峨眉(mei)擬單(dan)性(xing)木蘭(Parakmeria omeiensis W.C.Cheng)是木蘭科,擬單(dan)性(xing)木蘭屬常綠(lv)(lv)喬木,高(gao)可(ke)達25米(mi),樹皮深灰(hui)色(se)(se)。葉片革質,橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、狹橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或倒卵狀橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),上面(mian)深綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se),有光澤,下(xia)面(mian)淡灰(hui)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se),花(hua)雄花(hua)兩(liang)性(xing)花(hua)異株(zhu);雄花(hua):花(hua)被片長圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),先端圓(yuan)或鈍圓(yuan),藥(yao)隔及花(hua)絲(si)深紅色(se)(se),兩(liang)性(xing)花(hua):雌蕊群(qun)橢圓(yuan)體形(xing)(xing),聚合果倒卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),種子倒卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),外(wai)種皮紅褐色(se)(se)。5月開花(hua),9月結(jie)果。
峨(e)眉擬單性木蘭分布于(yu)中國峨(e)眉山紅(hong)椿坪扁擔巖(yan)一帶(dai)海拔1150-1350米的范(fan)圍內(nei)。適生(sheng)于(yu)氣候溫(wen)暖濕(shi)潤、雨量充(chong)沛的地區(qu),對(dui)土壤生(sheng)態條(tiao)件要求不嚴,但最適于(yu)深厚肥沃、通透性良好的微酸性土壤。
峨眉擬(ni)單性木蘭屬常綠闊葉(xie)、高大(da)喬木樹種,枝葉(xie)繁茂、形態美觀(guan),花朵(duo)碩大(da)、為優良的園(yuan)林觀(guan)賞樹種。
峨眉(mei)(mei)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)單(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)木(mu)蘭(lan)(lan)分布于(yu)中(zhong)國峨眉(mei)(mei)山紅椿坪(ping)扁擔(dan)巖一帶海拔1150-1350米(mi)的(de)(de)范圍內(nei)。該(gai)(gai)地(di)小氣(qi)候溫和濕潤,年相(xiang)對濕度(du)82%-95%,雨(yu)量(liang)充沛(pei)、多(duo)霧,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)震旦(dan)紀上(shang)統白云巖風(feng)化而成(cheng)的(de)(de)多(duo)礫質性(xing)(xing)黃色粘壤(rang)土(tu)(tu),有(you)機質豐富,pH6.5-7.5,該(gai)(gai)地(di)植(zhi)被(bei)為(wei)中(zhong)亞熱(re)帶中(zhong)山偏(pian)濕性(xing)(xing)常(chang)綠(lv)闊葉(xie)林,群(qun)落中(zhong)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)喬(qiao)木(mu)層(ceng)優勢(shi)種有(you)黃心夜(ye)合(he)、大(da)葉(xie)新木(mu)姜子(zi)、潤楠等。峨眉(mei)(mei)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)單(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)木(mu)蘭(lan)(lan)常(chang)作為(wei)喬(qiao)木(mu)層(ceng)優勢(shi)種群(qun)生于(yu)上(shang)述環境(jing)中(zhong)。峨眉(mei)(mei)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)單(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)木(mu)蘭(lan)(lan)適生于(yu)氣(qi)候溫暖(nuan)濕潤、雨(yu)量(liang)充沛(pei)的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu),對土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)生態條件(jian)要求不嚴,但(dan)最(zui)適于(yu)深厚肥沃、通透(tou)性(xing)(xing)良(liang)好的(de)(de)微酸性(xing)(xing)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)。從(cong)物候或生育期的(de)(de)角度(du)來(lai)看,峨眉(mei)(mei)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)單(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)木(mu)蘭(lan)(lan)在春天氣(qi)溫為(wei)9.8℃甚(shen)至可(ke)能(neng)更低的(de)(de)氣(qi)溫條件(jian)下就(jiu)能(neng)進行光(guang)合(he)作用。
常綠喬木,高達(da)25米(mi)(mi),胸徑(jing)40厘(li)米(mi)(mi);樹皮深(shen)灰色(se)。葉革質,橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、狹(xia)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或倒卵狀橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)8-12厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬2.5-4.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi),先端短(duan)漸尖(jian)(jian)而尖(jian)(jian)頭(tou)鈍,基部楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或狹(xia)楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing),上面(mian)(mian)深(shen)綠色(se),有光(guang)澤,下面(mian)(mian)淡灰綠色(se),有腺點,側脈(mo)每邊8-10條,葉柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)1.5-2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)兩性(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)異(yi)株;雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua):花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被(bei)(bei)片12,外輪(lun)3片淺黃色(se)(se)較薄(bo),長圓形(xing)(xing),先端(duan)圓或鈍(dun)圓,長3-3.8厘(li)米,寬1-1.4厘(li)米,內三輪(lun)較狹小,乳白(bai)色(se)(se),肉質;倒卵狀(zhuang)匙(chi)形(xing)(xing),雄(xiong)(xiong)蕊(rui)約30枚,長2-2.2厘(li)米。