越王墓,俗稱鄭集孤(gu)堆,位于安徽(hui)省利(li)辛(xin)縣舊城鎮西。漢代大型(xing)磚石結構墓葬,出土有陶(tao)(tao)俑、陶(tao)(tao)馬、陶(tao)(tao)雞、陶(tao)(tao)狗、陶(tao)(tao)磨(mo)、陶(tao)(tao)罐等珍貴文物(wu)。現為(wei)利(li)辛(xin)縣重點文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單位。
勾(gou)踐(jian)(又寫(xie)作句(ju)踐(jian);在出土文物“越(yue)(yue)王勾(gou)踐(jian)劍”里寫(xie)為鳩淺;司馬貞《史記(ji)索隱》引《紀年(nian)(nian)》作菼執),是中(zhong)國(guo)春秋時代后(hou)期的(de)越(yue)(yue)國(guo)君主(zhu)。有關他(ta)的(de)先(xian)世,有說(shuo)“其先(xian)禹之苗(miao)裔”,亦有說(shuo)“先(xian)世無所考”,也有說(shuo)他(ta)是“祝融(rong)之后(hou)”并且(qie)是楚(chu)國(guo)的(de)羋(mie)姓,眾(zhong)說(shuo)紛紜。父(fu)親則是越(yue)(yue)侯(hou)允(yun)常。生年(nian)(nian)不詳,前496年(nian)(nian)至前464年(nian)(nian)在位。
公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)496年(nian),勾踐(jian)即(ji)位后(hou)不(bu)(bu)久,即(ji)敗于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國。兩(liang)年(nian)后(hou),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王姬(ji)夫(fu)(fu)差(cha)攻破越都,勾踐(jian)被(bei)迫屈膝投降,并隨夫(fu)(fu)差(cha)至(zhi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國,臣(chen)事吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王,后(hou)被(bei)赦(she)歸返國。勾踐(jian)自(zi)戰(zhan)敗以后(hou),時刻(ke)不(bu)(bu)忘(wang)(wang)會稽(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)恥,日日忍辱負(fu)重,不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)等待時機,反躬自(zi)問:“汝(ru)忘(wang)(wang)會稽(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)恥邪?”他重用范蠡、文種等賢人(ren),經過“十年(nian)生聚又十年(nian)教訓(xun)”,使(shi)越之(zhi)(zhi)國力漸(jian)漸(jian)恢復起(qi)來。可是(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)此卻毫不(bu)(bu)警惕。公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)482年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王夫(fu)(fu)差(cha)為參(can)加黃池之(zhi)(zhi)會,盡(jin)率精銳(rui)而出,僅使(shi)太(tai)子和老(lao)弱守國。越王勾踐(jian)遂乘(cheng)虛(xu)而入,大敗吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)師,殺吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)太(tai)子。夫(fu)(fu)差(cha)倉卒與(yu)晉國定盟而返,連戰(zhan)不(bu)(bu)利(li),不(bu)(bu)得已而與(yu)越議和。