興城古城是明代的寧遠衛城,在清代改為寧遠州城。城池始建于明宣德三年(1428),“周圍五里九十六(liu)步,高(gao)三(san)丈,門(men)四(si)(si)(si)(si),東曰(yue)(yue)春和,南曰(yue)(yue)延輝,西(xi)曰(yue)(yue)永(yong)寧,北(bei)曰(yue)(yue)威遠(yuan)(yuan),鐘鼓樓在中街(jie)”。宣德五年(1430)又增筑外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周圍九里一百二(er)十四(si)(si)(si)(si)步,高(gao)如內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。門(men)四(si)(si)(si)(si),東曰(yue)(yue)遠(yuan)(yuan)安,南曰(yue)(yue)永(yong)清,西(xi)曰(yue)(yue)迎恩(en),北(bei)曰(yue)(yue)大定(ding)。四(si)(si)(si)(si)門(men)設樓,四(si)(si)(si)(si)角設臺(tai),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭之間為護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河。明朝末年袁崇煥(huan)鎮守寧遠(yuan)(yuan),為抵御后(hou)金努爾哈(ha)赤(chi)的軍事進攻(gong),用兩年時(shi)間修(xiu)繕(shan)寧遠(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻“高(gao)三(san)丈二(er)尺,雉高(gao)六(liu)尺,址廣三(san)丈,上二(er)丈四(si)(si)(si)(si)”。明朝末年,這里成為抗擊女真(zhen)族的前沿陣地。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)僅存寧遠(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),經(jing)多次修(xiu)繕(shan),基本(ben)保(bao)持原貌。
古城平面呈正方形,南北844米,東西830米。城墻高8.5米,城基砌條石3層,基寬6.8米,頂寬4.5米。墻體為外條磚內毛石,外設垛口,內設女墻,中填夯土。墻頂設海墁磚 1層水口。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)四(si)角設炮臺(tai)(tai),東(dong)南角炮臺(tai)(tai)上為(wei)清代增建(jian)(jian)的(de)魁(kui)星樓(lou)(lou)(lou)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)為(wei)正方(fang)形,周長3274米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)四(si)面正中(zhong)各設城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門上皆筑箭樓(lou)(lou)(lou),為(wei)兩層樓(lou)(lou)(lou)閣(ge)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)四(si)角設臺(tai)(tai),突出于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)角。在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)東(dong)南角上建(jian)(jian)有魁(kui)星樓(lou)(lou)(lou)一(yi)座。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)現為(wei)全(quan)國重點文物保護單位。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)——中(zhong)國東(dong)北地(di)區(qu)的(de)沿海文化(hua)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),它(ta)扼(e)居(ju)遼西走廊的(de)咽喉地(di)帶,交通發(fa)達(da),歷(li)來是兵家(jia)必爭之地(di)。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)保存較好。1984年以來國家(jia)撥款(kuan)對古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)進行全(quan)面維修,并建(jian)(jian)立了文物保管所。
城(cheng)設 4門(men)。東曰(yue)春和,西曰(yue)永(yong)寧,南曰(yue)延輝(hui),北(bei)曰(yue)威(wei)遠。門(men)座通長(chang)12.17米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)13米(mi)(mi)(mi)。4門(men)均(jun)建城(cheng)樓(lou),重檐歇山頂,面闊三間,進深一間。城(cheng)門(men)外有半圓形甕城(cheng),外徑(jing)32米(mi)(mi)(mi),內(nei)、外均(jun)以(yi)條磚筑成,城(cheng)門(men)內(nei)左側(ce)設馬道,長(chang)21米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan) 3.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
城內十字街中心有鐘鼓樓 1座,方形樓臺,十字券洞。樓為 2層,重檐歇山卷棚頂。南街有明思宗朱由檢為遼西守將祖大壽、祖大樂立的兩座高大石牌坊。城內東南有清建文廟 1座。城內街坊布局,基本上仍保持著清末的體制。興城(cheng)城(cheng)墻保(bao)存較(jiao)好。1984年以來國(guo)家撥款對(dui)古城(cheng)城(cheng)墻進(jin)行全面維修(xiu),并建立(li)了文物(wu)保(bao)管所。
興城歷史悠久,遼代設(she)(she)置興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian),距今已(yi)有1000多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史。明(ming)朝為了(le)鞏(gong)固對東(dong)北地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治,防御蒙古(gu)部落和女真人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)侵擾,在山海(hai)關(guan)外“只設(she)(she)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)所,不(bu)設(she)(she)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)縣(xian)”,先后設(she)(she)立了(le)二十五個衛(wei)(wei)(wei),實行(xing)軍政合(he)一(yi)式管理,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)就(jiu)(jiu)是其中之一(yi)。 明(ming)宣德三年(nian),即公元1428年(nian),鎮守(shou)遼(liao)東(dong)總兵官(guan)巫凱(kai)、都 御史包懷德及(ji)鎮守(shou)遼(liao)東(dong)太監王彥(yan)聯(lian)名奏請(qing)(qing)朝廷(ting)修筑寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng),兩年(nian)后工程竣(jun)工,當時(shi)稱(cheng)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)。寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)駐軍5600人(ren),守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)士兵戰時(shi)出(chu)征,平時(shi)屯田勞作,家屬也(ye)隨軍士從全國各地前來定居,后代(dai)逐漸繁(fan)衍。衛(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長官(guan)稱(cheng)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)指揮使,既是一(yi)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事長官(guan),又負責審理所轄地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)民事案件,一(yi)般為三品官(guan)。