黃(huang)檗(Phellodendron amurense Rupr.),是蕓香科(ke)黃(huang)檗屬落葉(xie)(xie)喬木(mu)。枝擴(kuo)展(zhan),成年樹的樹皮有厚木(mu)栓層,淺(qian)灰或(huo)(huo)灰褐色(se),深(shen)溝(gou)狀(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)不規則網狀(zhuang)開裂(lie),內皮薄,鮮黃(huang)色(se),味苦(ku),粘質;小(xiao)枝暗紫紅色(se),無毛(mao);葉(xie)(xie)為奇(qi)數(shu)羽狀(zhuang)復葉(xie)(xie)對生,薄紙質至紙質,卵(luan)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)形或(huo)(huo)卵(luan)形,先端漸(jian)尖,基部寬楔形或(huo)(huo)圓,具(ju)細鈍齒及緣毛(mao),上(shang)面無毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)中脈疏(shu)被短毛(mao),下面基部中脈兩側密(mi)被長柔毛(mao),后脫落;花(hua)為萼片寬卵(luan)形,花(hua)瓣黃(huang)綠(lv)色(se),果具(ju)淺(qian)縱(zong)溝(gou);花(hua)期(qi)5-6月(yue);果期(qi)9-10月(yue)。黃(huang)檗在(zai)蒙藥中稱好(hao)布(bu)魯、吉日順。
唐(tang)代后“檗”在《漢字源流》中的(de)解釋為(wei):“《說(shuo)文(wen)·木(mu)部》:‘檗,黃(huang)木(mu)也。從(cong)木(mu),辟聲。’本義為(wei)黃(huang)檗。
分(fen)布于中(zhong)(zhong)國東北和(he)華(hua)北各省,河(he)南、安(an)徽北部(bu)、寧夏也(ye)有分(fen)布,內蒙古(gu)有少量(liang)栽種(zhong)。朝鮮、日(ri)本、俄羅斯(遠東)也(ye)有,也(ye)見于中(zhong)(zhong)亞和(he)歐(ou)洲東部(bu)。在中(zhong)(zhong)國東北和(he)華(hua)北各省、河(he)南、安(an)徽北部(bu)、寧夏,內蒙古(gu)有少量(liang)栽種(zhong)。黃檗喜(xi)好在山(shan)谷間土(tu)質(zhi)肥沃、濕(shi)潤的環境中(zhong)(zhong)。黃檗繁殖(zhi)方式是種(zhong)子繁殖(zhi)。
樹皮內層經炮制(zhi)(zhi)后入(ru)藥,稱為黃檗。味苦(ku),性寒。清熱解毒,瀉火燥濕。主治(zhi)急(ji)性細菌性痢疾、急(ji)性腸炎(yan)(yan)、急(ji)性黃疸型(xing)肝(gan)炎(yan)(yan)、泌尿系統感(gan)染等(deng)炎(yan)(yan)癥。外用治(zhi)火燙傷、中(zhong)耳(er)炎(yan)(yan)、急(ji)性結膜炎(yan)(yan)等(deng)。木栓層是制(zhi)(zhi)造軟(ruan)木塞的材(cai)料(liao)。木材(cai)堅硬,邊材(cai)淡黃色,心材(cai)黃褐(he)色,是槍(qiang)托(tuo)、家具(ju)、裝飾(shi)的優良材(cai),亦為膠合板材(cai)。果實可(ke)作驅蟲劑及(ji)染料(liao)。種子含油7.76%,可(ke)制(zhi)(zhi)肥皂和潤(run)滑油。
唐(tang)代后“檗”在《漢字源流》中的解釋為:“《說文(wen)·木部》:‘檗,黃木也。從木,辟(pi)聲。’本義為黃檗。
落(luo)葉喬木;株高(gao)達(da)20(-30)米,胸徑1米。
枝擴展(zhan),成年(nian)樹(shu)的樹(shu)皮有厚木(mu)栓層,淺灰或灰褐(he)色(se),深溝狀(zhuang)或不規則網狀(zhuang)開(kai)裂,內皮薄,鮮黃色(se),味苦,粘質,小枝暗紫紅色(se),無毛。
落葉喬木;株高(gao)達20米(mi),胸徑(jing)1米(mi)。
小(xiao)枝粗壯(zhuang),暗紫(zi)紅色(se),無毛。
多生于山地雜(za)木林中或山區(qu)河(he)谷沿岸。適應性強,喜陽光,耐嚴寒,宜(yi)于平原或低(di)丘陵坡地、路旁、住宅旁及溪河(he)附近水土較(jiao)好的地方種植。主要分(fen)布區(qu)位于寒溫帶針葉林區(qu)和(he)溫帶針闊葉混交(jiao)林區(qu)。為(wei)濕潤型(xing)季(ji)風氣候,冬夏(xia)(xia)溫差(cha)大,冬季(ji)長(chang)而寒冷,極端最(zui)低(di)溫約-40℃,夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)較(jiao)熱,年(nian)降水量400~800毫(hao)米。為(wei)陽性樹(shu)種,根系發達(da),萌發能力較(jiao)強,能在(zai)空曠地更新(xin),而林冠下更新(xin)不良。
對土(tu)壤適應(ying)性較(jiao)強,適生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于土(tu)層深厚、濕(shi)潤、通氣良好的(de)、含腐殖質豐富的(de)中性或微酸性壤質土(tu)。在(zai)(zai)河谷兩側(ce)的(de)沖積土(tu)上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長最好,在(zai)(zai)沼澤地、粘土(tu)上(shang)和瘠薄的(de)土(tu)地上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長不良。黃檗在(zai)(zai)東北林(lin)區(qu),常散生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)河谷及山(shan)(shan)地中下部的(de)闊(kuo)葉林(lin)或紅松、云杉針闊(kuo)葉混交(jiao)林(lin)中;在(zai)(zai)河北山(shan)(shan)地則常為散生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)孤立木(mu),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于溝(gou)邊及山(shan)(shan)坡(po)中下部的(de)雜木(mu)林(lin)中。花期(qi)5~6月(yue),果熟期(qi)9~10月(yue)。海拔上(shang)限(xian)(米):北部垂直分布700,在(zai)(zai)南部可達1500。
主(zhu)產于(yu)東北(bei)和華(hua)北(bei)各省,河南、安徽北(bei)部(bu)、寧夏也(ye)(ye)有分布,內蒙古(gu)有少(shao)量栽(zai)種。朝鮮、日本、俄(e)羅(luo)斯(遠東)也(ye)(ye)有,也(ye)(ye)見于(yu)中亞和歐(ou)洲東部(bu)。
2023年9月(yue),工作人員在延慶(qing)區(qu)千家店鎮(zhen)的水(shui)頭區(qu)級自然保護(hu)區(qu)發現約22畝野(ye)生鐵木(mu)種群(qun),經判斷為(wei)北京地區(qu)有記錄以來最大規模(mo)野(ye)生鐵木(mu)種群(qun)。
樹(shu)高10-20米,大樹(shu)高達30米,胸徑1米。枝(zhi)擴(kuo)展,成年樹(shu)的樹(shu)皮有厚木栓(shuan)層,淺灰(hui)或灰(hui)褐色(se),深溝狀或不規則(ze)網狀開裂,內皮薄(bo),鮮黃(huang)色(se),味苦,粘質(zhi),小(xiao)枝(zhi)暗紫(zi)紅色(se),無(wu)毛。葉(xie)(xie)軸及(ji)葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)均纖細,有小(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)5-13片,小(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)薄(bo)紙質(zhi)或紙質(zhi),卵(luan)狀披針形(xing)或卵(luan)形(xing),長(chang)6-12厘(li)米,寬(kuan)2.5-4.5厘(li)米,頂部(bu)(bu)長(chang)漸尖,基(ji)部(bu)(bu)闊楔形(xing),一側(ce)斜(xie)尖,或為(wei)圓形(xing),葉(xie)(xie)緣(yuan)有細鈍齒和(he)緣(yuan)毛,葉(xie)(xie)面無(wu)毛或中脈有疏短毛,葉(xie)(xie)背僅(jin)基(ji)部(bu)(bu)中脈兩側(ce)密被長(chang)柔毛,秋(qiu)季落葉(xie)(xie)前葉(xie)(xie)色(se)由綠轉黃(huang)而明亮,毛被大多(duo)脫落。
花序(xu)頂生;萼片細小(xiao),闊卵形,長約1毫米(mi);花瓣紫(zi)綠色,長3-4毫米(mi);雄花的雄蕊(rui)比(bi)花瓣長,退化雌蕊(rui)短小(xiao)。
果圓球形,徑約1厘米,藍黑色,通常有5-8(-10)淺縱溝,干后(hou)較(jiao)明顯;種子通常5粒。花期5-6月,果期9-10月。