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)長1-1.2厘(li)米,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲長2-4毫米,藥(yao)隔頂端(duan)伸出成鈍(dun)尖(jian),藥(yao)隔及花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲深紅(hong)色(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)托頂端(duan)短(duan)鈍(dun)尖(jian);兩性(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua):花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被(bei)(bei)片與(yu)雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)同,雄(xiong)(xiong)蕊(rui)16-18枚;雌(ci)蕊(rui)群橢圓體形(xing)(xing),長約1厘(li)米,具雌(ci)蕊(rui)8-12枚。聚(ju)合果倒卵圓形(xing)(xing),長3-4厘(li)米,種子(zi)倒卵圓形(xing)(xing),徑6-8毫米,外種皮紅(hong)褐(he)色(se)(se)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期5月,果期9月。
峨(e)眉擬單性(xing)木蘭結實率低,能(neng)采集到的(de)果實數量極少。
種(zhong)(zhong)子具有(you)(you)肉質假種(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi),橘紅(hong)色,內(nei)含油脂,種(zhong)(zhong)子單粒(li)為扁卵圓形,形狀似豆子,平均長約1.10厘(li)米、寬0.82厘(li)米。內(nei)種(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)堅硬、黑(hei)褐色,光滑一(yi)(yi)面(mian)的中部有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)深(shen)陷橫溝;另一(yi)(yi)面(mian)具多條弧形淺(qian)溝紋(wen),15粒(li)濕種(zhong)(zhong)子重約1.8克,粒(li)均濕重0.12克,種(zhong)(zhong)子內(nei)有(you)(you)豐富的胚乳(ru)。種(zhong)(zhong)子接種(zhong)(zhong)培(pei)養(yang)50天(tian)后(此(ci)間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)接一(yi)(yi)次),在(zai)培(pei)養(yang)基(ji)MS+6-BA0.5毫克/升(sheng)+NAA0.1毫克/升(sheng)培(pei)養(yang)10天(tian)后,胚根和(he)胚芽陸(lu)續突破種(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi),但(dan)長勢較弱,對萌(meng)發的幼苗(miao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)移到MS培(pei)養(yang)基(ji)上(shang),在(zai)培(pei)養(yang)基(ji)上(shang)長勢逐漸轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)好。
科研(yan)(yan)價值:木蘭科植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)大(da)多是(shi)第三紀古(gu)熱帶植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系的孑遺(yi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)和古(gu)老植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),是(shi)被(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)中較原(yuan)始的類(lei)群,是(shi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)被(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)起源、發育、進(jin)化不可缺(que)少的珍(zhen)貴(gui)材料,是(shi)物(wu)種進(jin)化研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的基礎,科學研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)價值極高。
生(sheng)態價(jia)值:當滅絕物種(zhong)達到(dao)一定數(shu)量時,必(bi)將導致生(sheng)態系統失調。極小種(zhong)群物種(zhong)距滅絕僅一步(bu)之遙(yao),因此它的生(sheng)態狀態備受(shou)各方的關注(zhu)。加強極小種(zhong)群物種(zhong)的保育(yu)工(gong)作(zuo),不但(dan)對于我國的生(sheng)物多樣性保護具有(you)極為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的意(yi)義,而且具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的生(sheng)態價(jia)值。
觀賞價值(zhi):峨眉(mei)擬單(dan)性木(mu)蘭(lan)屬(shu)(shu)木(mu)蘭(lan)科擬單(dan)性木(mu)蘭(lan)屬(shu)(shu)的一種(zhong),該樹(shu)種(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)常綠闊葉(xie)(xie)、高大喬木(mu)樹(shu)種(zhong),枝葉(xie)(xie)繁茂、形態(tai)美(mei)觀,花(hua)朵碩大、艷麗(li)多彩、芳(fang)香宜人(ren),為優良(liang)的園林(lin)觀賞樹(shu)種(zhong)。
經(jing)濟價值:擬(ni)單性木蘭屬植(zhi)物(wu)為(wei)高大(da)喬木樹種,樹干(gan)通(tong)直(zhi),木材細(xi)致、均勻,適合(he)(he)作家具、建筑等(deng)用材。生長迅速,可(ke)為(wei)培育大(da)徑材,為(wei)旋制膠合(he)(he)板(ban)的優良用材;還(huan)可(ke)以(yi)提取(qu)芳(fang)香(xiang)精油(you),如:張茂欽等(deng)用云南擬(ni)單性木蘭的花瓣、葉片提取(qu)芳(fang)香(xiang)精油(you)。所(suo)以(yi)應當加強木蘭屬植(zhi)物(wu)繁育技術的研究,大(da)力培育優良的人工林,并大(da)面(mian)積(ji)推廣(guang)和開(kai)發利用。
保(bao)護級別:該種(zhong)列入中國國務院1999年8月(yue)4日批準的(de)《國家重點保(bao)護野(ye)生植物名(ming)錄(第一批)》:Ⅰ級;《世界自然保(bao)護聯(lian)盟(meng)瀕危物種(zhong)紅(hong)色名(ming)錄》(IUCN):極危(CR)。