蓬萊松(song)(Asparagus retrofractus L.)是天(tian)門冬(dong)科、天(tian)門冬(dong)屬多年生叢(cong)生草本植物(wu)。宿存,圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)肉質根,縱截面為(wei)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)和表(biao)(biao)面灰色(se)(se)(se)。植株(zhu)高可達3米。莖(jing)呈(cheng)(cheng)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)或(huo)近四邊形(xing),底部(bu)木質化,具(ju)有(you)灰色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)灰褐色(se)(se)(se)。幼嫩(nen)的(de)莖(jing)在每個(ge)節上都(dou)被(bei)紫綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)鱗片包,鱗片呈(cheng)(cheng)長披(pi)針形(xing),葉(xie)(xie)體細長、柔嫩(nen)、針狀,成(cheng)簇(cu)排(pai)列,外觀類(lei)似五葉(xie)(xie)松(song)的(de)葉(xie)(xie)子。老(lao)葉(xie)(xie)深綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se),上半(ban)葉(xie)(xie)黃綠(lv)(lv),下半(ban)葉(xie)(xie)深綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se),新葉(xie)(xie)翠綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)。球形(xing)花(hua)(hua)序,花(hua)(hua)冠,白色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)乳白色(se)(se)(se),小(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)(hua)香味濃郁,開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)均勻,小(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)(hua)凋(diao)謝后第(di)二天(tian)整株(zhu)枯萎(wei),漿果(guo),最初(chu)呈(cheng)(cheng)淡綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se),然后表(biao)(biao)面呈(cheng)(cheng)深綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se),表(biao)(biao)面有(you)灰色(se)(se)(se)蠟粉(fen),兩(liang)個(ge)月(yue)(yue)后變成(cheng)紫紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)。成(cheng)熟果(guo)實,起皺(zhou),呈(cheng)(cheng)褐色(se)(se)(se)。種子為(wei)黑色(se)(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)果(guo)期7-8月(yue)(yue)(中國西昌5月(yue)(yue)底至6月(yue)(yue)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua))。
原(yuan)產南非(fei)南部,中國各地(di)有較多的引(yin)種栽培(pei)。性喜溫暖、濕(shi)潤和(he)(he)半陰的環(huan)境;不耐寒,畏強光曝曬和(he)(he)高溫;忌干旱和(he)(he)積(ji)水,以(yi)疏松肥沃、排水良好的沙壤(rang)土為宜(yi)。
可盆栽布置廳(ting)堂(tang)、臥室和陽臺(tai)等處,切葉可作(zuo)為f摘花作(zuo)品的配葉使用。植(zhi)株叢生呈放射狀分布:原產南(nan)非。我國有引種栽培。
蓬萊松原產南非。
性(xing)喜(xi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)暖、溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)潤、半陰環境,耐寒性(xing)較(jiao)弱(ruo),生(sheng)長適溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)20-30℃,越冬溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度不可(ke)低于5℃;夏季高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超過35℃時生(sheng)長停止,葉叢發黃,要(yao)適當遮蔭.防止陽光曝(pu)曬,并經常噴水,保持株叢翠綠、美觀(guan)。
原產南非南部,中(zhong)國各地有較(jiao)多的(de)(de)引(yin)種栽培。性(xing)喜溫(wen)暖、濕潤和半陰的(de)(de)環境;不耐寒,畏強光曝曬和高溫(wen);忌干旱和積水(shui),以疏松肥沃、排水(shui)良好的(de)(de)沙壤土(tu)為宜。
直(zhi)立性(xing)矮灌木,莖粗壯,分枝(zhi)上細葉叢生。
多年生叢生草本植物。宿(su)存、圓柱(zhu)形(xing)肉質根,縱(zong)截面(mian)(mian)為綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)和表(biao)面(mian)(mian)灰(hui)色(se)(se)。植株高度一般在1.2-1.5米(mi),甚(shen)至高達2-3米(mi)。莖呈圓柱(zhu)形(xing)或近四邊形(xing),直徑(jing)在9-25毫米(mi)之間,底部木(mu)質化,具有(you)灰(hui)色(se)(se)或灰(hui)褐色(se)(se)。幼嫩的莖在每(mei)(mei)個(ge)節上都被紫綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)鱗(lin)片包,鱗(lin)片呈長(chang)(chang)披針形(xing),具有(you)保護作用。幼莖出土(tu)后60-80天將發育(yu)成(cheng)新植株,隨后出現幼葉(xie)(xie)。葉(xie)(xie)體(ti)細長(chang)(chang)、柔嫩、針狀,成(cheng)簇排列,外觀(guan)類似五葉(xie)(xie)松(song)的葉(xie)(xie)子。24個(ge)球(qiu)狀葉(xie)(xie)柄,每(mei)(mei)個(ge)葉(xie)(xie)柄含有(you)13-98片針狀葉(xie)(xie),平(ping)均58片。針狀葉(xie)(xie)長(chang)(chang)9-18毫米(mi),平(ping)均長(chang)(chang)12.7毫米(mi)。葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)6~16毫米(mi),平(ping)均長(chang)(chang)10.0毫米(mi),比針狀葉(xie)(xie)略硬。老葉(xie)(xie)深綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se),上半葉(xie)(xie)黃(huang)綠(lv)(lv),下半葉(xie)(xie)深綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se),新葉(xie)(xie)翠綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)。