定植(zhi)15~20年(nian)采(cai)收,5月(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬(xun)(xun)至6月(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬(xun)(xun),用(yong)(yong)半環(huan)剝(bo)或(huo)環(huan)剝(bo)、砍(kan)樹剝(bo)皮(pi)(pi)等(deng)方(fang)法剝(bo)皮(pi)(pi)。多用(yong)(yong)環(huan)剝(bo),可(ke)在(zai)夏初的(de)陰天(tian),日平均(jun)溫(wen)度在(zai)22~26℃左(zuo)右(you),此(ci)時形(xing)(xing)成層(ceng)活動旺(wang)盛,再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)樹皮(pi)(pi)容(rong)易。選(xuan)健壯(zhuang)(zhuang)無病(bing)蟲害的(de)植(zhi)株,用(yong)(yong)刀在(zai)樹段的(de)上(shang)(shang)下兩端分別圍繞(rao)樹干壞割一圈(quan),再(zai)縱(zong)割一刀,切割深度以不損傷形(xing)(xing)成層(ceng)為度,然后將樹皮(pi)(pi)剝(bo)下,噴10×10-6吲哚乙酸,再(zai)把(ba)略(lve)長于樹段的(de)小竹竿(gan)縛在(zai)樹段上(shang)(shang),以免塑料薄膜接(jie)觸形(xing)(xing)成層(ceng),外(wai)面再(zai)包塑料薄膜兩層(ceng),可(ke)促使(shi)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)新樹皮(pi)(pi);第2、3年(nian)連續剝(bo)皮(pi)(pi),但產量略(lve)低于第1年(nian)。注意剝(bo)皮(pi)(pi)后一定要加強培育管理,使(shi)樹勢很快復壯(zhuang)(zhuang),否則(ze)會(hui)出(chu)現衰退現象。
剝(bo)下的皮,趁(chen)鮮刮掉粗皮,曬(shai)至半干(gan),再疊成堆,用石板壓平,再曬(shai)至顯黃色為(wei)度,不可(ke)傷及內皮,刷凈曬(shai)干(gan),放置(zhi)干(gan)燥通風(feng)處,防霉變色。
夏(xia)季采收,剝下樹皮(pi),除去粗(cu)皮(pi)(栓(shuan)皮(pi)),曬干(gan),切絲。中藥生(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)或鹽炙用(yong)(黃(huang)柏100公(gong)斤,鹽2.5公(gong)斤)。蒙藥切碎,生(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)。
用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)子繁(fan)殖。以秋播為(wei)宜(yi),使種(zhong)子在低溫下自然(ran)催芽(ya)。但春(chun)播時(shi)應在秋冬季將(jiang)種(zhong)子層積。造林時(shi)采用(yong)(yong)混(hun)交林或密植,有(you)利于主干生長。亦可試行扦插(cha)法。
黃檗有(you)經濟(ji)價值將(jiang)黃檗木加工成溫和的茶褐色,可營造出純(chun)正的和式風格,質輕且(qie)結實。
木栓層是(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)軟木塞的(de)材料(liao)。木材堅(jian)硬(ying),邊材淡黃色,心材黃褐色,是(shi)槍托、家具、裝飾的(de)優良(liang)材,亦為膠合(he)板材。果實可作驅蟲劑及染料(liao)。種子含油7.76%,可制(zhi)(zhi)肥(fei)皂和潤滑油。
樹(shu)皮內(nei)層經炮制(zhi)后入(ru)藥,稱為(wei)黃檗。味苦,性寒。清熱(re)解毒(du),瀉火燥濕。主治(zhi)急性細(xi)菌性痢疾、急性腸炎、急性黃疸(dan)型肝炎、泌(mi)尿系統感(gan)染等炎癥。外(wai)用治(zhi)火燙傷(shang)、中耳(er)炎、急性結膜(mo)炎等。
《醫學(xue)啟源》:黃檗,治(zhi)(zhi)腎水膀(bang)胱(guang)不足(zu),諸(zhu)痿(wei)厥,腰無(wu)力(li),于黃芪(qi)湯(tang)中(zhong)(zhong)加用,使兩膝中(zhong)(zhong)氣力(li)涌出,痿(wei)軟(ruan)即時去(qu)矣(yi)二制(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)上焦,單制(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)焦,不制(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)下焦也。
李(li)杲:黃檗、蒼術,乃(nai)治痿(wei)要(yao)藥(yao)(yao),凡去(qu)下(xia)焦(jiao)(jiao)濕熱(re)作腫(zhong)及痛,并(bing)(bing)膀(bang)胱(guang)有火(huo)邪(xie),并(bing)(bing)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便不利(li)及黃澀者,并(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)酒洗(xi)黃檗、知母(mu)為君,茯苓(ling)、澤(ze)瀉為佐(zuo)。凡小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便不通而口渴者,邪(xie)熱(re)在氣(qi)(qi)分,肺中(zhong)伏熱(re)不能(neng)生(sheng)水(shui)(shui),是絕小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan)也,法當(dang)(dang)用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)味俱薄淡滲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao),豬苓(ling)、澤(ze)瀉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類,瀉肺火(huo)而清肺金,滋水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)源(yuan)。若邪(xie)熱(re)在下(xia)焦(jiao)(jiao)血(xue)分,不渴而小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便不通者,乃(nai)《素問》所(suo)謂(wei)無(wu)陰則(ze)(ze)(ze)陽無(wu)以(yi)(yi)生(sheng),無(wu)陽則(ze)(ze)(ze)陰無(wu)以(yi)(yi)化(hua)(hua),膀(bang)胱(guang)者州都(dou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官,津液(ye)藏焉,氣(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)則(ze)(ze)(ze)能(neng)出(chu)矣。法當(dang)(dang)用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)味俱厚(hou),陰中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰藥(yao)(yao)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),黃檗、知母(mu)是也。長安王(wang)善夫病小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便不通,漸成(cheng)中(zhong)滿(man),腹堅(jian)如石,腳腿裂破出(chu)水(shui)(shui),雙(shuang)睛凸出(chu),飲(yin)食(shi)不下(xia),痛苦(ku)(ku)不可名(ming)狀(zhuang),治滿(man)利(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便滲泄(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)服遍矣,予(yu)診之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰,此(ci)乃(nai)毒養(yang)太過,膏粱積熱(re)損傷腎水(shui)(shui),致(zhi)膀(bang)胱(guang)久而干涸,小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便不化(hua)(hua),火(huo)又逆上(shang),而為嘔噦。《難經》所(suo)謂(wei)關則(ze)(ze)(ze)不得小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)便,格則(ze)(ze)(ze)吐逆者。潔古老人言熱(re)在下(xia)焦(jiao)(jiao),但治下(xia)焦(jiao)(jiao),其病必(bi)愈。遂處以(yi)(yi)北方寒(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)所(suo)化(hua)(hua)大苦(ku)(ku)寒(han)(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao),黃檗、知母(mu)各一兩,酒洗(xi)焙碾(nian),肉(rou)桂(gui)一錢為引,熟水(shui)(shui)丸(wan)如芡(qian)子大,每(mei)服二百丸(wan),沸湯下(xia),少時如刀刺前陰火(huo)燒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang),溺如瀑泉涌出(chu),床下(xia)成(cheng)流,顧盼(pan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,腫(zhong)脹(zhang)消散。《內經》云,熱(re)者寒(han)(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),腎惡(e)燥,急食(shi)辛以(yi)(yi)潤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)(yi)黃檗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)苦(ku)(ku)寒(han)(han)瀉熱(re)補水(shui)(shui)涸燥為君,知母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)苦(ku)(ku)寒(han)(han)瀉腎火(huo)為佐(zuo),肉(rou)桂(gui)辛熱(re)為使,寒(han)(han)因熱(re)用(yong)(yong)也。
