歷史
溪(xi)頭三(san)(san)(san)槐堂(tang)位于(yu)休寧縣城南8公(gong)里處的秀(xiu)陽(yang)鄉溪(xi)頭村,建于(yu)明(ming)代,系(xi)明(ming)萬歷二十五年(nian)(1597年(nian))丁酉科鄉舉(ju)王(wang)經天的故宅(zhai),也是當(dang)時王(wang)氏(shi)族人(ren)聚(ju)族議事(shi)和舉(ju)辦喜(xi)事(shi)慶典之(zhi)所。因《宋史·王(wang)旦(dan)傳》內(nei)有(you)“旦(dan)父佑手植三(san)(san)(san)槐于(yu)庭曰:吾(wu)之(zhi)后(hou)必(bi)有(you)為三(san)(san)(san)公(gong)者”一說,王(wang)氏(shi)后(hou)人(ren)即以(yi)三(san)(san)(san)槐為典故,堂(tang)名取“三(san)(san)(san)槐堂(tang)”。
溪頭(tou)三槐堂建在溪頭(tou)村中心,坐北(bei)朝南,占地面積達900多(duo)平方米,背靠群山,面臨(lin)溪水,選址講究,環境(jing)幽雅。該建筑為磚木結(jie)構,外觀呈高(gao)墻封護式,白墻黑瓦(wa),莊重大方,由(you)門前廣場(chang)、門屋、享堂、寢(qin)殿組成(cheng),后進寢(qin)殿已毀,現僅存門屋和享堂。
大門后退,建門廊三間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),大門包以鐵(tie)皮、門釘,鋪著皆為(wei)(wei)鐵(tie)制。門屋(wu)中三間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)過(guo)(guo)廳(ting),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)兩側各有一(yi)廂(xiang),每(mei)廂(xiang)各三間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),過(guo)(guo)廳(ting)與廂(xiang)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)塾,各一(yi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),這樣(yang)總面闊(kuo)達11間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。享堂(tang)面闊(kuo)9間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),中三間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)朝堂(tang),貼(tie)梢(shao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)次間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)夾室,東(dong)(dong)西(xi)屋(wu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之外(wai)(wai)為(wei)(wei)過(guo)(guo)道,東(dong)(dong)西(xi)梢(shao)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盡間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)廂(xiang),并設有夾層,向外(wai)(wai)出挑。整個祠堂(tang)內部雕刻工藝精湛,技法細(xi)膩,尤以木(mu)雕著稱。
建筑布局
溪頭三槐堂(tang)(tang)的(de)梁架(jia)結(jie)構比較復(fu)雜(za),多(duo)處采(cai)用草架(jia)。梁架(jia)的(de)柱大(da)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)梭柱,柱下礎石除門廊礎為(wei)(wei)圓形(xing)復(fu)盆外,其余均(jun)(jun)呈(cheng)八邊(bian)(bian)形(xing),簡潔大(da)方(fang)。整體結(jie)構規(gui)矩嚴謹,以(yi)大(da)門為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)軸線(xian)向(xiang)兩邊(bian)(bian)延(yan)伸(shen),室內遍(bian)布“滿(man)堂(tang)(tang)柱”,以(yi)柱、梁、坊之間的(de)榫卯契合支撐起整座建(jian)(jian)筑,在(zai)視(shi)覺上拓(tuo)寬了內部空間。它將(jiang)各種不同功能的(de)房屋組合在(zai)一組建(jian)(jian)筑之中(zhong),但(dan)主次分明,均(jun)(jun)衡有序,每個單元都以(yi)天井通風采(cai)光,既互相聯系又相對獨立,其平面布局之復(fu)雜(za),為(wei)(wei)徽(hui)派祠堂(tang)(tang)建(jian)(jian)筑所(suo)少見,故(gu)在(zai)當(dang)地(di)又被稱(cheng)作“金(jin)鑾殿(dian)”。該建(jian)(jian)筑在(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)制(zhi)、平面布局、內外部裝飾等多(duo)方(fang)面都反映了明代中(zhong)期徽(hui)派祠堂(tang)(tang)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)特(te)點,是研(yan)究當(dang)時徽(hui)派建(jian)(jian)筑風格、三雕工藝(yi)以(yi)及當(dang)地(di)宗法(fa)制(zhi)度的(de)重(zhong)要實物(wu)史料,堪稱(cheng)徽(hui)州祠堂(tang)(tang)建(jian)(jian)筑瑰寶。2006年(nian)被國(guo)務院(yuan)公布為(wei)(wei)第六批全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)點文物(wu)保(bao)護單位。