(hen)深刻。”例如：

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament,is in discourse, and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition ofbusiness...

這個句子寫得(de)干凈利落(luo)，讓(rang)人聽(ting)來仿佛覺得(de)作者在述說一(yi)條千真萬確的真理(li)，語氣(qi)(qi)肯定，絲毫(hao)未表現謙遜、遲疑和(he)含(han)混的語氣(qi)(qi)。

外界評價

天文學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、科(ke)普(pu)作家(jia)卞毓(yu)(yu)麟(lin)《恬(tian)淡悠閱(yue)——卞毓(yu)(yu)麟(lin)書事選錄》：“英(ying)國思想家(jia)、哲學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、實驗科(ke)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)先驅(qu)者(zhe)弗朗西斯(si)·培根的(de)(de)一篇Of Studies，400年來引得(de)世(shi)上多少讀(du)者(zhe)競折(zhe)腰(yao)。數十年前讀(du)王佐(zuo)良先生的(de)(de)譯文（篇名譯為《談讀(du)書》），唯覺詞清句麗，妙不可言。……”

上海師范大學人文與傳播學院教(jiao)授劉(liu)文榮《經典(dian)作家談書與讀(du)書》：“全文不(bu)足兩千(qian)字，卻將讀(du)書之(zhi)功用、讀(du)書之(zhi)方(fang)法及讀(du)書與性格(ge)之(zhi)關系一一道(dao)來，且句(ju)句(ju)有理，實(shi)為言簡意賅(gai)之(zhi)典(dian)范。”

天津外國(guo)語大學教授馬鐘元《每(mei)天讀(du)點英文(wen)英美(mei)文(wen)化常識(shi)全集(ji) 超值(zhi)白金版》：“《論(lun)讀(du)書(shu)》是(shi)弗朗西斯·培根(gen)的(de)《散文(wen)集(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一篇，其文(wen)風(feng)以(yi)簡(jian)潔、緊湊和有(you)(you)力而(er)著稱。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，《論(lun)讀(du)書(shu)》是(shi)最膾炙(zhi)人(ren)口的(de)一篇。在(zai)文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，培根(gen)分析了讀(du)書(shu)的(de)主要目的(de)、讀(du)書(shu)所應采用的(de)不同方式以(yi)及讀(du)書(shu)對人(ren)的(de)性格的(de)影響。文(wen)章最精彩的(de)地方不僅在(zai)于其論(lun)據具有(you)(you)說服(fu)力，而(er)且在(zai)于遣詞造句(ju)、句(ju)型和結構的(de)優美(mei)。……總之，本文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)運用了許多寫作技巧。整(zheng)體行文(wen)語句(ju)優美(mei)，用詞準確，令人(ren)信服(fu)。《論(lun)讀(du)書(shu)》是(shi)一篇優美(mei)散文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)典范，值(zhi)得仔(zi)細咀(ju)嚼。”