《本草衍義補遺》:檗皮,走手(shou)厥陰(yin),而有(you)瀉火補陰(yin)之功。配細辛(xin),治口瘡有(you)奇(qi)功。
朱震(zhen)亨:黃檗,走至(zhi)陰,有瀉火(huo)補陰之(zhi)功,非陰中之(zhi)火(huo),不可用也。得知母(mu)滋陰降火(huo),得蒼術除濕清熱。
《湯液本草》:黃(huang)(huang)檗,足少陰(yin)劑(ji),腎(shen)苦燥(zao),故腎(shen)停濕(shi)(shi)也,梔子、黃(huang)(huang)芩入肺,黃(huang)(huang)連入心,黃(huang)(huang)檗入腎(shen),燥(zao)濕(shi)(shi)所歸,各從(cong)其類也。《活人書》解毒湯,上下內外通治之。
《醫學入(ru)門》:黃檗(bo),治(zhi)眼赤、鼻(bi)皶、喉痹及癰疽發(fa)背,乳癰臍瘡(chuang)亦(yi)用(yong)。東垣云,瀉(xie)下焦隱伏(fu)之(zhi)龍火(huo)(huo),安上(shang)出虛噦之(zhi)蛔(hui)蟲,單治(zhi)而(er)能(neng)補腎(shen)(shen)不足,生用(yong)而(er)能(neng)補陰(yin)痿厥,凡下體(ti)有濕,癱瘓(huan)腫痛,及膀胱有水,小(xiao)便(bian)黃,小(xiao)腹虛痛者(zhe),必用(yong)之(zhi),兼治(zhi)外感肌熱(re)(re),內傷骨熱(re)(re),失血遺精陰(yin)痿。抑考(kao)黃連(lian)入(ru)心,梔(zhi)、芩入(ru)肺,黃柏入(ru)腎(shen)(shen),腎(shen)(shen)苦燥(zao)(zao)停(ting)濕,柏味微(wei)辛而(er)能(neng)潤燥(zao)(zao),性利下面能(neng)除濕,故為腎(shen)(shen)經主(zhu)藥。然《本經》謂(wei)其主(zhu)五臟熱(re)(re)者(zhe),蓋相火(huo)(huo)狂越上(shang)沖(chong),腸胃干涸,五臟皆火(huo)(huo),以上(shang)諸癥(zheng),皆火(huo)(huo)之(zhi)所(suo)為,濕亦(yi)火(huo)(huo)之(zhi)郁(yu)而(er)成(cheng)也(ye),用(yong)以瀉(xie)火(huo)(huo)則腎(shen)(shen)水自固,而(er)無(wu)狂越漏泄(xie)之(zhi)患,所(suo)謂(wei)補腎(shen)(shen)者(zhe),亦(yi)此意(yi)也(ye)。丹溪謂(wei)腎(shen)(shen)家無(wu)火(huo)(huo),而(er)兩(liang)尺脈微(wei)或左(zuo)尺獨旺(wang)者(zhe),皆不宜(yi)用(yong),惟兩(liang)尺脈俱旺(wang)者(zhe)最宜(yi)。
《綱(gang)目》:古書(shu)言(yan)(yan)知(zhi)母(mu)(mu)佐黃(huang)檗滋(zi)陰(yin)降火(huo),有(you)(you)金水(shui)相(xiang)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)義,黃(huang)檗無(wu)知(zhi)母(mu)(mu),猶(you)水(shui)母(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)蝦也。蓋(gai)黃(huang)檗能治膀(bang)胱命(ming)門(men)中之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo),知(zhi)母(mu)(mu)能清肺(fei)金,滋(zi)腎(shen)水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)化源,故潔古、東垣、丹溪皆以為滋(zi)陰(yin)降火(huo)要藥,上古所未(wei)言(yan)(yan)也。蓋(gai)氣為陽,血為陰(yin),邪火(huo)煎熬,則陰(yin)血漸涸,故陰(yin)虛(xu)火(huo)動之(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)須之(zhi)(zhi),然必(bi)少壯氣盛能食者,用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)宜,若中氣不足(zu),而邪火(huo)熾(chi)盛者,久(jiu)服(fu)(fu)則有(you)(you)寒中之(zhi)(zhi)變。近時(shi)虛(xu)損(sun)及縱欲求嗣之(zhi)(zhi)人用(yong)(yong)(yong)補陰(yin)藥,往(wang)往(wang)以此(ci)(ci)二(er)味為君,日(ri)日(ri)服(fu)(fu)餌,降令太過,脾胃(wei)受(shou)傷(shang),真陽暗(an)損(sun),精氣不暖,致(zhi)生(sheng)他病(bing)。蓋(gai)不知(zhi)此(ci)(ci)物(wu)苦寒而滑滲,且苦味久(jiu)服(fu)(fu),有(you)(you)反從火(huo)化之(zhi)(zhi)害,故葉氏(shi)《醫學統旨》有(you)(you)四物(wu)加知(zhi)母(mu)(mu)、黃(huang)檗,久(jiu)服(fu)(fu)傷(shang)胃(wei),不能生(sheng)陰(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)戒。生(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)則降實火(huo),熟用(yong)(yong)(yong)則不傷(shang)胃(wei),酒制則治上,鹽(yan)制則治下,蜜制則治中。
《本草經疏》:黃檗,主五臟腸胃中(zhong)結熱(re)(re)(re)。蓋陰不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu),則熱(re)(re)(re)始結于腸胃;黃疸雖由濕(shi)熱(re)(re)(re),然必發(fa)于真陰不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)之(zhi)人;腸痔(zhi)漏,亦皆(jie)(jie)(jie)濕(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)傷血所致;泄痢者,滯(zhi)下(xia)也,亦濕(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)干犯腸胃之(zhi)病;女子漏下(xia)赤(chi)(chi)白,陰傷蝕瘡(chuang),皆(jie)(jie)(jie)濕(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)乘陰虛流客下(xia)部而成(cheng);膚熱(re)(re)(re)赤(chi)(chi)起,目(mu)熱(re)(re)(re)赤(chi)(chi)痛口瘡(chuang),皆(jie)(jie)(jie)陰虛血熱(re)(re)(re)所生(sheng)病也。以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)陰之(zhi)氣,補(bu)至(zhi)陰之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu),虛則補(bu)之(zhi),以(yi)(yi)類(lei)相從,故陰回(hui)熱(re)(re)(re)解,濕(shi)燥而諸證自(zi)除(chu)矣(yi)。乃足(zu)少陰腎經之(zhi)要藥(yao),專治明虛生(sheng)內熱(re)(re)(re)諸證,功烈甚偉,非常(chang)藥(yao)可比也。
《本草正(zheng)》:黃(huang)(huang)檗,性寒潤降,去火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)最速,丹溪言其(qi)制伏龍火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),補(bu)腎強(qiang)陰(yin)(yin),然龍火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)豈(qi)沉寒可除,水(shui)枯豈(qi)苦劣可補(bu),陰(yin)(yin)虛水(shui)竭(jie),得降愈亡(wang),撲(pu)滅元陽,莫此(ci)為(wei)甚(shen),水(shui)未枯而火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)盛(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe),用以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抽薪則可,水(shui)既竭(jie)而枯熱者(zhe)(zhe),用以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)補(bu)陰(yin)(yin)實難,當(dang)局者(zhe)(zhe)慎勿認(ren)為(wei)補(bu)劑(ji)。予嘗聞之(zhi)丹溪曰(yue)(yue)(yue),君火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直折(zhe),黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)之(zhi)屬可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制之(zhi);相火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),當(dang)從(cong)其(qi)性而伏之(zhi),惟黃(huang)(huang)柏之(zhi)屬可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)降之(zhi)。