越王(wang)墓,俗稱鄭集孤堆(dui),位(wei)于(yu)安徽省利辛(xin)縣舊城鎮西。漢代大(da)型磚(zhuan)石結構墓葬,出(chu)土(tu)有陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬、陶(tao)雞、陶(tao)狗、陶(tao)磨(mo)、陶(tao)罐等珍(zhen)貴文(wen)物。現為利辛(xin)縣重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單位(wei)。
勾(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(又寫作句踐(jian)(jian)(jian);在出土文物“越王勾(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)劍”里寫為鳩淺;司馬貞《史(shi)記索隱》引《紀年》作菼執(zhi)),是中國春(chun)秋時代后期的越國君主。有(you)關他的先世(shi),有(you)說“其先禹之苗裔”,亦有(you)說“先世(shi)無所考”,也(ye)有(you)說他是“祝融之后”并且是楚國的羋姓(xing),眾說紛紜。父親則是越侯允(yun)常。生年不詳,前496年至前464年在位(wei)。
公元(yuan)前(qian)496年(nian),勾(gou)踐(jian)即(ji)位后(hou)(hou)不(bu)(bu)久,即(ji)敗于(yu)吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)。兩(liang)年(nian)后(hou)(hou),吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)姬夫差攻(gong)破越(yue)(yue)(yue)都,勾(gou)踐(jian)被迫屈膝(xi)投降,并(bing)隨夫差至吳(wu)(wu)國(guo),臣事吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang),后(hou)(hou)被赦(she)歸返國(guo)。勾(gou)踐(jian)自(zi)戰敗以后(hou)(hou),時刻不(bu)(bu)忘會(hui)稽(ji)之(zhi)恥,日(ri)日(ri)忍辱負重,不(bu)(bu)斷等(deng)待時機(ji),反躬(gong)自(zi)問(wen):“汝忘會(hui)稽(ji)之(zhi)恥邪?”他重用范蠡、文(wen)種(zhong)等(deng)賢人(ren),經過“十年(nian)生聚又十年(nian)教訓”,使越(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)國(guo)力漸(jian)漸(jian)恢復起來。可(ke)是吳(wu)(wu)對此卻毫不(bu)(bu)警惕(ti)。公元(yuan)前(qian)482年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)夫差為參加黃(huang)池之(zhi)會(hui),盡率(lv)精銳而出,僅(jin)使太子(zi)和(he)老弱守(shou)國(guo)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)踐(jian)遂乘(cheng)虛而入,大敗吳(wu)(wu)師,殺吳(wu)(wu)太子(zi)。夫差倉卒與晉(jin)國(guo)定盟而返,連戰不(bu)(bu)利,不(bu)(bu)得(de)已而與越(yue)(yue)(yue)議(yi)和(he)。