這種特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍政體(ti)制給寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)增加(jia)了(le)神秘色彩。清朝建立后撤(che)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)建州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)改稱(cheng)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)管轄山海(hai)關(guan)以東(dong)至(zhi)錦州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)以西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣闊區域(yu)。民國成立后,1914年(nian)因寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與湖南(nan)、山西(xi)、云南(nan)等(deng)省的(de)(de)(de)(de)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)重名,經當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民國國務院內務部呈請(qing)(qing)大總統袁世(shi)凱(kai)批(pi)準,恢復(fu)使用遼(liao)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)縣(xian)名,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)隨之稱(cheng)為興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)。興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)就(jiu)(jiu)是興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)建筑。
興城城墻歷經570多年的風風雨雨仍巍然屹立,是當今中華大地上為數不多的明清古城墻建筑(zhu),是(shi)(shi)明代軍(jun)(jun)事防御型城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)標本,它與(yu)平遙城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)、西安城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)、荊州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)并稱為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)保存(cun)最(zui)完整的(de)四座古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),也是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)現存(cun)惟一的(de)正方形城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),受到(dao)聯合國(guo)及歐盟文化遺 產保護(hu)專家和為(wei)(wei)數眾多的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)外游客的(de)青(qing)(qing)睞和關(guan)注。學者們(men)認(ren)為(wei)(wei),研究中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)必不可(ke)(ke)少(shao)。 興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)整體(ti)為(wei)(wei)正方形,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)基礎用(yong)(yong)條石,外墻(qiang)(qiang)用(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)磚砌成(cheng)(cheng),內墻(qiang)(qiang)用(yong)(yong)不規(gui)則塊石壘砌,中(zhong)(zhong)間用(yong)(yong)夯(hang)土(tu)所(suo)筑(zhu)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)頂(ding)端外沿(yan)筑(zhu)有垛(duo)口,守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)官兵(bing)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)以(yi)此護(hu)身、了望、射箭;內沿(yan)筑(zhu)有女兒墻(qiang)(qiang),高度低于垛(duo)口,起著加固城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)于人(ren)員(yuan)行(xing)走的(de)磚面(mian)稱為(wei)(wei)“海墁”,“海墁”系青(qing)(qing)磚鋪就,中(zhong)(zhong)凸外低,便于排水和減(jian)輕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)夯(hang)土(tu)的(de)承重(zhong)壓力。1644年(nian)三月,李自成(cheng)(cheng)率領的(de)農民軍(jun)(jun)兵(bing)逼北京,崇禎皇帝匆忙(mang)下令寧(ning)遠總兵(bing)吳三桂放棄寧(ning)遠城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),入關(guan)勤王,這樣,清軍(jun)(jun)才占領寧(ning)遠。
1948年9月28日,東北(bei)野戰軍(jun)第四縱隊一部在縱隊副司令(ling)員胡(hu)奇才的(de)率(lv)領(ling)下(xia),解放了興城(cheng)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)。當(dang)時,解放軍(jun)指戰員從城(cheng)墻(qiang)突(tu)破進入古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)內,但(dan)為了保護(hu)文物古(gu)(gu)跡,他們盡量避免(mian)開炮射擊城(cheng)墻(qiang)。三(san)十(shi)多年后,古(gu)(gu)稀(xi)之年的(de)胡(hu)奇才將軍(jun)重回(hui)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng),欣然揮(hui)筆寫下(xia)了:“古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)回(hui)到人民手中”。至(zhi)今,這幅題(ti)字仍在古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)鐘鼓樓上懸掛(gua)。
隨著興城城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)知名度的(de)(de)提升(sheng),旅游開發(fa)事業得到蓬勃發(fa)展(zhan),中(zhong)外游客(ke)紛至沓來(lai),文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)工(gong)作也(ye)取得了(le)(le)顯著的(de)(de)進展(zhan)。