簡介
長(chang)樂市鶴上鎮岐陽村福庭自然村,有(you)一組清代民(min)居建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群,俗(su)稱"九頭馬"。這里三座(zuo)青山(shan)坐北,七溪靈(ling)水匯南,東(dong)西紫微照應,迎面萬(wan)畝平疇,"龍(long)潭曉瀑"比(bi)鄰,"五(wu)峰嵐橫"來朝。其建(jian)選(xuan)址獨(du)特,圍"馬"建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)別(bie)出心裁,民(min)間流傳(chuan)著(zhu)不少美(mei)妙的傳(chuan)說。"九頭馬"由陳利煥父子歷(li)經數(shu)十載陸續建(jian)成。第一座(zuo)建(jian)于(yu)清嘉慶年(nian)間,大部分建(jian)于(yu)道光(guang)(1821~1850)年(nian)間,最(zui)遲一座(zuo)竣工于(yu)1872年(nian)前后。
特點
"九(jiu)頭馬"建筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)坐北(bei)(bei)朝南(nan),平(ping)面基(ji)本呈正方(fang)形,東(dong)西寬、南(nan)北(bei)(bei)深各120米,分5列。主體建筑(zhu)(zhu)22座(zuo),四周(zhou)有(you)6米高的圍墻,開(kai)放十多個(ge)門(men)(men)洞(dong),設有(you)望樓、槍眼。5列間隔著(zhu)防火墻、夾弄,有(you)框門(men)(men)相通。每列南(nan)面正中各設大門(men)(men)一扇,每逢紅(hong)白喜事,大門(men)(men)、屏門(men)(men)、廳門(men)(men)一路(lu)洞(dong)開(kai),入望"五落透后",十分壯觀。南(nan)面中列墻額開(kai)設13個(ge)燈(deng)窗,懸掛宮(gong)燈(deng)照明。前有(you)廣場,四周(zhou)臺礎高筑(zhu)(zhu),"九(jiu)頭馬"的建筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)以(yi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)主,使(shi)用的木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)料(liao)有(you)杉木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、柯木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、楠(nan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、樟木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、紅(hong)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、檀香木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、鐵梨木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、黃(huang)楊木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、桑絲木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、……最(zui)長楠(nan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)梁10米。
"九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)頭馬(ma)"的(de)(de)大(da)木作講求變化,或平面(mian)布局變,或高低變、大(da)小變、主次變,達到建筑藝術與便(bian)利(li)生活的(de)(de)完美結合。建筑形式,有亭、臺、樓、閣、軒、榭、廂……;分(fen)使(shi)用功能,有祖廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、接官廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、客廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、議事(shi)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、喜(xi)事(shi)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、倉庫(ku)(ku)、錢庫(ku)(ku)、米(mi)糶館(guan)、書齋、健(jian)身房、武術館(guan)、"番仔"厝、閨(gui)閣、守節(jie)樓……;各座廳(ting)(ting)(ting)堂(tang)的(de)(de)結構有"四瞫(shen)三"、"六瞫(shen)五"、"八(ba)瞫(shen)七(qi)"、"十瞫(shen)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)",有五柱廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、七(qi)柱廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)柱廳(ting)(ting)(ting)、出游廊廳(ting)(ting)(ting)。最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)寬10米(mi),采(cai)用3道杠梁(liang)。
"九(jiu)頭馬(ma)"的小木(mu)(mu)作(zuo)(zuo)精(jing)巧別致(zhi),達到一流的藝(yi)術(shu)水準。藻(zao)井形(xing)式(shi)多樣,有(you)(you)單層(ceng)、雙層(ceng)、多層(ceng),方(fang)形(xing)、圓形(xing)、多角形(xing)。廊軒(xuan)企蓬、穿鼻、距花(hua)(hua)(替木(mu)(mu))、懸(xuan)鐘、斗拱、插(cha)屏(ping)、門(men)窗戶(hu)扇……幾乎無(wu)處不雕(diao)(diao)(diao)。雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)的形(xing)式(shi)有(you)(you)淺(qian)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、鏤空雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、雙面(mian)雕(diao)(diao)(diao),陰刻(ke)、陽刻(ke)、鑲刻(ke);內(nei)(nei)容有(you)(you)自然(ran)(ran)物、民間戲(xi)文典(dian)故、三教九(jiu)流故事。許多作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)把(ba)詩詞歌賦、金石書法(fa)、繪畫雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)諸多藝(yi)術(shu)形(xing)式(shi)有(you)(you)機融為(wei)一體;有(you)(you)的利(li)用不同(tong)木(mu)(mu)材(cai)(cai)的不同(tong)顏(yan)色,搭配成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)各種花(hua)(hua)窗圖案(an)(an),甚至把(ba)木(mu)(mu)頭天(tian)然(ran)(ran)的蛀傷結疤(ba)融入構圖,表現瓜果蟲眼或老藤枯木(mu)(mu),妙趣天(tian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。木(mu)(mu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)大(da)(da)(da)多保持木(mu)(mu)材(cai)(cai)本色,有(you)(you)的明(ming)(ming)漆貼金,也(ye)有(you)(you)彩色套板襯托。"九(jiu)頭馬(ma)"的石刻(ke)大(da)(da)(da)多用于(yu)柱(zhu)礎,磚雕(diao)(diao)(diao)用于(yu)門(men)樓亭、墻飾、窗格(ge),泥(ni)塑用于(yu)墻頭飾,壁(bi)畫則廣泛(fan)用于(yu)內(nei)(nei)墻壁(bi)。"九(jiu)頭馬(ma)"的建筑藝(yi)術(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)多采用象征、寓意(yi)、諧音等傳統手法(fa),給人祥瑞吉利(li)的美好意(yi)念,如和(he)合二(er)仙"升(sheng)平景象"、"吉慶有(you)(you)余"、福(蝙蝠)、祿(lu)(鹿)、壽(松(song)鶴(he))、喜(梅雀)。當年,"九(jiu)頭馬(ma)"的露天(tian)庭院(yuan)都設花(hua)(hua)圃蘿架,擺大(da)(da)(da)螭皮缸養(yang)金魚,每座(zuo)廳堂擺設客坐(zuo)幾案(an)(an)、鮮花(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)董,廳柱(zhu)懸(xuan)掛(gua)明(ming)(ming)漆金字板聯,廳壁(bi)張(zhang)掛(gua)大(da)(da)(da)幅字畫卷軸,其(qi)內(nei)(nei)容多是宣揚中(zhong)華民族傳統文化和(he)表達古(gu)(gu)(gu)代人民對美好生活的憧憬(jing)。走進"九(jiu)頭馬(ma)",猶如置身一座(zuo)民俗藝(yi)術(shu)博覽館。1993年,福州市(shi)文物考古(gu)(gu)(gu)隊在長樂文化部門(men)配合下,駐扎"九(jiu)頭馬(ma)"考察25天(tian),耗資(zi)4萬元,完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一項古(gu)(gu)(gu)民居建筑調(diao)查(cha)項目,測繪描圖150張(zhang),錄像18盤,拍照數千張(zhang),從(cong)中(zhong)篩(shai)選(xuan)1200張(zhang)彩照輯(ji)編成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)《長樂九(jiu)頭馬(ma)古(gu)(gu)(gu)民居群》照片集(ji)二(er)冊。