每(mei)個(ge)球形花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序內含小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)7-15朵,平均(jun)10.8朵。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)5-13毫(hao)米,平均(jun)長(chang)度為(wei)8.5毫(hao)米。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠,白色(se)(se)或乳白色(se)(se),形成(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)近似3毫(hao)米長(chang)的管狀體由6片長(chang)卵(luan)形花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣組(zu)成(cheng),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣常3毫(hao)米,6個(ge)雄蕊和一(yi)個(ge)雌蕊。小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)香味濃郁。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)開(kai)放只能持續1-2天(tian),整(zheng)個(ge)植株可以維持3-4天(tian)的開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi),開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)均(jun)勻,開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時間短,小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)多(duo)。開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)前只有4-5天(tian)的花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蕾期(qi),小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)凋謝后第二天(tian)整(zheng)株枯(ku)萎,7-8天(tian)內稀疏地(di)結出(chu)小(xiao)球狀漿果,最初呈淡綠(lv)色(se)(se),然(ran)后表(biao)面呈深(shen)綠(lv)色(se)(se),表(biao)面有灰(hui)色(se)(se)蠟粉(fen),兩(liang)個(ge)月(yue)(yue)后變(bian)成(cheng)紫(zi)紅色(se)(se)。成(cheng)熟(shu)果實,直(zhi)徑7-9毫(hao)米,莖長(chang)7-8毫(hao)米,起皺(zhou),呈褐色(se)(se)。每(mei)個(ge)果實含有一(yi)個(ge)圓形、扁球形或橢(tuo)圓形種(zhong)子(zi)(zi),種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)為(wei)黑色(se)(se),直(zhi)徑為(wei)4-6毫(hao)米。(中國西昌5月(yue)(yue)底(di)至6月(yue)(yue)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua))。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)6-8月(yue)(yue),果熟(shu)期(qi)10-12月(yue)(yue)。
從山(shan)野林地內(nei),選找桿形粗壯(zhuang)矮(ai)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)蓬萊松野生苗,以(yi)石隙、崖壁、溝旁生長的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)老樹樁為好。采(cai)掘時注意多保護副根和須根,再下(xia)地養胚培(pei)育(yu),翌(yi)年(nian)春后再上盆(pen)造(zao)型。
蓬萊(lai)(lai)松(song)宜用(yong)(yong)紫砂陶(tao)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen),也可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)釉陶(tao)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)。剛上盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)栽(zai)(zai)培,可(ke)(ke)先用(yong)(yong)透氣性(xing)良好(hao)的素燒(shao)瓦盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen),待服盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)后再換入形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態優雅的紫砂淺(qian)(qian)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)中(zhong)(zhong)。除(chu)懸崖式用(yong)(yong)深千筒盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)或較深的四方和圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)外,一般以(yi)長方形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)淺(qian)(qian)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)為宜。盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)的形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態也可(ke)(ke)依樹(shu)(shu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而定,如(ru)曲干式可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)鼓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)淺(qian)(qian)圓盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen),盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)色選紫紅或淺(qian)(qian)黃均可(ke)(ke)。蓬萊(lai)(lai)松(song)能適應多種土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤,但不耐鹽堿,以(yi)深厚、濕潤、疏松(song)、微酸性(xing)的沙壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)為好(hao)。盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)栽(zai)(zai)以(yi)熟化的田園土(tu)(tu)(tu)、腐葉土(tu)(tu)(tu),適量摻拌沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)使用(yong)(yong)。