按此(ci)議論若有高見(jian),而實矯強(qiang)之(zhi)甚(shen)。夫所謂(wei)從(cong)其(qi)性者(zhe)(zhe),即《內經(jing)》從(cong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)說也(ye),《經(jing)》曰(yue)(yue)(yue):正(zheng)者(zhe)(zhe)正(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),從(cong)者(zhe)(zhe)反(fan)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。正(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),謂(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)水(shui)制火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)寒治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)熱也(ye);從(cong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),謂(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)濟火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)熱治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)熱也(ye);亦(yi)所謂(wei)甘溫除大熱也(ye),豈(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)便(bian)是正(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),黃(huang)(huang)柏便(bian)是從(cong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎?即曰(yue)(yue)(yue)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)主心火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),黃(huang)(huang)柏主腎火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),然以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)便(bian)血、溺血者(zhe)(zhe),俱宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian),又豈(qi)非膀胱、大腸(chang)下部(bu)藥乎?治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舌瘡口(kou)瘡者(zhe)(zhe),俱宜(yi)黃(huang)(huang)拍,又豈(qi)非心、脾(pi)上部(bu)藥乎?總之(zhi),黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)、黃(huang)(huang)柏均以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大苦大寒之(zhi)性,而曰(yue)(yue)(yue)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)為(wei)水(shui),黃(huang)(huang)柏非水(shui),黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)為(wei)瀉,黃(huang)(huang)柏為(wei)補(bu),豈(qi)理也(ye)哉(zai)?
《藥品化義》:黃柏(bo),味(wei)苦入(ru)骨,是以(yi)降(jiang)火能(neng)(neng)自(zi)頂至踵,淪膚徹(che)髓,無(wu)不周到,專瀉腎(shen)與(yu)膀胱(guang)之(zhi)(zhi)火。蓋腎(shen)屬(shu)寒水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)多則(ze)慚消,涸竭(jie)則(ze)變熱(re)。若氣(qi)從臍(qi)下起者,陰(yin)(yin)火也(ye)。《內經》曰,腎(shen)欲堅(jian),以(yi)苦堅(jian)之(zhi)(zhi),堅(jian)即為(wei)補(bu),丹溪以(yi)此一味(wei)名大(da)補(bu)丸,用(yong)(yong)(yong)鹽水(shui)(shui)制,使鹽以(yi)入(ru)腎(shen),主降(jiang)陰(yin)(yin)火以(yi)救(jiu)腎(shen)水(shui)(shui)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)蜜(mi)湯拌炒,取其戀膈而不驟下,治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五心煩熱(re)、目(mu)痛(tong)口(kou)瘡諸癥。單炒褐色,治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腸紅痔(zhi)漏,遺精白濁,濕熱(re)黃疸。又膀胱(guang)熱(re),臍(qi)腹(fu)內痛(tong),凡屬(shu)相火,用(yong)(yong)(yong)此折之(zhi)(zhi),腎(shen)自(zi)堅(jian)固,而無(wu)旁蕩之(zhi)(zhi)患。因味(wei)苦能(neng)(neng)走骨,能(neng)(neng)沉下,用(yong)(yong)(yong)酒拌炒,四物湯調服,領入(ru)血(xue)分,治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四肢骨節走痛(tong),足(zu)膝(xi)酸疼無(wu)力,遍身惡瘡及腳氣(qi)攻沖。嘔逆惡心,陰(yin)(yin)虛血(xue)熱(re),火氣(qi)于足(zu)者,蓋此一味(wei),名潛行散,能(neng)(neng)散陰(yin)(yin)中之(zhi)(zhi)火,亦能(neng)(neng)安蛔蟲,以(yi)苦降(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)義也(ye)。
《本經逢(feng)原》:黃柏,生(sheng)用(yong)降實火(huo),酒(jiu)制治陰(yin)(yin)火(huo)上炎,鹽制治下(xia)焦(jiao)之火(huo),姜制治中(zhong)焦(jiao)痰火(huo),姜汁炒黑治濕熱(re),鹽酒(jiu)炒黑制虛火(huo),陰(yin)(yin)虛火(huo)盛面赤戴(dai)陽(yang),附(fu)子(zi)汁制。
《長沙藥解》:黃(huang)柏(bo)(bo),泄(xie)己土之(zhi)濕(shi)熱,清乙木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)蒸,調熱利下(xia)(xia)重,理黃(huang)疸(dan)、腹(fu)滿、傷寒。烏(wu)梅丸用之(zhi)治厥(jue)陰傷寒,氣上撞心(xin)(xin),心(xin)(xin)中疼熱,食即吐蛔(hui),以木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)則(ze)(ze)蟲化,郁(yu)(yu)(yu)沖而(er)(er)生(sheng)上熱,黃(huang)柏(bo)(bo)泄(xie)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)升之(zhi)上熱,而(er)(er)殺蛔(hui)蟲也。白頭(tou)翁湯(tang)用之(zhi)治厥(jue)陰病(bing)熱利下(xia)(xia)重者,以木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)則(ze)(ze)利作,郁(yu)(yu)(yu)陷(xian)而(er)(er)生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)熱,黃(huang)柏(bo)(bo)泄(xie)郁(yu)(yu)(yu)陷(xian)之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)熱,而(er)(er)舉重墜也。《金匱》梔子柏(bo)(bo)皮湯(tang)用之(zhi)治太陰病(bing),身(shen)(shen)黃(huang)發(fa)熱者;大黃(huang)硝(xiao)石(shi)湯(tang)用之(zhi)治黃(huang)疸(dan)腹(fu)滿小便不(bu)(bu)利者;以乙木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)濕(shi)陷(xian),不(bu)(bu)能疏泄(xie),郁(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)熱,傳于膀(bang)胱,水(shui)竅不(bu)(bu)開,溢于經(jing)絡,則(ze)(ze)身(shen)(shen)黃(huang)腹(fu)滿而(er)(er)發(fa)熱,黃(huang)柏(bo)(bo)泄(xie)濕(shi)熱而(er)(er)清膀(bang)胱也。陽(yang)衰土濕(shi),乙木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)不(bu)(bu)達(da),抑遏面生(sheng)濕(shi)熱,沖于胃口,則(ze)(ze)心(xin)(xin)中疼熱;陷(xian)于大腸,則(ze)(ze)熱利下(xia)(xia)重;郁(yu)(yu)(yu)于膀(bang)胱,淫于肌膚,則(ze)(ze)腹(fu)滿身(shen)(shen)黃(huang)。黃(huang)柏(bo)(bo)苦寒迅利,疏肝(gan)脾而(er)(er)泄(xie)濕(shi)熱,清膀(bang)胱而(er)(er)排瘀濁(zhuo),殊有(you)捷效。最瀉(xie)肝(gan)、腎、脾、胃之(zhi)陽(yang),后世以此為滋陰補水(shui)之(zhi)劑,誤人多(duo)。
