廟(miao)(miao)子溝(gou)遺址(zhi)位于烏(wu)蘭察布市察哈(ha)爾(er)右(you)翼(yi)前(qian)旗(qi)新風鄉(xiang)廟(miao)(miao)子溝(gou)村南。從1985年(nian)至1987年(nian)先(xian)后(hou)三次對此遺址(zhi)進行發掘清(qing)理,發現房子50余座(zuo)、灰(hui)坑和窖穴(xue)130多座(zuo)、墓葬40坐。出土遺物很豐富,有陶器(qi)、骨器(qi)和石器(qi)共千(qian)余件,此外(wai)還有部分動物骨、角等,是相(xiang)當仰韶文化(hua)晚期的聚落遺址(zhi),遺物經碳十四測定,約距(ju)今5,500年(nian)。
這(zhe)里(li)水土(tu)流失嚴(yan)重,遺(yi)(yi)跡多(duo)已暴露在(zai)(zai)地表(biao),未(wei)見打破(po)和疊壓關(guan)系,遺(yi)(yi)跡建(jian)在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)土(tu)上,文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵比較(jiao)單純,遺(yi)(yi)物具(ju)有鮮明的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)特征,代表(biao)了內蒙古(gu)自(zi)治區(qu)中(zhong)南部岱海(hai)地區(qu)相當仰(yang)韶文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原始文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua),同(tong)時又(you)明顯看出這(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)與中(zhong)原地區(qu)和燕山以北等地的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)關(guan)系密切,廟子(zi)溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)具(ju)有海(hai)生(sheng)不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)因素,應屬海(hai)生(sheng)不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua),然而廟子(zi)溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)又(you)與阿善遺(yi)(yi)址和白泥窯(yao)子(zi)遺(yi)(yi)址同(tong)期(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)之間又(you)有差異,當屬同(tong)一文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)類型。廟子(zi)溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現和發(fa)掘,不僅更證(zheng)實(shi)了海(hai)生(sheng)不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai),而且也證(zheng)實(shi)了海(hai)生(sheng)不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜性(xing),學術界(jie)對(dui)此(ci)很關(guan)注。
經(jing)(jing)過考(kao)古(gu)工作(zuo)者10多年的(de)(de)艱苦(ku)工作(zuo),內蒙(meng)古(gu)廟子溝文(wen)化遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)發掘(jue)(jue)整(zheng)理工作(zuo)于2002年完(wan)成。廟子溝遺(yi)址(zhi)位于內蒙(meng)古(gu)自治(zhi)區(qu)烏蘭(lan)察布盟察右(you)前(qian)旗(qi)新風鄉,是(shi)目前(qian)內蒙(meng)古(gu)中南(nan)部地區(qu)發掘(jue)(jue)面積(ji)(ji)大(da)、遺(yi)跡保(bao)存完(wan)整(zheng)、出(chu)土(tu)(tu)遺(yi)物豐富的(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。這處距(ju)今約5500年的(de)(de)原(yuan)始村落遺(yi)址(zhi)是(shi)于1985年10月發現的(de)(de),經(jing)(jing)發掘(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)村南(nan)遺(yi)址(zhi)地點面積(ji)(ji)約近3萬(wan)平方米,共發掘(jue)(jue)出(chu)房址(zhi)51座(zuo),灰坑、窖(jiao)穴132個,墓葬43座(zuo),出(chu)土(tu)(tu)及(ji)復原(yuan)各類陶(tao)器700余(yu)件,其它比(bi)較完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)石器、玉器、骨角(jiao)器、蚌器和裝(zhuang)飾品達千余(yu)件,反映了(le)一種以原(yuan)始鋤(chu)耕農業為基(ji)礎,漁獵(lie)經(jing)(jing)濟占一定比(bi)重(zhong)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟形態。廟子溝文(wen)化遺(yi)址(zhi)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)了(le)大(da)批石環(huan)類飾品。
廟子溝遺(yi)(yi)址的(de)房子均為(wei)半地(di)穴(xue)式,多(duo)為(wei)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或長方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),也有(you)梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),居(ju)(ju)住面用泥(ni)(ni)抹,多(duo)數經燒烤。室內大(da)多(duo)設(she)有(you)雙灶(zao),前為(wei)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)坑(keng)灶(zao),后為(wei)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)地(di)面灶(zao)。多(duo)數為(wei)凸(tu)出(chu)的(de)斜坡或臺階式門道,門設(she)在前墻中間。房子內外均有(you)窖穴(xue)、灰(hui)坑(keng)。