形態特征
落葉(xie)喬木,高(gao)達(da)10米(mi);樹皮灰白色,不裂(lie);小枝干時灰黑色,幾無毛(mao);嫩芽密被淡黃褐色星狀短柔毛(mao)。
葉(xie)(xie)紙(zhi)質,廣卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)近(jin)圓形(xing)(xing),長10-17厘米(mi),寬9-17厘米(mi),全緣(yuan)或(huo)在(zai)頂端3淺裂,裂片楔(xie)狀短漸尖,長2-3厘米(mi),基部截形(xing)(xing)或(huo)淺心形(xing)(xing),兩面(mian)(mian)均被很稀疏的短柔毛(mao),并在(zai)5-7條基生脈(mo)的脈(mo)腋間密被淡(dan)黃(huang)褐色星狀短柔毛(mao);小脈(mo)在(zai)兩面(mian)(mian)均凸出,幾乎互相平(ping)行;葉(xie)(xie)柄長達20厘米(mi),略被稀疏的淡(dan)黃(huang)褐色星狀短柔毛(mao)。
聚傘(san)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、總狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)序長(chang)5-7厘(li)米(mi)(mi),花(hua)梗(geng)長(chang)4-8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),均密被(bei)金黃色(se)且帶(dai)紅褐色(se)的星(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)絨毛(mao)(mao);萼(e)圓筒形(xing),長(chang)32毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬11毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),頂端5淺裂(lie),外面密被(bei)金黃色(se)且帶(dai)紅褐色(se)的星(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)絨毛(mao)(mao),內面鮮紅色(se),被(bei)星(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)小柔毛(mao)(mao),萼(e)的裂(lie)片(pian)三角狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)形(xing),長(chang)約4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);雄(xiong)花(hua)的雌雄(xiong)蕊(rui)柄長(chang)28毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),雄(xiong)蕊(rui)15枚,集(ji)生在雌雄(xiong)蕊(rui)柄的頂端成頭狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。
果(guo)未見。花期6月。
主要價值
稀有種,廣(guang)西定為三級(ji)保護(hu)植(zhi)物。本屬(shu)分布于熱帶亞洲和非洲,本種是(shi)我國廣(guang)西的特有種,也是(shi)分布較北的一種。對(dui)研(yan)究(jiu)火桐屬(shu)植(zhi)物、亞非大陸間(jian)的親緣關(guan)系以及植(zhi)物區(qu)系,均有重(zhong)要(yao)的學術(shu)價值。木材質輕軟,可(ke)作(zuo)室內(nei)裝(zhuang)修。種子含淀粉、油脂。
分布范圍
產廣(guang)西(xi)靖西(xi)縣海(hai)拔910米(mi)的山谷(gu)緩(huan)坡灌(guan)叢中。
年(nian)平均溫(wen)(wen)(wen)19.1~21℃,1月平均溫(wen)(wen)(wen)11~13℃,極端(duan)最低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)一2℃左右(you),7月平均溫(wen)(wen)(wen)25~28℃,極端(duan)最高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)38℃。垂(chui)直分布(bu)(bu)多在(zai)海拔(ba)500~900m的(de)地(di)(di)帶,喜(xi)夏涼冬暖氣(qi)候,不(bu)耐低(di)丘(qiu)暑熱地(di)(di)。分布(bu)(bu)區年(nian)降雨量1 300~2 000mm,西部的(de)靖西縣(xian),干濕季(ji)節(jie)明顯, 旱(han)季(ji)長達半(ban)年(nian)以上,但(dan)海拔(ba)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao),長年(nian)空氣(qi)仍(reng)較(jiao)(jiao)濕潤,年(nian)平均相對濕度約在(zai)80%,忌干燥(zao)地(di)(di)。喜(xi)光(guang),不(bu)耐蔭蔽,多生(sheng)(sheng)于山谷緩坡灌(guan)叢中(zhong),常為上層植被,密林(lin)中(zhong)未見。適(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)土(tu)壤為花崗巖(yan)、頁巖(yan)等發育的(de)山地(di)(di)紅壤至赤紅壤,pH值為4.5~6.5,石灰巖(yan)山區少有(you)分布(bu)(bu),要求土(tu)質(zhi)疏(shu)松(song),含腐(fu)殖質(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)肥沃地(di)(di),干旱(han)貧瘠地(di)(di)不(bu)宜生(sheng)(sheng)長。
保護及繁殖
本種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分布地(di)區(qu)狹(xia)小,資源甚少,產區(qu)群眾(zhong)尚(shang)(shang)不知其為珍稀樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),處于(yu)自生自滅(mie)狀態(tai),當一(yi)般雜灌(guan)采(cai)伐利用,已瀕于(yu)絕(jue)滅(mie),應及時開展調查研究,普及科學(xue)知識,對現有殘存林,實(shi)行(xing)封山(shan)育林,并促進(jin)天然更新。同(tong)時開展人工(gong)(gong)栽培,擴大(da)資源種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群。用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)繁殖(zhi),花期5~6月,果實(shi)成熟期9~10月。本種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)目前(qian)尚(shang)(shang)無人工(gong)(gong)栽培的經驗,果實(shi)特(te)征與梧桐相(xiang)近,采(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)育苗(miao)技術,可參考梧桐。果實(shi)成熟后(hou),短(duan)期內不脫落,但不宜在樹上存留(liu)過久,以免種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)失(shi)水(shui),降(jiang)低發(fa)(fa)芽率,應掌握瞢(meng)菱已成熟,尚(shang)(shang)未(wei)干燥以前(qian),及時采(cai)下(xia)。采(cai)集的果實(shi),堆(dui)放于(yu)室內通風處,瞢(meng)葵開裂后(hou)摘下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮較薄,干后(hou)即失(shi)水(shui)皺縮,降(jiang)低以至喪失(shi)發(fa)(fa)芽力,應避免日曬或裸露存放。摘下(xia)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),即混入濕潤沙內貯藏,至次年2~3月播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也可隨采(cai)隨播(bo),苗(miao)圃地(di)應選在產區(qu)涼爽地(di),育1年生苗(miao)出圃。
珍稀程度
廣西(xi)(xi)火(huo)桐,僅產于廣西(xi)(xi)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)部,我(wo)國特有植物,僅存3株。