《得配(pei)本草》:以黃柏(bo)補水,以其能清(qing)自下泛上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰火(huo)(huo),火(huo)(huo)清(qing)則水得堅凝,不(bu)(bu)(bu)補而(er)補也。蓋陰中邪(xie)火(huo)(huo),本非命門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)真火(huo)(huo),不(bu)(bu)(bu)妨(fang)用(yong)苦寒(han)者除(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),若腎中真水不(bu)(bu)(bu)足,水中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)真火(huo)(huo)虛(xu)浮于(yu)上(shang),宜用(yong)二地以滋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),水足火(huo)(huo)自歸臟也。如誤服知、相,水愈(yu)燥而(er)火(huo)(huo)愈(yu)炎,反成孤(gu)陽飛越,莫可(ke)救矣(yi)。命門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo),安其位(wei)為(wei)生(sheng)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)(shao)火(huo)(huo),出其位(wei)則為(wei)爍陰食氣(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯火(huo)(huo),是畏火(huo)(huo)也,非急除(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke),川(chuan)柏(bo)、丹皮在所必需。然(ran)少(shao)(shao)火(huo)(huo)出位(wei),失水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源,用(yong)川(chuan)柏(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)苦燥,不(bu)(bu)(bu)若丹皮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辛潤,為(wei)無傷于(yu)真陰也。
《本草求(qiu)真(zhen)(zhen)》:黃檗,昔人(ren)(ren)(ren)同(tong)知(zhi)母用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)六(liu)味丸(wan)中,名(ming)為知(zhi)檗八味丸(wan),又用(yong)(yong)知(zhi)、檗各一(yi)兩(liang),酒洗焙研入(ru)桂(gui),名(ming)為滋(zi)腎丸(wan),謂其(qi)可滋(zi)真(zhen)(zhen)陰(yin)(yin),此說(shuo)一(yi)出,而(er)天(tian)下(xia)翕(xi)然宗之(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)至于(yu)(yu)今,牢不可破。返(fan)知(zhi)黃檗性稟至陰(yin)(yin),味苦(ku)性寒(han),行隆(long)冬肅殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)令(ling),故(gu)獨入(ru)少陰(yin)(yin)瀉(xie)(xie)火(huo)(huo)(huo),入(ru)膀胱瀉(xie)(xie)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)。凡病人(ren)(ren)(ren)團火(huo)(huo)(huo)亢而(er)見(jian)(jian)骨蒸勞熱(re)(re)(re)(re),目赤(chi)耳鳴,消渴便(bian)閉,及濕(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)為病而(er)見(jian)(jian)諸痿癱(tan)瘓,水瀉(xie)(xie)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)利,黃疸(dan)水腫,痔血腸風,漏下(xia)赤(chi)白,與乎諸痛瘡癢,蛔蟲(chong)內攻(gong),診其(qi)尺果洪大,按(an)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)有(you)力,可炒黑暫用(yong)(yong),使其(qi)濕(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)順流而(er)下(xia),陰(yin)(yin)火(huo)(huo)(huo)因(yin)而(er)潛伏(fu),則(ze)(ze)陰(yin)(yin)不受煎(jian)熬,而(er)陰(yin)(yin)乃得長矣,非謂真(zhen)(zhen)陰(yin)(yin)虛損(sun),服此即(ji)有(you)滋(zi)潤之(zhi)(zhi)力也。故(gu)于(yu)(yu)實熱(re)(re)(re)(re)實火(huo)(huo)(huo)財(cai)宜,而(er)于(yu)(yu)虛熱(re)(re)(re)(re)虛火(huo)(huo)(huo),則(ze)(ze)徒有(you)損(sun)而(er)無益。陰(yin)(yin)寒(han)之(zhi)(zhi)性,能損(sun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)氣,減人(ren)(ren)(ren)食,命門真(zhen)(zhen)元之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo),一(yi)見(jian)(jian)而(er)消亡(wang),脾胃(wei)運(yun)行之(zhi)(zhi)職(zhi),一(yi)見(jian)(jian)而(er)沮喪,元氣既(ji)虛,又用(yong)(yong)蓄寒(han),遏絕生機,莫此為甚。
《重(zhong)慶堂隨筆》:黃(huang)檗(bo)之(zhi)功(gong),昔人已詳之(zhi)矣,或(huo)竟(jing)視(shi)力(li)毒藥,痛戒勿用,毋乃議藥不(bu)議病(bing)之(zhi)陋習(xi)耶?《經》言腎欲堅(jian),急食苦以堅(jian)之(zhi)。凡下(xia)部不(bu)堅(jian)之(zhi)病(bing)多(duo)矣,如莖痿、遺濁、帶(dai)漏、痿躄(bi)、便血(xue)、瀉痢諸(zhu)癥,今人不(bu)察病(bing)情,但從虛寒(han)治之(zhi),而不(bu)知大半屬于(yu)虛熱也。蓋(gai)下(xia)焦(jiao)多(duo)濕,始因陰(yin)虛火盛而濕漸化(hua)熱,繼則濕熱阻夫氣(qi)化(hua),反耗精液,遂成不(bu)堅(jian)之(zhi)病(bing),皆黃(huang)檗(bo)之(zhi)專司也,去其蝕陰(yin)之(zhi)病(bing),正是保全生氣(qi),誰(shui)謂苦寒(han)無(wu)益(yi)于(yu)生氣(qi)哉蓋(gai)黃(huang)檗(bo)治下(xia)焦(jiao)濕熱諸(zhu)證,正與蛇床子治下(xia)焦(jiao)寒(han)濕諸(zhu)證為對(dui)待。
樹(shu)皮含小(xiao)檗堿(jian)(jian)、藥(yao)根堿(jian)(jian)、掌葉防己(ji)堿(jian)(jian)、黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)堿(jian)(jian)、木蘭花堿(jian)(jian)、蝙蝠葛堿(jian)(jian)和(he)N-甲基大麥芽堿(jian)(jian)等異喹啉類生物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)。其中,小(xiao)檗堿(jian)(jian)和(he)掌葉防己(ji)堿(jian)(jian)含量(liang)最高(gao),藥(yao)根堿(jian)(jian)最低(di)。木質(zhi)部(bu)、根皮也含有這些生物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)。樹(shu)皮還(huan)含有黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)酮、黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)內酯(zhi)、白(bai)鮮交酯(zhi)和(he)黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)酮酸(suan)等二萜(tie)內酯(zhi)類成(cheng)分(fen)以及β-谷甾醇(chun)、菜油甾醇(chun)、η-脫氫豆甾醇(chun)等植物(wu)甾醇(chun)類成(cheng)分(fen)。