窖穴(xue)有(you)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),都是(shi)豎穴(xue)。居(ju)(ju)住遺(yi)(yi)址的(de)選擇(ze)與白泥(ni)(ni)窯(yao)(yao)子第(di)二種文化(hua)(hua)相同(tong),在白泥(ni)(ni)窯(yao)(yao)子和(he)廟子溝附近相同(tong)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)大(da)壩(ba)溝遺(yi)(yi)址,均有(you)壕(hao)溝環繞居(ju)(ju)住址,而廟子溝遺(yi)(yi)址可(ke)能因水土流失嚴重而未(wei)發現(xian)有(you)壕(hao)溝。每座房子的(de)窖穴(xue)和(he)居(ju)(ju)住面上,均有(you)成套的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產工具(ju)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用具(ju)等,說明每座房子已構成一(yi)個生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)單元,已是(shi)以(yi)個體家庭為(wei)單位(wei)從事生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)。
生產工具(ju)(ju)是磨(mo)制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、打制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)存,并有骨(gu)(gu)、角器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)陶(tao)(tao)制工具(ju)(ju)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類很多,有鏟、刀、錛(ben)、鑿、斧(fu)、鉆、磨(mo)盤(pan)、磨(mo)棒、砍砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)、球、臺體(ti)狀(zhuang)凹形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等,細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、鏃(zu)以(yi)及石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片等。陶(tao)(tao)制工具(ju)(ju)有大量(liang)的鏟、刀和(he)少量(liang)陶(tao)(tao)紡輪。骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有錐、針、鏃(zu)、匕、嵌石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)刀、嵌石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)劍、槽形(xing)(xing)(xing)尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)亞形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。其中窄首寬(kuan)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、雙孔或兩側(ce)缺口(kou)刀、梯形(xing)(xing)(xing)小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)、月牙形(xing)(xing)(xing)磨(mo)棒、橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)凹體(ti)磨(mo)盤(pan)、臺體(ti)狀(zhuang)凹形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)及嵌石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)骨(gu)(gu)刀和(he)骨(gu)(gu)制亞形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等,均具(ju)(ju)有特色,為典形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)。
陶器(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)泥質(zhi)(zhi)陶為主(zhu),此(ci)外(wai)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)夾砂和砂質(zhi)(zhi)陶,均為手制。陶色繁雜,有(you)(you)(you)(you)褐、灰、紅(hong)、黃、黑、白等(deng)(deng)色。泥質(zhi)(zhi)陶器(qi)(qi)表(biao)多素面磨光或施籃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。加砂陶器(qi)(qi)主(zhu)體紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為主(zhu),另外(wai)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)方格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)與線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),配(pei)合主(zhu)體紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)附加堆紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、壓(ya)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、連點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。彩(cai)陶較發(fa)達(da),彩(cai)色多樣,有(you)(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)、褐、黑、紫(zi)、赭(zhe)等(deng)(deng)色,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾更是繁縟多種(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)(you)方格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、鱗紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、渦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、鋸齒紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、草葉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)及曲線、垂弧(hu)、直線、三角、橢圓點(dian)等(deng)(deng)幾何(he)圖案紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾,常見內(nei)彩(cai)和復(fu)彩(cai)。