在人(ren)民政府的(de)(de)重視下,由(you)于戰(zhan)亂而有所毀壞(huai)的(de)(de)城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)部分(fen)地段的(de)(de)垛口(kou)、女兒墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和海墁(man)得到修復,魁星樓也(ye)重現了(le)(le)往日風采,保(bao)護(hu)維修使興城城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)煥發(fa)了(le)(le)新(xin)的(de)(de)生機,1988年(nian)1月(yue)13日,興城城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)被國務(wu)院公布為全國重點文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單位;對城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)進行綜合研究和文(wen)化整理也(ye)隨之同步(bu)進行,已經有多部有關興城城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)書籍出版或研究論文(wen)發(fa)表;天津大(da)學(xue)、上海同濟大(da)學(xue)等高校的(de)(de)知名學(xue)者為興城城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)精(jing)心編制了(le)(le)保(bao)護(hu)規劃;先后有《三進山(shan)城》、《平原游擊隊》、《濟南戰(zhan)役》、《袁崇煥》、《遠東陰謀》、《甲午陸戰(zhan)》等影視劇在興城城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)拍攝外景(jing);2001年(nian),興城古(gu)(gu)城保(bao)護(hu)開發(fa)工(gong)程啟動,興城城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)被規劃為“城垣思古(gu)(gu)”游覽區(qu),游人(ren)們登臨城墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),不僅可以驚嘆中(zhong)國古(gu)(gu)代建(jian)筑藝術(shu)的(de)(de)精(jing)湛,還能(neng)穿越歷史的(de)(de)時空,回味著明(ming)末(mo)那(nei)一幕幕蕩氣(qi)回腸的(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭場面(mian)。
城墻四面的正中各設城門,東為春和門、南為延輝門、西為永寧門、北為威遠門。城門上修筑了箭樓(lou)(lou),俗(su)稱城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓(lou)(lou)和城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou),為(wei)兩層樓(lou)(lou)閣建筑,重(zhong)檐高聳、氣勢巍峨。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門旁邊分別有(you)(you)坡形馬道,供人員上下(xia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門外均有(you)(you)半圓形甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)連為(wei)一(yi)體。 興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)東南角(jiao)上建有(you)(you)魁星(xing)樓(lou)(lou)一(yi)座,其他(ta)三個拐角(jiao)處都(dou)設有(you)(you)角(jiao)臺(tai),明清(qing)征戰時期,在角(jiao)臺(tai)上架設火炮,平時角(jiao)臺(tai)上也有(you)(you)士兵駐扎,以加強對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)防(fang)御。距(ju)離魁星(xing)樓(lou)(lou)不遠處的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)底端,有(you)(you)水門洞一(yi)個,為(wei)明代所修,至(zhi)今保存完好,是古代的(de)排水設施。
古城(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)四(si)條大(da)(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),是古城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)主干道,他(ta)們(men)因循四(si)座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)門而得名,分別稱為(wei)(wei)春和(he)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)、延輝(hui)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)、永寧街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)和(he)威遠街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)百姓根據方位分別稱為(wei)(wei)東街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)、南街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)、西街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)和(he)北街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)道兩旁分布(bu)著許多老(lao)字(zi)號店鋪,其(qi)中(zhong)以南街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)最為(wei)(wei)集中(zhong),因此有"明代一(yi)條街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)"的(de)美譽。四(si)條大(da)(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)呈十字(zi)形規則分布(bu),因此又統稱為(wei)(wei)十字(zi)大(da)(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),十字(zi)大(da)(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)交叉點(dian)坐(zuo)落著一(yi)座(zuo)鐘鼓(gu)樓。
鐘(zhong)鼓樓與(yu)城(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)座城(cheng)門箭樓遙相呼應(ying),鐘(zhong)鼓樓為二層樓閣建筑,登臨樓頂,城(cheng)墻(qiang)和古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)景觀盡收(shou)眼底。鐘(zhong)鼓樓是(shi)古(gu)(gu)代城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)報時中心,晨(chen)鐘(zhong)暮鼓。在(zai)明與(yu)后金軍隊征戰(zhan)期間,鎮守寧遠城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)明軍主帥(shuai)袁崇煥就(jiu)坐鎮鐘(zhong)鼓樓指揮(hui)作戰(zhan)。
與世界上現存的其他城墻相比,興城城墻有許多引人關注的獨特性。在明代修建城墻時,主要(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)到軍事(shi)防御的(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao),因此設置了角臺等(deng)軍事(shi)設施(shi),在這方面特別值得稱(cheng)道的(de)(de)是半圓(yuan)形的(de)(de)甕城和便于(yu)人馬通行(xing)的(de)(de)坡形馬道。
甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)于四座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)側(ce),呈半(ban)圓(yuan)形(xing),與城(cheng)(cheng)墻同(tong)時興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)。甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)突出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),既體現出(chu)一(yi)種建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)美學,又可以保護城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)在戰斗中不被敵人(ren)輕(qing)易接近與破(po)壞。