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)檗(bo)樹皮含(han)(han)(han)小(xiao)檗(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(berberine)約(yue)1.6%,并合少量(liang)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(phellodendrine),木蘭花(hua)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(magnoflorine),藥根(gen)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jatrorrhizine),掌葉防已堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(palmatine),白栝(gua)樓堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(candicine),蝙蝠葛任(ren)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(menisperine),胍(guanidine);另(ling)含(han)(han)(han)檸檬苦素(limonin)即黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)內酯(zhi)(obaculactone),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)酮(tong)(obacunone)及(ji)γ-β-谷甾醇(γ-β-sitosterol),菜(cai)油甾醇(campesterol),豆(dou)甾醇(stigmasterol),7-去氫(qing)豆(dou)甾醇(7-dehydrostigmasterol),白鮮交酯(zhi)(dictamnolide),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)酮(tong)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(obacunonic acid),青螢光酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(lumicaeruleic acid),24-亞(ya)甲(jia)(jia)基環(huan)木菠蘿醇(24-methylenecycloartanol),γ-羥基丁烯內酯(zhi)衍(yan)生物(wu)(黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo))Ⅰ、Ⅱ(γ-hydroxybutenolidederivatives Ⅰ、Ⅱ),牛奶(nai)樹醇-B(hispiol B),小(xiao)檗(bo)紅(hong)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(berberrubine)。根(gen)皮中分離(li)出小(xiao)檗(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)約(yue)9%,尚有藥根(gen)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),白栝(gua)樓堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。果實中含(han)(han)(han)少量(liang)小(xiao)檗(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),掌葉防己堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);另(ling)含(han)(han)(han)揮發油約(yue)2.16%,油中主要成分為(wei)月桂烯(myrcene)約(yue)92%,還有少量(liang)甲(jia)(jia)基王酮(tong),微量(liang)甲(jia)(jia)基庚酮(tong)以及(ji)可能是牻牛兒醇的物(wu)質。此外還含(han)(han)(han)有南美花(hua)椒酸(suan)(suan)(suan)胺(herculin),5,5’-二甲(jia)(jia)基糠醛(quan)(quan)醚(5,5’-dimethylfurfural ether)。葉含(han)(han)(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)類化合物(wu)達(da)10%,從(cong)中分離(li)出黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)甙(dai)(phellamurin,鮮葉中約(yue)1%),去氫(qing)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)甙(dai)(amurensin,鮮葉中約(yue)0.04%),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)環(huan)合甙(dai)(phellodendroside,干葉中約(yue)0.14%),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)雙糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dihydrophelloside),去氫(qing)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)雙糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(phelloside),去甲(jia)(jia)淫(yin)羊霍異黃(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)次甙(dai)(nor-icariside),異黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)甙(dai)(phellavin),去氫(qing)異黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)甙(dai)(phellatin),金(jin)絲(si)桃甙(dai)(hypero-side)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)柏(bo)(bo)的葉還含(han)(han)(han)有生物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。此外還含(han)(han)(han)有多(duo)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),多(duo)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)經水解后阿拉伯糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)約(yue)22%-23%,鼠李(li)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)約(yue)30%,半(ban)乳(ru)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)和半(ban)乳(ru)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)醛(quan)(quan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)約(yue)占(zhan)47%左右。另(ling)外還分得(de)α-(1-4)-鏈(lian)(半(ban)乳(ru)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)醛(quan)(quan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan))半(ban)乳(ru)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)[α-(1-4)-linked(galactosyluronic acid)galactose]。
抗菌
黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)抗菌(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)效(xiao)成分(fen)為小檗堿(jian),故(gu)其(qi)藥理作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)大體相似,但(dan)含量較黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)低。