興城古城是明代的寧遠衛城,在清代改為寧遠州城。城池始建于明宣德三年(1428),“周圍五里(li)(li)九十六步,高(gao)三丈(zhang),門(men)四(si)(si),東曰(yue)(yue)春和,南曰(yue)(yue)延輝,西(xi)曰(yue)(yue)永寧(ning),北曰(yue)(yue)威遠(yuan),鐘鼓樓在(zai)中(zhong)街”。宣德五年(1430)又(you)增筑外城(cheng),外城(cheng)周圍九里(li)(li)一百二十四(si)(si)步,高(gao)如內城(cheng)。門(men)四(si)(si),東曰(yue)(yue)遠(yuan)安,南曰(yue)(yue)永清,西(xi)曰(yue)(yue)迎恩,北曰(yue)(yue)大(da)定。四(si)(si)門(men)設樓,四(si)(si)角設臺,城(cheng)郭之間為(wei)護(hu)城(cheng)河(he)。明朝(chao)末年袁崇煥鎮(zhen)守寧(ning)遠(yuan),為(wei)抵御后金(jin)努爾(er)哈赤(chi)的(de)軍事進攻,用兩年時間修繕寧(ning)遠(yuan)城(cheng),城(cheng)墻“高(gao)三丈(zhang)二尺,雉高(gao)六尺,址廣三丈(zhang),上二丈(zhang)四(si)(si)”。明朝(chao)末年,這里(li)(li)成(cheng)為(wei)抗擊女真(zhen)族的(de)前沿陣地(di)。興城(cheng)古(gu)城(cheng)現(xian)僅(jin)存寧(ning)遠(yuan)內城(cheng),經(jing)多次修繕,基本保持(chi)原(yuan)貌(mao)。
古城平面呈正方形,南北844米,東西830米。城墻高8.5米,城基砌條石3層,基寬6.8米,頂寬4.5米。墻體為外條磚內毛石,外設垛口,內設女墻,中填夯土。墻頂設海墁磚(zhuan) 1層水口。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)四(si)角設炮臺,東南角炮臺上為(wei)清代增建(jian)的(de)魁星(xing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)為(wei)正方形,周長3274米。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)四(si)面正中各設城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)上皆筑(zhu)箭樓(lou)(lou)(lou),為(wei)兩(liang)層樓(lou)(lou)(lou)閣。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)四(si)角設臺,突出于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)角。在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區東南角上建(jian)有魁星(xing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)一座。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)現為(wei)全(quan)國重點文物(wu)保護單位。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)——中國東北(bei)地(di)區的(de)沿海文化古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),它扼居(ju)遼西走廊的(de)咽喉地(di)帶,交通發達(da),歷來是兵家必(bi)爭之地(di)。興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)保存較好。1984年以來國家撥款(kuan)對(dui)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)進(jin)行全(quan)面維修,并(bing)建(jian)立(li)了文物(wu)保管所。
城(cheng)設(she) 4門(men)。東曰(yue)春和,西曰(yue)永寧,南曰(yue)延輝,北曰(yue)威(wei)遠。門(men)座(zuo)通長12.17米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬13米(mi)(mi)(mi)。4門(men)均建城(cheng)樓(lou),重(zhong)檐歇山頂,面闊三間,進深(shen)一間。城(cheng)門(men)外(wai)有半(ban)圓(yuan)形甕城(cheng),外(wai)徑(jing)32米(mi)(mi)(mi),內、外(wai)均以條磚(zhuan)筑(zhu)成,城(cheng)門(men)內左側設(she)馬道,長21米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬 3.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
城內十字街中心有鐘鼓樓 1座,方形樓臺,十字券洞。樓為 2層,重檐歇山卷棚頂。南街有明思宗朱由檢為遼西守將祖大壽、祖大樂立的兩座高大石牌坊。城內東南有清建文廟 1座。城內街坊布局,基本上仍保持著清末的體制。興城城墻(qiang)保存較好(hao)。1984年以來國家撥款(kuan)對古城城墻(qiang)進行全面維修,并建立(li)了文物保管所。
興城歷史悠久,遼代設置(zhi)興(xing)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian),距今已有1000多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史。明朝(chao)為(wei)了(le)(le)鞏固對東(dong)(dong)北地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)治,防御蒙(meng)古(gu)部(bu)落和女真人的(de)(de)(de)侵擾(rao),在山海關外“只設衛(wei)所,不設州(zhou)縣(xian)(xian)”,先后設立了(le)(le)二(er)十五個衛(wei),實行軍(jun)政合一(yi)(yi)式(shi)管理,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)就是(shi)其中(zhong)之一(yi)(yi)。 明宣德三年(nian),即公(gong)元1428年(nian),鎮守遼東(dong)(dong)總兵官(guan)巫凱、都 御史包(bao)懷德及鎮守遼東(dong)(dong)太監王(wang)彥(yan)聯(lian)名(ming)奏請(qing)朝(chao)廷修筑寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng),兩(liang)年(nian)后工(gong)程竣(jun)工(gong),當時(shi)稱(cheng)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)城(cheng)。寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)駐軍(jun)5600人,守城(cheng)士(shi)兵戰時(shi)出征,平時(shi)屯(tun)田勞作,家屬也隨軍(jun)士(shi)從全(quan)國各地(di)前來(lai)定居,后代逐漸(jian)繁衍。衛(wei)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)官(guan)稱(cheng)衛(wei)指揮使,既(ji)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)衛(wei)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)事長(chang)官(guan),又負責審理所轄地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)民事案件,一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)三品官(guan)。這種特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)政體制給寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)增加(jia)了(le)(le)神秘(mi)色(se)彩。清朝(chao)建(jian)立后撤(che)衛(wei)建(jian)州(zhou),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)衛(wei)城(cheng)也改稱(cheng)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)城(cheng),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)管轄山海關以東(dong)(dong)至錦州(zhou)以西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)闊區域。民國成立后,1914年(nian)因(yin)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與湖南(nan)、山西(xi)、云南(nan)等(deng)省的(de)(de)(de)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)重名(ming),經當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)民國國務(wu)院內務(wu)部(bu)呈請(qing)大總統(tong)袁(yuan)世凱批準,恢復使用遼代的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)名(ming),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)也就隨之稱(cheng)為(wei)興(xing)城(cheng)古(gu)城(cheng)。興(xing)城(cheng)城(cheng)墻(qiang)就是(shi)興(xing)城(cheng)古(gu)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)主體建(jian)筑。