蓬萊(lai)(lai)松(song)上盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)栽(zai)(zai)種以(yi)3月份萌(meng)芽之(zhi)前最(zui)好(hao),秋季也可(ke)(ke)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi),但不利發根(gen)(gen)。挖取(qu)樹(shu)(shu)苗(miao)時要帶宿土(tu)(tu)(tu),可(ke)(ke)剪(jian)(jian)短伸展過長的直根(gen)(gen),剪(jian)(jian)除(chu)枯根(gen)(gen)。如(ru)栽(zai)(zai)進淺(qian)(qian)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)中(zhong)(zhong),要注意樹(shu)(shu)干固定,可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)鐵(tie)桿放盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)底孔(kong)沿下,用(yong)(yong)略粗些金屬絲綁在(zai)較粗根(gen)(gen)部(bu)上,從盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)孔(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)穿出(chu),再纏(chan)住鐵(tie)桿上扎緊,可(ke)(ke)免風吹搖晃,根(gen)(gen)系松(song)動,影響成(cheng)活。
蓬(peng)萊松(song)盆栽常(chang)用腐葉(xie)土、國土和河沙等(deng)量(liang)混合作為基質,種植時略加腐熟基肥。春夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)為其生長(chang)旺季(ji)(ji),需要充足的(de)水分,但不宜使(shi)(shi)盆土積水,以免(mian)塊根腐爛;秋(qiu)末(mo)后應(ying)逐漸減少澆水量(liang),使(shi)(shi)盆土保持微濕即(ji)可。為使(shi)(shi)枝葉(xie)生長(chang)繁茂,生長(chang)季(ji)(ji)要注(zhu)(zhu)意補充養分,一般每月施液肥1—2次。它喜半陰(yin),炎(yan)熱夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)要注(zhu)(zhu)意遮陰(yin),防(fang)止烈日暴曬,以免(mian)枝葉(xie)灼傷或(huo)發黃(huang)。
蓬萊松的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工造型(xing)(xing)可(ke)以攀(pan)扎為主(zhu),修剪為輔。攀(pan)扎用(yong)金屬(shu)絲(si)或棕(zong)絲(si)。蓬萊松枝條(tiao)較為柔軟,用(yong)金屬(shu)絲(si)攀(pan)扎簡便易行(xing),屈伸自如。如取2~3年(nian)生(sheng)幼(you)樹(shu)苗(miao)為材(cai)料(liao),將主(zhu)干(gan)作一定的(de)(de)彎曲,剪去礙(ai)于造型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)枝干(gan),再(zai)將保留的(de)(de)側枝攀(pan)扎成水平狀(zhuang)或略(lve)下垂狀(zhuang),生(sheng)長一年(nian)后再(zai)拆除金屬(shu)絲(si),重新調整角度,再(zai)行(xing)攀(pan)扎,數年(nian)后即可(ke)成型(xing)(xing)。如山野(ye)采掘的(de)(de)蓬萊松樹(shu)樁,養胚(pei)一年(nian)后方可(ke)上盆加(jia)(jia)工。整姿造型(xing)(xing)須因材(cai)處理(li),充(chong)分利用(yong)原材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)自然形態,稍加(jia)(jia)人工攀(pan)扎,使其(qi)具有自然的(de)(de)野(ye)趣。
蓬萊松盆景可制成直(zhi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)、斜干(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)、曲(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)、懸崖式(shi)(shi)等,各具(ju)韻味。直(zhi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi),蒼(cang)勁挺(ting)拔古樸;斜干(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi),瀟灑(sa)蒼(cang)健遒勁;曲(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi),"曲(qu)屈彎(wan)彎(wan)回(hui)蟠勢(shi),蜿(wan)蜒起伏蛟龍形";懸崖式(shi)(shi),壑崖古松,臨危(wei)列險,蒼(cang)龍探首(shou),欲潛(qian)四海(hai)。
蓬萊松一般多為(wei)播種繁殖(zhi),也可以分株(zhu)繁殖(zhi),但苗(miao)期生(sheng)長緩慢。
蓬(peng)萊松的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)繁殖發芽(ya)率(lv)可(ke)高達90%以(yi)上。可(ke)在(zai)9月中旬至10月中、下旬球果成熟時及(ji)時采(cai)回,先堆放5~7天,再曝曬3~4天,敲打翻動(dong),種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)脫出,及(ji)時水(shui)(shui)選,剔(ti)除空粒雜物,陰干后袋藏(zang)過冬。蓬(peng)萊松種(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)厚,發芽(ya)慢,宜早播。苗圃(pu)地(di)選排水(shui)(shui)良好(hao)的微酸性土(tu),整地(di)時施足基肥。播前進行催芽(ya)處(chu)理。用冷水(shui)(shui)浸種(zhong)(zhong)3~7天(浸種(zhong)(zhong)期間要(yao)換水(shui)(shui)),浸后用消石灰拌種(zhong)(zhong),待種(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)裂開后,即可(ke)播種(zhong)(zhong)。4月中、下旬開始(shi)發芽(ya)出土(tu),當年苗木可(ke)達8~12厘米(mi)。
可于春夏季結合(he)換盆(pen)時進行,將生長茂密老株從(cong)盆(pen)中脫出(chu),將地下塊根分(fen)切數叢,使每(mei)叢含3—5枝(zhi)(注意(yi)盡量(liang)少傷根),將每(mei)一叢重新用新培(pei)養(yang)土上盆(pen)種植(zhi),澆透水,置于半陰(yin)處(chu)恢復(fu)生長。
有粉虱或介(jie)殼蟲危害(hai)。
可用40%氧化(hua)樂果(guo)乳(ru)油1000倍液噴殺(sha)。
可盆栽布置(zhi)廳堂、臥室(shi)和陽臺等處,切(qie)葉可作為f摘花(hua)作品(pin)的配葉使(shi)用。植株叢生呈放(fang)射(she)狀(zhuang)分布:原(yuan)產(chan)南非(fei)。我國有(you)引種栽培(pei)。