體外(wai)試驗(yan)對(dui)金黃(huang)(huang)色葡萄球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、肺炎(yan)球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、白喉(hou)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、草綠(lv)色鏈球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、痢(li)疾桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(宋內(nei)氏除外(wai))、溶(rong)血性(xing)鏈球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、腦膜(mo)炎(yan)球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、霍亂弧(hu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、炭疽桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)均(jun)有(you)(you)效(xiao)或(huo)有(you)(you)較強(qiang)的抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);對(dui)枯(ku)草桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、百日咳桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、破(po)傷風桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)亦有(you)(you)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);對(dui)H37Rv、鳥型(xing)結核桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)無(wu)直接(jie)(jie)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),但(dan)可使菌(jun)(jun)(jun)數減少(shao),但(dan)濃度達(da)(da)1%時(shi)呈現(xian)抑(yi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)豚(tun)鼠接(jie)(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)人型(xing)結核菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(H37Rv)作(zuo)(zuo)實(shi)驗(yan)治(zhi)療(liao)時(shi),口服或(huo)注射(she)的療(liao)效(xiao)均(jun)很差。對(dui)接(jie)(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)牛型(xing)結核菌(jun)(jun)(jun)的豚(tun)鼠,黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)提取(qu)物的鹽酸結晶(jing)物肌肉注射(she)時(shi),有(you)(you)一定療(liao)效(xiao)。黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)對(dui)結核病人的臨床(chuang)癥狀及X線檢查有(you)(you)好轉,且優于黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)。在試管中,黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)煎(jian)劑或(huo)浸劑對(dui)常(chang)見(jian)的致病性(xing)真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)不(bu)同程度的抑(yi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。其(qi)水(shui)煎(jian)劑不(bu)能(neng)殺死鉤(gou)端螺旋體(劑量需(xu)較黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)大1倍)。在體外(wai)對(dui)陰道滴蟲也有(you)(you)弱的作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。據報道,黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)酸堿(jian)法提取(qu)物制(zhi)(zhi)成1:1黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)液,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)灌腸(chang)法可治(zhi)療(liao)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)痢(li),一般2-4天(tian)可痊愈(yu)。黃(huang)(huang)柏(bo)理療(liao)液用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)直流(liu)電導(dao)入治(zhi)療(liao)慢性(xing)前列腺炎(yan),總(zong)有(you)(you)效(xiao)率達(da)(da)97.3%。
抗真菌
關黃柏(bo)和川黃柏(bo)的乙醚浸提物對新型隱球菌(jun)和紅色發癬菌(jun)具有(you)較強的抑(yi)菌(jun)作(zuo)用(yong),其作(zuo)用(yong)比(bi)制(zhi)霉(mei)(mei)菌(jun)素強,但(dan)對白色念(nian)珠菌(jun)的抑(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)比(bi)制(zhi)霉(mei)(mei)菌(jun)享弱。
鎮咳
黃柏(bo)果實的揮發(fa)具(ju)有鎮咳作用,其鎮咳成分主要(yao)為(wei)香葉烯。并從(cong)揮發(fa)油中分得小檗堿和5,5'-二甲基糠醛(quan)醚(mi)。
降壓
黃柏對麻醉動物(wu)靜脈(mo)注(zhu)射(she)或(huo)腹腔注(zhu)射(she),可產生顯著而持久的(de)(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)壓(ya)作(zuo)用,頸(jing)動脈(mo)注(zhu)射(she)較靜脈(mo)注(zhu)射(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更強,因此(ci)降(jiang)壓(ya)可能是中(zhong)樞性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。對季銨(an)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃柏堿加以改變而合成的(de)(de)(de)(de)叔胺(an)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化合物(wu)名昔羅(luo)匹林(lin)(Xylopinin)亦可引(yin)起迅(xun)速(su)、顯著之降(jiang)壓(ya);在Ⅰ-Ⅱ頸(jing)椎(zhui)間切(qie)斷脊髓(sui)則降(jiang)壓(ya)消失,因而也證明(ming)降(jiang)壓(ya)屬中(zhong)樞性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。此(ci)外,昔羅(luo)匹林(lin)有(you)較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗腎上腺素(su)樣作(zuo)用,對壓(ya)迫頸(jing)動脈(mo)、窒息、電(dian)刺激(ji)大內(nei)臟神(shen)經引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)升壓(ya)反應(ying)及注(zhu)射(she)腎上腺素(su)或(huo)電(dian)刺激(ji)頸(jing)上交感神(shen)經節引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)膜收(shou)縮(suo)反應(ying)均(jun)受到抑制(zhi)。
抗滴蟲
黃柏煎劑,10%濃度與滴蟲液1:1混(hun)和培養,對陰(yin)道毛(mao)滴蟲有抑(yi)制作(zuo)用。
抗肝炎
黃(huang)柏(bo)煎劑6.25~100%體外試(shi)驗,對(dui)乙型肝炎(yan)抗(kang)原有抑制作用(yong)。黃(huang)柏(bo)堿對(dui)慢(man)性(xing)肝炎(yan)有一定作用(yong)。
免疫功能
對免疫功(gong)能的影響,黃(huang)柏煎(jian)劑,100%濃度,0.3ml/只灌胃,連續(xu)7天(tian),能增加(jia)小鼠脾空斑(ban)形(xing)成細胞數。
抗潰瘍
黃(huang)柏提(ti)取(qu)物(去小檗堿)100mg/kg皮(pi)下注射,100、1000mg/kg灌胃或皮(pi)內(nei)注射,對乙醇、阿斯匹林(lin)或幽門結扎(zha)誘發的大鼠胃潰瘍有抑制作用。
其它
黃柏(bo)堿(jian)和昔羅匹林對(dui)中(zhong)樞神經系統(tong)有(you)抑制作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),小(xiao)鼠(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自發活動、各種反(fan)射均受到抑制;給予未麻(ma)醉家兔(tu)(tu)昔羅匹林,腦電波可(ke)出(chu)現振(zhen)幅(fu)慢波。黃柏(bo)堿(jian)有(you)輕度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)箭毒樣作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),對(dui)蛙腹(fu)直肌緊張(zhang)度(du)(du)無影響,但(dan)能抑制由乙酰膽堿(jian)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)收縮反(fan)應。對(dui)離(li)體(ti)兔(tu)(tu)腸,黃柏(bo)粉可(ke)增(zeng)強其振(zhen)幅(fu),黃柏(bo)酮(tong)可(ke)增(zeng)強其張(zhang)力及振(zhen)幅(fu);黃柏(bo)內酯則抑制腸管。在帶有(you)胰瘺的(de)(de)(de)(de)家兔(tu)(tu)身上,黃柏(bo)有(you)促進(jin)胰腺分泌的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃柏(bo)內酯在接近(jin)致死量(0.05~0.1g/kg)時,可(ke)降低兔(tu)(tu)血糖,黃柏(bo)酮(tong)無此(ci)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。據(ju)稱黃柏(bo)酮(tong)有(you)保護血小(xiao)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃柏(bo)對(dui)孑孓(10ppm在18小(xiao)時內可(ke)殺死62%)、家蠅有(you)殺滅作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。此(ci)外(wai)(wai),還有(you)利尿(niao)、健胃(wei)、外(wai)(wai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)促進(jin)皮下溢血吸收等作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