陶器(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)耳發(fa)達(da),多為環狀耳。器(qi)(qi)形種(zhong)類有(you)(you)(you)(you)侈沿鼓(gu)腹(fu)罐、大口(kou)罐、筒(tong)(tong)形罐、小(xiao)口(kou)雙耳罐、喇叭口(kou)尖底瓶、曲腹(fu)盆(pen)、折腹(fu)盆(pen)、曲腹(fu)缽(bo)、折腹(fu)缽(bo)、漏(lou)斗、器(qi)(qi)蓋(gai)、小(xiao)杯、偏口(kou)壺等(deng)(deng)。從(cong)陶器(qi)(qi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出(chu)廟(miao)子溝(gou)(gou)遺存(cun)接收周邊文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)影(ying)響,筒(tong)(tong)形罐是受(shou)前紅(hong)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、紅(hong)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)影(ying)響,從(cong)東傳來,故(gu)自東向西(xi)遞減(jian),到鄂(e)爾(er)多斯。而喇叭口(kou)尖底瓶卻是受(shou)中原仰韶(shao)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)廟(miao)底溝(gou)(gou)類型文(wen)化(hua)(hua)影(ying)響,故(gu)由西(xi)向東漸少,到岱海(hai)、黃旗海(hai)兩湖地帶(dai)未見。出(chu)土(tu)物中還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)簪(zan)、項(xiang)鏈、陶環、石環、玉佩、蚌(bang)螺串飾等(deng)(deng)裝(zhuang)飾品。
廟子(zi)(zi)溝(gou)遺存是具(ju)有地(di)域特征的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua),有別于周邊地(di)區同時期(qi)考(kao)古(gu)學文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)。廟子(zi)(zi)溝(gou)遺址(zhi)在(zai)內(nei)蒙古(gu)中(zhong)南(nan)部海(hai)生不(bu)浪文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺存中(zhong),目前(qian)發(fa)掘面積較大,遺跡(ji)和出土文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)也較豐富,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)內(nei)涵較單純,在(zai)海(hai)生不(bu)浪文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)頗具(ju)代表性,但又(you)與阿善二期(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、白泥窯(yao)子(zi)(zi)第二種文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)又(you)有些差異,當(dang)屬同類(lei)(lei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)不(bu)同區域類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)。
海生不浪文化遺(yi)存未發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)墓地,但在廟子溝遺(yi)址居住(zhu)(zhu)址內的(de)(de)(de)窖(jiao)穴、灶(zao)坑和居住(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)均發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)死者(zhe),在房子附近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)長方(fang)形坑內發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)多(duo)人(ren)、雙人(ren)和單人(ren)埋葬(zang),多(duo)人(ren)埋葬(zang)中有(you)兒童和成(cheng)人(ren),在房子內的(de)(de)(de)圓形窖(jiao)穴內均為(wei)單人(ren)埋葬(zang),許多(duo)未成(cheng)年(nian)個體多(duo)在室內灶(zao)坑里或居住(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)上(shang),死者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)頭向不定,多(duo)側身屈肢(zhi),兒童和女性死者(zhe)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)佩帶環飾和蚌螺(luo)類裝(zhuang)飾品,從這(zhe)些現(xian)(xian)(xian)象來看多(duo)數(shu)死者(zhe)屬于非正常死亡埋葬(zang),這(zhe)還(huan)有(you)待進一步研究。
內(nei)蒙古(gu)廟子溝遺址為人們了(le)(le)(le)解新石器時(shi)代晚(wan)期內(nei)蒙古(gu)地區(qu)的文(wen)化提(ti)供了(le)(le)(le)大量的史(shi)料基礎(chu),而(er)且它突然消失(shi)的文(wen)明更引起了(le)(le)(le)考古(gu)工作(zuo)者的興趣。
從廟(miao)子溝遺(yi)存來看,廟(miao)子溝的(de)先(xian)民(min)們當時是(shi)以(yi)從事(shi)原始農(nong)業為主,同時飼養有豬(zhu)、羊(yang)、牛、狗(gou)等家畜動物,也捕獵鹿(lu)、狍、獐、虎、野(ye)山(shan)羊(yang)、羚羊(yang)等野(ye)生動物以(yi)及魚、龜、鳥類(lei)等。