興城城墻歷經570多年的風風雨雨仍巍然屹立,是當今中華大地上為數不多的明清古城墻建筑(zhu),是明代軍事(shi)防(fang)御(yu)型城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)本,它(ta)與(yu)平遙城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、西(xi)安城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、荊(jing)州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)并(bing)稱為(wei)中國保(bao)存最完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)座古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),也是中國現存惟(wei)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)方形(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),受到(dao)聯合國及(ji)歐盟文化遺 產保(bao)護專家和(he)(he)為(wei)數眾多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中外(wai)游客的(de)(de)(de)(de)青睞和(he)(he)關(guan)注。學者(zhe)們認為(wei),研究中國古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)必不可少。 興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)整體為(wei)正(zheng)方形(xing),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)基礎用(yong)(yong)條石,外(wai)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)用(yong)(yong)青磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)成(cheng),內墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)用(yong)(yong)不規(gui)則塊石壘(lei)砌(qi),中間用(yong)(yong)夯土所筑(zhu)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)頂端外(wai)沿筑(zhu)有(you)垛(duo)(duo)口,守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)官兵可以(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)此護身、了(le)望(wang)、射(she)箭(jian);內沿筑(zhu)有(you)女(nv)兒墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),高(gao)度低(di)于垛(duo)(duo)口,起著(zhu)加固城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)于人員行走(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)面稱為(wei)“海墁”,“海墁”系青磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)鋪就(jiu),中凸外(wai)低(di),便于排水(shui)和(he)(he)減(jian)輕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)夯土的(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)重壓力。1644年三(san)月,李(li)自(zi)成(cheng)率(lv)領(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農民(min)軍兵逼北京(jing),崇禎皇帝(di)匆忙下令寧(ning)遠(yuan)總(zong)兵吳三(san)桂放棄寧(ning)遠(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),入關(guan)勤(qin)王,這樣,清軍才(cai)占領(ling)寧(ning)遠(yuan)。
1948年(nian)9月28日(ri),東北(bei)野戰(zhan)軍(jun)(jun)第四縱(zong)隊(dui)一部在縱(zong)隊(dui)副司令員胡奇才的(de)率領下(xia),解放(fang)了興城(cheng)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)。當時,解放(fang)軍(jun)(jun)指(zhi)戰(zhan)員從城(cheng)墻突破進(jin)入古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)內,但為(wei)了保護文物古(gu)(gu)跡(ji),他們盡量(liang)避免開炮射(she)擊(ji)城(cheng)墻。三十(shi)多年(nian)后,古(gu)(gu)稀之年(nian)的(de)胡奇才將軍(jun)(jun)重回(hui)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng),欣然揮筆寫下(xia)了:“古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)回(hui)到人民手中”。至今(jin),這幅題字仍在古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)鐘鼓樓上懸掛。
隨著(zhu)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)知名(ming)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提升,旅(lv)游(you)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)事業得到(dao)蓬勃發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展,中外(wai)(wai)游(you)客紛至(zhi)沓來,文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護工作也取得了(le)顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)展。