黃(huang)柏流(liu)浸膏腹腔(qiang)(qiang)注(zhu)射(she),對小(xiao)鼠的(de)半數致死(si)量(liang)為2.7g/kg。黃(huang)柏堿腹腔(qiang)(qiang)注(zhu)射(she)對小(xiao)鼠的(de)半數致死(si)量(liang)為69.5mg/kg。黃(huang)柏果揮(hui)發油(you)灌(guan)胃(wei)對小(xiao)鼠的(de)半數致死(si)量(liang)為6.683±0.656g/kg。
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)柏、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)。三藥(yao)都是(shi)苦寒的(de)(de)藥(yao)品,均(jun)能清熱燥濕、瀉火解毒。但黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)柏瀉腎火而(er)退(tui)虛熱,且能除(chu)下焦濕熱;黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)則以清肺(fei)熱為專長,又(you)能安胎;黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)瀉心火而(er)除(chu)煩,善止嘔(ou)逆。這(zhe)是(shi)三藥(yao)不同之處。因(yin)此,一般所謂黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)治上(shang)焦、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)治中焦、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)柏治下焦的(de)(de)說(shuo)法,就是(shi)根據黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)清肺(fei)火、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)止嘔(ou)逆、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)柏瀉腎火的(de)(de)特點而(er)來的(de)(de)。但是(shi),臨床上(shang)作為清熱解毒藥(yao)應用(yong)時,芩(qin)(qin)、連(lian)、柏三藥(yao)都是(shi)通用(yong)的(de)(de),沒有上(shang)述這(zhe)樣(yang)嚴格的(de)(de)區分。
黃(huang)(huang)檗(bo)煎劑對葡(pu)萄球(qiu)菌(jun),霍亂(luan)弧菌(jun),傷(shang)寒(han)桿菌(jun)、溶(rong)血(xue)性鏈球(qiu)菌(jun)、堇色毛(mao)菌(jun)、多種表皮癬(xian)菌(jun)、許蘭氏毛(mao)菌(jun)等(deng)均(jun)有(you)(you)抑(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong),此外也能抑(yi)制肺炎雙球(qiu)菌(jun)。黃(huang)(huang)檗(bo)所(suo)含(han)(han)的(de)(de)小(xiao)檗(bo)堿(jian)(jian)不論(lun)體(ti)內體(ti)外均(jun)能增(zeng)強(qiang)狗白細胞吞噬作(zuo)用(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)檗(bo)所(suo)含(han)(han)小(xiao)檗(bo)堿(jian)(jian)、黃(huang)(huang)柏堿(jian)(jian)、黃(huang)(huang)柏內酯都有(you)(you)降(jiang)低血(xue)壓的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。所(suo)含(han)(han)小(xiao)檗(bo)堿(jian)(jian)增(zeng)加(jia)離(li)體(ti)家(jia)兔腸(chang)管的(de)(de)收縮幅度(du),黃(huang)(huang)柏酮(tong)使(shi)腸(chang)管張(zhang)力及振幅均(jun)增(zeng)強(qiang),而黃(huang)(huang)柏酮(tong)使(shi)腸(chang)管張(zhang)力及振幅均(jun)增(zeng)強(qiang),而黃(huang)(huang)柏內酯則使(shi)腸(chang)管弛(chi)緩。黃(huang)(huang)檗(bo)提取物直接作(zuo)用(yong)于腫(zhong)瘤(liu)細胞,使(shi)腫(zhong)瘤(liu)細胞代謝機能降(jiang)低。所(suo)含(han)(han)內酯化合物可抑(yi)制由電刺激引起的(de)(de)蛙神經肌(ji)肉效應。乙醇提取物能升高家(jia)兔血(xue)糖,一(yi)般給藥后2~3小(xiao)時(shi)逐漸出現(xian)高血(xue)糖癥。黃(huang)(huang)檗(bo)小(xiao)白鼠腹(fu)腔注(zhu)射(she)LD50為2.7克/公斤,黃(huang)(huang)柏堿(jian)(jian)小(xiao)白鼠腹(fu)腔注(zhu)射(she)LD50為69.5毫克/公斤。黃(huang)(huang)柏與黃(huang)(huang)連同樣含(han)(han)較多的(de)(de)小(xiao)檗(bo)堿(jian)(jian),故其(qi)藥理作(zuo)用(yong)亦(yi)大(da)體(ti)相似,參見黃(huang)(huang)連條。但含(han)(han)量較黃(huang)(huang)連低,并含(han)(han)有(you)(you)其(qi)他成(cheng)分,作(zuo)用(yong)亦(yi)有(you)(you)些差(cha)異。
漸危種(zhong)。系第三(san)紀(ji)古熱帶植物區系的(de)(de)孑遺植物,是中國的(de)(de)珍貴藥(yao)材樹(shu)種(zhong)。由于(yu)過度采伐,資源(yuan)越來越少,很易陷入(ru)瀕危狀態。由于(yu)國家保護部分地區的(de)(de)黃檗的(de)(de)數(shu)量開始增加,不過多(duo)數(shu)是不到(dao)十年的(de)(de)小樹(shu)。
本種為(wei)古老的(de)殘遺植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),對研(yan)究古代植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區系,古地(di)理及第四紀冰期氣候有(you)科學價值。木材紋(wen)理美觀(guan),切面有(you)光(guang)澤(ze),材質堅(jian)韌(ren),耐(nai)水濕及耐(nai)腐(fu)性強,不翹不裂,多用來制造槍托;樹(shu)皮木栓可(ke)作軟木塞、浮標、救生圈或用于(yu)隔(ge)音、隔(ge)熱、防震等;內皮可(ke)作染料(liao)及藥用;葉(xie)可(ke)提取芳香油;花是很好的(de)蜜源;果實(shi)含有(you)甘露醇(chun)及不揮(hui)發的(de)油分,可(ke)供工業及醫藥用。
尚無具體保(bao)護措(cuo)施,對現有資源特別是母樹(shu)應加以保(bao)護,進行(xing)繁(fan)殖(zhi)栽培,擴(kuo)大(da)(da)其(qi)資源。可以根據其(qi)利用種(zhong)子繁(fan)殖(zhi)的特點來進行(xing)嫁接(jie),利用技術擴(kuo)大(da)(da)其(qi)生長的范圍,擴(kuo)大(da)(da)繁(fan)殖(zhi)量。
列入(ru)(ru)中國(guo)《國(guo)家二級保護植物名錄》;列入(ru)(ru)《世(shi)界(jie)自然(ran)保護聯盟瀕(bin)危(wei)物種紅色名錄》(IUCN)——易危(wei)(VU);列入(ru)(ru)《華盛頓公約(yue)》(CITES)——Ⅱ級。
黃檗是(shi)良好的(de)蜜源植物(wu)(wu)(wu),其樹皮具(ju)(ju)有重要的(de)工(gong)業價值(zhi)和(he)藥物(wu)(wu)(wu)價值(zhi)。它是(shi)第(di)三紀古(gu)熱(re)帶(dai)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)區系的(de)孑遺(yi)種,在科研上也具(ju)(ju)有一(yi)定的(de)重要價值(zhi)。被(bei)列(lie)為國家二級保護植物(wu)(wu)(wu)。由于長期亂砍濫伐,數量已很少。其生(sheng)境遭受一(yi)定程度的(de)破壞,對種群更新具(ju)(ju)有較大的(de)影響。