在實戰中即便敵軍攻(gong)破(po)了(le)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men),在城(cheng)(cheng)墻上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)守軍仍(reng)能以極(ji)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)速度組織調度,居(ju)高(gao)臨下從四面向(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)下發動還擊(ji)(ji),而敵軍一(yi)旦(dan)身(shen)(shen)陷(xian)半(ban)圓(yuan)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),人(ren)馬(ma)很難脫身(shen)(shen),成語“甕(weng)(weng)中捉鱉”可以說是(shi)對甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)功能最生動地(di)描述(shu)。明朝末年努爾哈赤和皇太(tai)極(ji)所率領的(de)(de)(de)軍隊攻(gong)打寧(ning)遠城(cheng)(cheng)時,就是(shi)在甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)遭到猛(meng)烈攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)而損失慘重(zhong)。 興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻四座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)體現出(chu)明代(dai)(dai)北(bei)方的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格,它的(de)(de)(de)磚木(mu)結構是(shi)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)特點。城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)建(jian)(jian)在拱形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)洞之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),與鐘鼓樓(lou)一(yi)樣是(shi)二層樓(lou)閣建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),面闊8.9米(mi),進(jin)深4.5米(mi),內(nei)有樓(lou)梯登樓(lou),建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)式為重(zhong)檐歇山(shan)頂(ding),城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)頂(ding)端為青色筒瓦和板瓦覆蓋,正脊兩端有吻獸(shou)(shou)裝(zhuang)飾(shi),戧脊上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)垂獸(shou)(shou)和檐角前(qian)部裝(zhuang)飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)跑(pao)獸(shou)(shou)神態(tai)栩栩如生。按照明代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)墻規制,不同(tong)級別的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)上(shang)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)跑(pao)獸(shou)(shou)數(shu)目是(shi)不一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de),寧(ning)遠衛城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)檐角裝(zhuang)飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)跑(pao)獸(shou)(shou)有天馬(ma)、海(hai)(hai)馬(ma)和獅子三種,其(qi)中,天馬(ma)、海(hai)(hai)馬(ma)是(shi)吉祥的(de)(de)(de)化身(shen)(shen),獅子則(ze)代(dai)(dai)表勇猛(meng)和威(wei)嚴,它們的(de)(de)(de)寓(yu)意(yi)與這座(zuo)軍事防御型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)(de)特色可謂不謀而合。
興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)壁(bi)也很(hen)有特色。為了使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)堅固,形成強大的(de)(de)(de)支撐力,避免內(nei)心的(de)(de)(de)夯土(tu)松動,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)建筑(zhu)之初就用不(bu)規則城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)砌筑(zhu)內(nei)壁(bi),然后將壁(bi)面鑿平(ping),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)稱為“毛石(shi)(shi)(shi)墻(qiang)(qiang)”;由于(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)大多是就地(di)(di)取(qu)材,遠(yuan)望去顏色近似虎(hu)(hu)皮,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)又被稱為“虎(hu)(hu)皮毛石(shi)(shi)(shi)墻(qiang)(qiang)”。 興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)是中國古代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市規劃的(de)(de)(de)典范。從建筑(zhu)科學上(shang)講,興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)選址得(de)體(ti),恰好(hao)處(chu)在(zai)山水圍(wei)河的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)原地(di)(di)帶,十(shi)分有利(li)于(yu)形成良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)態環(huan)境和(he)局部小氣候。背山可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抵(di)擋(dang)冬天北來的(de)(de)(de)寒流,抱陽可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)得(de)到良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)日照(zhao),近水可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保障生(sheng)活及灌溉供水,還可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)防止(zhi)風沙侵襲,對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)居民十(shi)分有利(li)。 中國古代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統哲學思(si)想在(zai)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)規劃和(he)建筑(zhu)中,體(ti)現(xian)得(de)淋(lin)漓盡(jin)致:興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)建成正方形,是取(qu)傳(chuan)統宇宙觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)“天圓(yuan)地(di)(di)方”,予以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大地(di)(di)沉穩、永(yong)無(wu)銷毀之意;興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)周長(chang)及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)數、街路數均(jun)為偶數,體(ti)現(xian)了古代(dai)哲學中數的(de)(de)(de)思(si)辨。