形態特征
落葉喬木(mu),高6-20米(mi)(mi);嫩枝無(wu)毛,頂芽有(you)(you)(you)(you)灰白(bai)色毛。葉紙質(zhi),橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)10-20厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬5-11厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),先端急短尖,基(ji)部(bu)圓形(xing)(xing),上面干后暗(an)綠色,不發(fa)亮(liang),無(wu)毛,下(xia)面同色,禿凈,基(ji)出脈(mo)3條(tiao),兩(liang)側脈(mo)離邊緣8-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),上行不過半,中脈(mo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)側脈(mo)5-7對,邊緣有(you)(you)(you)(you)小齒(chi)突;葉柄長(chang)(chang)1.5-5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。聚傘花序腋(ye)生,長(chang)(chang)約3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)花2-5朵;花柄有(you)(you)(you)(you)節;萼片(pian)5片(pian),長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),外(wai)面被毛;花瓣(ban)缺;外(wai)輪雄(xiong)蕊退化,10枚,內(nei)輪能育雄(xiong)蕊20枚,比萼片(pian)短;子(zi)房無(wu)毛,5室,每(mei)室有(you)(you)(you)(you)胚(pei)珠6顆,花柱(zhu)5條(tiao)。具(ju)翅蒴果(guo)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬2.5-3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),翅薄,膜質(zhi),5棱;種子(zi)長(chang)(chang)約1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。花期7月(yue),果(guo)期10-11月(yue)。
分布情況
分布于(yu)云(yun)南南部、貴州(zhou)南部及廣(guang)西(xi)西(xi)南部。具體在云(yun)南瑞(rui)麗,麻(ma)栗坡,西(xi)疇;廣(guang)西(xi)靖西(xi),那坡;貴州(zhou)獨山。
越南北部(bu)也有分布。
生長環境
滇(dian)桐主要(yao)分(fen)布在南亞熱(re)帶干(gan)濕交(jiao)替(ti)炎(yan)熱(re)氣候(hou)區(qu)及海拔1700 米(mi)一帶的山地(di)林中。氣候(hou)特(te)點是:冬短夏(xia)長,冬暖(nuan)夏(xia)熱(re),雨(yu)量充足,霜雪少(shao)見。多大(da)雨(yu)暴雨(yu),蒸發大(da)于降(jiang)水(shui),冬旱(han)連接春旱(han),干(gan)濕季節(jie)交(jiao)替(ti)明顯。年均溫(wen)18-20℃,≥10℃積溫(wen)6000-6500℃,1月均溫(wen)8-9℃,7月均溫(wen)28℃以(yi)上,絕對最低(di)溫(wen)大(da)于4℃,生(sheng)長期340天以(yi)上,降(jiang)雨(yu)量1000-1400毫米(mi)。土(tu)壤為黑石灰土(tu),PH值6.9-7.5,滇(dian)桐能適應石隙生(sheng)境,主要(yao)散(san)生(sheng)于石灰巖季節(jie)性雨(yu)林或半常(chang)綠季雨(yu)林中。
保護現狀
保(bao)護等級(ji):國(guo)(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)重點保(bao)護野生植物(wu)(wu)(國(guo)(guo)務院1999年(nian)8月4日批準(zhun))。已(yi)被《中國(guo)(guo)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)紅色名錄(第(di)一卷)》和IUCN列為瀕危植物(wu)(wu)。
現(xian)狀(zhuang):瀕(bin)危種。滇(dian)(dian)桐分布區(qu)域狹窄,居(ju)(ju)群稀少,數量不多,加(jia)之植被不斷受(shou)到破壞,生(sheng)存受(shou)到危脅(xie)。僅在云南省的東南部文(wen)山地(di)區(qu)和西南部德宏地(di)區(qu)找到6個(ge)野生(sheng)滇(dian)(dian)桐居(ju)(ju)群。嚴重威脅(xie)滇(dian)(dian)桐居(ju)(ju)群生(sheng)存的因素主(zhu)要有(you)兩個(ge):一是(shi)人們大(da)量種植草果,侵占了滇(dian)(dian)桐的棲息地(di);二是(shi)林區(qu)樹木(mu)被砍伐,使滇(dian)(dian)桐生(sheng)存條(tiao)件失(shi)衡。
保護措施:建立自然保護區,嚴禁砍伐(fa),并進行繁殖實(shi)驗,遷地保存。
繁殖栽培
種子繁殖。
在秋季采收種子,晾干、貯存第二年早春播種。苗(miao)應(ying)宜選排(pai)水良好的石灰巖土或摻混(hun)石灰的砂質壤土。造林地應(ying)選在石灰巖石山(shan)下坡,并避開內澇的谷地。
主要價值
研究價值
滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)椴樹科滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu),由于(yu)沒有與其類似的物種,滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)也被稱(cheng)作寡(gua)(gua)種屬(shu)(shu)(shu)。滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)一(yi)古老(lao)的第三紀孑遺屬(shu)(shu)(shu),滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)作為(wei)滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)這一(yi)寡(gua)(gua)種屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的主要樹種之(zhi)一(yi),滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)居群(qun)是研(yan)究(jiu)滇(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)系統演化(hua)的關鍵(jian)類群(qun),科學(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)價值高。
相關研究
研(yan)究分(fen)析(xi)表(biao)(biao)明(ming)(ming),滇(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)和萌生兩種(zhong)更新方式,種(zhong)植草果對滇(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)棲息地(di)(di)的(de)侵(qin)占(zhan)和樹木砍伐是兩個嚴重威脅滇(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)居(ju)群(qun)生存的(de)因(yin)素(su);在(zai)(zai)(zai)自然條件下滇(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)的(de)座果率較(jiao)低(di)(56.67±3.85%),結籽(zi)率較(jiao)小(xiao)(6.26±0.75%),這可能與傳粉昆蟲少,效率低(di)下等因(yin)素(su)有關(guan)(guan);單(dan)(dan)因(yin)素(su)方差(cha)分(fen)析(xi)表(biao)(biao)明(ming)(ming),六個研(yan)究居(ju)群(qun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)測量的(de)11個種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)和幼(you)苗相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)性狀指標上(shang)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)顯著差(cha)異(P < 0.05);相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)分(fen)析(xi)表(biao)(biao)明(ming)(ming),除單(dan)(dan)個果實中的(de)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)數(shu)(r = 0.93,P < 0.01)外(wai),其余性狀指標的(de)居(ju)群(qun)均值(zhi)與居(ju)群(qun)大(da)小(xiao)之間(jian)均無(wu)顯著相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)性。采(cai)用AFLP分(fen)子(zi)(zi)標記技術對六個滇(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)居(ju)群(qun)共105個成年個體的(de)進行了遺(yi)(yi)傳學(xue)特征(zheng)研(yan)究,結果表(biao)(biao)明(ming)(ming),滇(dian)(dian)(dian)桐(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)物種(zhong)水平上(shang)的(de)遺(yi)(yi)傳多樣性較(jiao)高(PPL = 69.19%, HE = 0.221),但居(ju)群(qun)內的(de)遺(yi)(yi)傳多樣性卻較(jiao)低(di)(居(ju)群(qun)平均:PPL = 26.22%, HE = 0.095),文山地(di)(di)區居(ju)群(qun)與德宏地(di)(di)區居(ju)群(qun)之間(jian)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)較(jiao)大(da)遺(yi)(yi)傳差(cha)異。
(PPL:多態位點(dian)百分(fen)率,HE:平均期望雜合度)
植物文化
滇桐之最
墨江縣景(jing)星鄉(xiang)路思(si)村的壩卡箐頭,發現一株樹(shu)(shu)(shu)齡(ling)約(yue)千年以(yi)上(shang)的古滇(dian)桐(tong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)。該樹(shu)(shu)(shu)生長在海拔1820米(mi),坡度為31°的中山地(di)中。該樹(shu)(shu)(shu)高39.1米(mi),胸徑2.52米(mi),胸圍(wei)(wei)7.9米(mi),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)基直徑3.78米(mi),基圍(wei)(wei)11.87米(mi),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠(guan)覆(fu)蓋面積525平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。