芒果视频下载

歷史價值

廟子(zi)溝(gou)遺(yi)址位于(yu)烏蘭察(cha)布(bu)市(shi)察(cha)哈(ha)爾右翼前(qian)旗新風鄉廟子(zi)溝(gou)村南。從1985年(nian)至1987年(nian)先后三次對此(ci)遺(yi)址進行發掘清理，發現房子(zi)50余座(zuo)、灰坑和(he)窖穴130多座(zuo)、墓葬40坐。出土遺(yi)物(wu)很豐富(fu)，有(you)陶器(qi)、骨器(qi)和(he)石(shi)器(qi)共(gong)千余件，此(ci)外還有(you)部分(fen)動物(wu)骨、角等，是相當(dang)仰韶文(wen)化晚期的聚(ju)落遺(yi)址，遺(yi)物(wu)經碳十四測定，約距今(jin)5,500年(nian)。

這里水土(tu)流失嚴重，遺(yi)跡多已(yi)暴露在(zai)地(di)表，未見打破(po)和(he)疊壓關系，遺(yi)跡建在(zai)生土(tu)上，文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵(han)比較單純，遺(yi)物具有(you)(you)鮮(xian)明的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)特征(zheng)，代表了內(nei)蒙古自治區(qu)中(zhong)南部岱海地(di)區(qu)相當仰韶文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)晚(wan)期的(de)(de)(de)原始(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，同(tong)時(shi)又明顯看(kan)出(chu)這里的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與中(zhong)原地(di)區(qu)和(he)燕山以北等地(di)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)關系密切，廟(miao)子溝遺(yi)存(cun)具有(you)(you)海生不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)因(yin)素，應屬(shu)(shu)海生不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，然而廟(miao)子溝遺(yi)存(cun)又與阿善遺(yi)址(zhi)和(he)白泥窯(yao)子遺(yi)址(zhi)同(tong)期文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)間又有(you)(you)差異，當屬(shu)(shu)同(tong)一文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)型。廟(miao)子溝遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)和(he)發掘，不僅更證實(shi)(shi)了海生不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)，而且也證實(shi)(shi)了海生不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)性，學術界對(dui)此很(hen)關注。

經(jing)過考古工作者10多(duo)年的艱苦工作，內蒙古廟子(zi)溝(gou)(gou)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)整理(li)工作于(yu)2002年完(wan)成。廟子(zi)溝(gou)(gou)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)內蒙古自治區(qu)(qu)烏蘭察布盟(meng)察右前旗新風鄉，是(shi)目前內蒙古中南部地(di)區(qu)(qu)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面(mian)積大、遺(yi)(yi)跡保存完(wan)整、出土(tu)遺(yi)(yi)物豐(feng)富(fu)的遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。這處距(ju)今約5500年的原始(shi)村(cun)落遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)于(yu)1985年10月(yue)發(fa)(fa)現的，經(jing)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的村(cun)南遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)地(di)點面(mian)積約近3萬平方(fang)米，共發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)出房址(zhi)(zhi)51座(zuo)，灰(hui)坑、窖穴(xue)132個，墓(mu)葬43座(zuo)，出土(tu)及復原各類陶(tao)器(qi)700余(yu)件，其(qi)它比較完(wan)整的石(shi)器(qi)、玉(yu)器(qi)、骨角(jiao)器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和裝飾(shi)品達千余(yu)件，反映了(le)一(yi)種以(yi)原始(shi)鋤耕(geng)農業為基礎(chu)，漁(yu)獵(lie)經(jing)濟占一(yi)定(ding)比重的經(jing)濟形態(tai)。廟子(zi)溝(gou)(gou)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)出土(tu)了(le)大批(pi)石(shi)環(huan)類飾(shi)品。