在人(ren)民政府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重視下,由于戰亂(luan)而有所毀壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)部分(fen)地段的(de)(de)(de)(de)垛口、女兒墻(qiang)(qiang)和海(hai)墁得到(dao)修復,魁星樓也重現了(le)往日風采(cai),保(bao)(bao)護維修使興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)煥發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)了(le)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生機,1988年1月13日,興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)被國務院公(gong)布為(wei)全國重點文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護單位(wei);對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)進(jin)行綜合研(yan)究(jiu)和文(wen)化(hua)整(zheng)理也隨之同步進(jin)行,已(yi)經有多(duo)部有關興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)書籍出版或(huo)研(yan)究(jiu)論文(wen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)表;天津大學(xue)、上海(hai)同濟大學(xue)等(deng)(deng)高校的(de)(de)(de)(de)知名(ming)學(xue)者為(wei)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)精心編制了(le)保(bao)(bao)護規劃;先后有《三進(jin)山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》、《平原游(you)擊隊》、《濟南戰役(yi)》、《袁崇煥》、《遠東陰謀》、《甲午(wu)陸戰》等(deng)(deng)影視劇在興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)拍攝外(wai)(wai)景;2001年,興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)護開發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)工程啟動,興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)被規劃為(wei)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣思(si)古”游(you)覽區,游(you)人(ren)們(men)登臨城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),不僅可(ke)以(yi)驚(jing)嘆中國古代建筑藝術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精湛,還能穿越(yue)歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)空,回(hui)味著(zhu)明末那一幕(mu)幕(mu)蕩氣回(hui)腸的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰爭(zheng)場面。
城墻四面的正中各設城門,東為春和門、南為延輝門、西為永寧門、北為威遠門。城門上修筑了箭樓(lou)(lou),俗稱(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)門樓(lou)(lou)和城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou),為(wei)兩層(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)閣建(jian)筑,重檐高(gao)聳、氣勢(shi)巍峨。城(cheng)(cheng)門旁邊分別有(you)坡形(xing)馬道(dao),供人員(yuan)上下(xia)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang),城(cheng)(cheng)門外均有(you)半(ban)圓(yuan)形(xing)甕城(cheng)(cheng),與城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)連(lian)為(wei)一體。 興城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)東南角(jiao)(jiao)上建(jian)有(you)魁星樓(lou)(lou)一座(zuo),其他三(san)個拐(guai)角(jiao)(jiao)處(chu)都設有(you)角(jiao)(jiao)臺,明清征戰時期(qi),在角(jiao)(jiao)臺上架(jia)設火炮,平時角(jiao)(jiao)臺上也有(you)士兵(bing)駐(zhu)扎,以加強對城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的防御(yu)。距(ju)離魁星樓(lou)(lou)不遠(yuan)處(chu)的城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)底端,有(you)水門洞(dong)一個,為(wei)明代所修,至(zhi)今(jin)保存完(wan)好,是古代的排水設施。
古城內(nei)的四(si)條(tiao)大街(jie)(jie),是(shi)古城的主(zhu)干道(dao),他們因循四(si)座(zuo)城門而得名,分別(bie)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)春和(he)街(jie)(jie)、延輝街(jie)(jie)、永寧街(jie)(jie)和(he)威遠(yuan)街(jie)(jie),城中百姓根據(ju)方位分別(bie)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)東街(jie)(jie)、南街(jie)(jie)、西街(jie)(jie)和(he)北街(jie)(jie)。街(jie)(jie)道(dao)兩旁(pang)分布(bu)著許多老字(zi)號店(dian)鋪,其(qi)中以(yi)南街(jie)(jie)最為(wei)集中,因此有"明(ming)代一條(tiao)街(jie)(jie)"的美譽。四(si)條(tiao)大街(jie)(jie)呈十字(zi)形規則分布(bu),因此又統(tong)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)十字(zi)大街(jie)(jie),十字(zi)大街(jie)(jie)的交叉(cha)點坐落(luo)著一座(zuo)鐘鼓樓。
鐘鼓樓(lou)(lou)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻的四座城(cheng)(cheng)門箭樓(lou)(lou)遙(yao)相(xiang)呼應,鐘鼓樓(lou)(lou)為二層樓(lou)(lou)閣建筑,登臨樓(lou)(lou)頂,城(cheng)(cheng)墻和古城(cheng)(cheng)內的景觀(guan)盡收眼底。鐘鼓樓(lou)(lou)是古代城(cheng)(cheng)市的報時(shi)中心,晨鐘暮鼓。在明與(yu)后金(jin)軍隊(dui)征戰(zhan)(zhan)期(qi)間,鎮(zhen)(zhen)守寧(ning)遠城(cheng)(cheng)的明軍主帥袁崇(chong)煥就坐鎮(zhen)(zhen)鐘鼓樓(lou)(lou)指揮(hui)作戰(zhan)(zhan)。
與世界上現存的其他城墻相比,興城城墻有許多引人關注的獨特性。在明代修建城墻時,主要(yao)考慮(lv)到軍(jun)事(shi)防御的需要(yao),因此(ci)設置了(le)角臺等軍(jun)事(shi)設施,在(zai)這(zhe)方面特別值得稱(cheng)道(dao)(dao)的是半圓形的甕(weng)城和便于人馬(ma)通(tong)行的坡形馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)。
甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)于四座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外側(ce),呈半圓形,與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)同時興(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)。甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)突(tu)出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門之外,既體現出一(yi)(yi)種建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)美學,又可以保護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門在(zai)(zai)(zai)戰斗中不(bu)被敵人(ren)輕易接(jie)近(jin)與破壞。