造型

廟(miao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)溝遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)房子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)均(jun)(jun)為半地穴(xue)(xue)式(shi)，多(duo)為方(fang)形或長(chang)方(fang)形，也(ye)有(you)(you)梯形，居住(zhu)面(mian)用泥抹，多(duo)數(shu)經燒(shao)烤。室內大多(duo)設有(you)(you)雙灶，前為圓形坑灶，后為方(fang)形地面(mian)灶。多(duo)數(shu)為凸(tu)出的(de)(de)斜坡或臺階式(shi)門(men)道，門(men)設在(zai)前墻中(zhong)間。房子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)內外均(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)窖穴(xue)(xue)、灰坑。窖穴(xue)(xue)有(you)(you)圓形、方(fang)形、橢圓形，都是(shi)豎穴(xue)(xue)。居住(zhu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)選擇與白(bai)泥窯子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)第二種文化(hua)相同，在(zai)白(bai)泥窯子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)廟(miao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)溝附近相同文化(hua)的(de)(de)大壩溝遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)，均(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)壕溝環繞居住(zhu)址(zhi)(zhi)，而廟(miao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)溝遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)能因水土流(liu)失嚴重而未發現有(you)(you)壕溝。每座房子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)窖穴(xue)(xue)和(he)居住(zhu)面(mian)上，均(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)成套的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)工具(ju)和(he)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)用具(ju)等，說明每座房子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)已(yi)構成一個(ge)生(sheng)產(chan)和(he)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)單元，已(yi)是(shi)以(yi)個(ge)體(ti)家庭為單位從事生(sheng)產(chan)和(he)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)。

生產工具

生(sheng)產工具(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)磨制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)、打制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)和(he)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)共存(cun)，并有(you)(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)、角器(qi)和(he)陶制工具(ju)(ju)(ju)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)種類(lei)很多，有(you)(you)(you)(you)鏟、刀(dao)、錛、鑿、斧、鉆、磨盤(pan)(pan)、磨棒(bang)、砍砸(za)器(qi)、球、臺體(ti)狀(zhuang)凹形(xing)(xing)器(qi)等(deng)，細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)刮削器(qi)、尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)、鏃(zu)(zu)以及石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)等(deng)。陶制工具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大量的鏟、刀(dao)和(he)少(shao)量陶紡輪。骨(gu)器(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)錐、針(zhen)、鏃(zu)(zu)、匕、嵌(qian)(qian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)刀(dao)、嵌(qian)(qian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)劍、槽形(xing)(xing)尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)和(he)亞(ya)(ya)形(xing)(xing)器(qi)等(deng)。其中(zhong)窄首寬刃(ren)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、雙孔或兩(liang)側缺口刀(dao)、梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛、月牙形(xing)(xing)磨棒(bang)、橢圓形(xing)(xing)凹體(ti)磨盤(pan)(pan)、臺體(ti)狀(zhuang)凹形(xing)(xing)器(qi)以及嵌(qian)(qian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)骨(gu)刀(dao)和(he)骨(gu)制亞(ya)(ya)形(xing)(xing)器(qi)等(deng)，均具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)特(te)色，為典形(xing)(xing)器(qi)物。

陶(tao)器(qi)以(yi)泥(ni)質陶(tao)為主，此外還有(you)(you)夾砂(sha)和砂(sha)質陶(tao)，均為手制。陶(tao)色繁雜，有(you)(you)褐(he)、灰、紅、黃(huang)、黑(hei)、白等色。泥(ni)質陶(tao)器(qi)表多素(su)面磨光或施籃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。加砂(sha)陶(tao)器(qi)主體(ti)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為主，另外還有(you)(you)方格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)與線(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，配合主體(ti)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)的有(you)(you)附加堆紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、壓印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、連點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。彩陶(tao)較發達，彩色多樣，有(you)(you)紅、褐(he)、黑(hei)、紫、赭(zhe)等色，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)更(geng)是(shi)繁縟多種，有(you)(you)方格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、鱗紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、渦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、鋸齒紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、草葉(xie)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)及曲(qu)線(xian)、垂弧、直線(xian)、三角、橢圓點等幾何圖案紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)，常見內彩和復彩。陶(tao)器(qi)器(qi)耳發達，多為環(huan)狀耳。器(qi)形(xing)(xing)種類有(you)(you)侈沿鼓腹(fu)(fu)罐(guan)、大(da)口(kou)(kou)罐(guan)、筒形(xing)(xing)罐(guan)、小口(kou)(kou)雙耳罐(guan)、喇(la)叭口(kou)(kou)尖底(di)瓶、曲(qu)腹(fu)(fu)盆、折(zhe)腹(fu)(fu)盆、曲(qu)腹(fu)(fu)缽(bo)、折(zhe)腹(fu)(fu)缽(bo)、漏斗、器(qi)蓋、小杯、偏口(kou)(kou)壺(hu)等。從陶(tao)器(qi)可(ke)以(yi)看出廟子溝遺(yi)存接(jie)收(shou)周邊文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的影響(xiang)，筒形(xing)(xing)罐(guan)是(shi)受(shou)前(qian)紅山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)、紅山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)影響(xiang)，從東(dong)傳來，故自東(dong)向西遞減，到(dao)鄂爾(er)多斯。而喇(la)叭口(kou)(kou)尖底(di)瓶卻是(shi)受(shou)中(zhong)原仰(yang)韶(shao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的廟底(di)溝類型文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)影響(xiang)，故由(you)西向東(dong)漸少(shao)，到(dao)岱海(hai)、黃(huang)旗海(hai)兩湖地帶未見。出土物中(zhong)還有(you)(you)簪、項鏈、陶(tao)環(huan)、石環(huan)、玉佩、蚌(bang)螺串飾(shi)等裝(zhuang)飾(shi)品(pin)。

文化特色

廟子(zi)溝遺存是具(ju)有(you)地域特(te)征的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，有(you)別于(yu)周邊地區同(tong)時期考古學文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)(lei)型。廟子(zi)溝遺址在內蒙(meng)古中(zhong)南部海生不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺存中(zhong)，目前發掘面積較(jiao)(jiao)大，遺跡和出土文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物也較(jiao)(jiao)豐富，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)內涵較(jiao)(jiao)單純，在海生不浪(lang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)頗具(ju)代表性，但又與阿善二(er)期文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、白泥窯子(zi)第二(er)種文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)又有(you)些差異，當屬同(tong)類(lei)(lei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)不同(tong)區域類(lei)(lei)型的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。

海生不(bu)浪文化遺(yi)存未發現(xian)墓地，但在廟子溝遺(yi)址(zhi)居(ju)住址(zhi)內的(de)窖穴(xue)、灶(zao)坑(keng)和居(ju)住面均發現(xian)有(you)死(si)者，在房子附近的(de)長方(fang)形(xing)坑(keng)內發現(xian)有(you)多人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、雙人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和單人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)埋葬(zang)，多人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)埋葬(zang)中有(you)兒(er)童和成人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，在房子內的(de)圓形(xing)窖穴(xue)內均為(wei)單人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)埋葬(zang)，許多未成年個體多在室(shi)內灶(zao)坑(keng)里或居(ju)住面上，死(si)者的(de)頭向(xiang)不(bu)定，多側身屈肢(zhi)，兒(er)童和女性死(si)者有(you)的(de)佩帶環飾和蚌(bang)螺(luo)類裝飾品，從這些現(xian)象(xiang)來(lai)看多數死(si)者屬于非(fei)正常死(si)亡埋葬(zang)，這還有(you)待進一(yi)步(bu)研究。

內蒙古廟子溝遺址為人們了(le)解新石器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)晚期內蒙古地(di)區(qu)的(de)文(wen)化提供了(le)大(da)量(liang)的(de)史料基礎(chu)，而(er)且它(ta)突然消失的(de)文(wen)明(ming)更引起了(le)考古工作者的(de)興趣。

當時經濟

從(cong)(cong)廟子溝(gou)遺存來看，廟子溝(gou)的(de)先民們當(dang)時(shi)是以從(cong)(cong)事原(yuan)始農業(ye)為(wei)主，同時(shi)飼(si)養有(you)豬、羊、牛、狗等(deng)家畜(chu)動(dong)物，也捕獵鹿、狍、獐(zhang)、虎、野(ye)山羊、羚羊等(deng)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物以及魚、龜、鳥(niao)類等(deng)。