在(zai)(zai)(zai)實戰中即便敵軍攻(gong)破了甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門,在(zai)(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)守軍仍能(neng)以極快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度(du)組織調度(du),居高臨下從四面向城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下發動還擊,而敵軍一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)身陷半圓形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之內(nei),人(ren)馬很難脫(tuo)身,成語(yu)“甕(weng)中捉鱉”可以說是(shi)(shi)對甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功能(neng)最(zui)生動地描述。明(ming)朝末年努爾哈赤和皇太極所率領的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍隊攻(gong)打寧遠(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時,就是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)遭到猛(meng)烈攻(gong)擊而損(sun)失慘重(zhong)。 興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)四座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造型(xing)體現出明(ming)代北方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)風格,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磚木結構(gou)是(shi)(shi)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)特點。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)拱形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門洞之上(shang)(shang),與鐘鼓樓(lou)(lou)一(yi)(yi)樣是(shi)(shi)二層樓(lou)(lou)閣建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),面闊8.9米(mi),進(jin)深(shen)4.5米(mi),內(nei)有樓(lou)(lou)梯登樓(lou)(lou),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)形式為重(zhong)檐(yan)歇山頂,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)頂端為青(qing)色筒瓦和板(ban)瓦覆蓋,正(zheng)脊兩(liang)端有吻(wen)獸裝飾(shi)(shi),戧(chuang)脊上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂獸和檐(yan)角(jiao)前部(bu)裝飾(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跑(pao)獸神態栩栩如(ru)生。按照明(ming)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)規制(zhi),不(bu)同級別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)裝飾(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跑(pao)獸數目是(shi)(shi)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),寧遠(yuan)衛城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)檐(yan)角(jiao)裝飾(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跑(pao)獸有天(tian)馬、海(hai)馬和獅子三種,其中,天(tian)馬、海(hai)馬是(shi)(shi)吉祥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化身,獅子則代表勇猛(meng)和威嚴,它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寓意(yi)與這(zhe)座(zuo)軍事防御型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特色可謂不(bu)謀而合。
興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)壁也很有(you)特色。為(wei)(wei)了使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)堅固,形成(cheng)強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)支撐力,避免內(nei)心的(de)(de)(de)夯土松動(dong),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在建筑之初就(jiu)用不(bu)規(gui)則城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)砌筑內(nei)壁,然后將壁面(mian)鑿平(ping),所以(yi)(yi)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“毛石(shi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”;由于(yu)石(shi)料大(da)多是就(jiu)地(di)取(qu)材,遠望去(qu)顏色近似(si)虎皮,所以(yi)(yi)又被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“虎皮毛石(shi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”。 興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)是中國(guo)(guo)古代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市規(gui)劃的(de)(de)(de)典范。從建筑科學(xue)上講,興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)選址得體(ti)(ti)(ti),恰好處在山水(shui)圍(wei)河的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)原(yuan)地(di)帶,十分有(you)利于(yu)形成(cheng)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)生態環境和局部小氣候。背(bei)山可以(yi)(yi)抵擋冬天北來的(de)(de)(de)寒流,抱陽(yang)可以(yi)(yi)得到良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)日照(zhao),近水(shui)可以(yi)(yi)保障生活及灌溉供水(shui),還可以(yi)(yi)防止(zhi)風沙(sha)侵(qin)襲,對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)居(ju)民十分有(you)利。 中國(guo)(guo)古代的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)哲(zhe)學(xue)思想在興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃和建筑中,體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)得淋漓盡致:興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)建成(cheng)正方形,是取(qu)傳(chuan)統(tong)宇宙觀的(de)(de)(de)“天圓地(di)方”,予以(yi)(yi)大(da)地(di)沉(chen)穩、永無銷毀之意;興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)周長及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門數、街路(lu)數均為(wei)(wei)偶數,體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)了古代哲(zhe)學(xue)中數的(de)(de)(de)思辨。