古墓介紹
南(nan)(nan)(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐聚(ju)落遺址,位于通遼(liao)市扎魯(lu)特旗(qi)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)約(yue)40公(gong)里(li)(li),東(dong)(dong)北距(ju)道(dao)老(lao)杜蘇木10公(gong)里(li)(li),南(nan)(nan)(nan)距(ju)南(nan)(nan)(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐村約(yue)2公(gong)里(li)(li),這里(li)(li)地(di)(di)處松遼(liao)分水嶺,北依(yi)大興(xing)安(an)嶺,南(nan)(nan)(nan)望科(ke)爾沁(qin)沙(sha)地(di)(di)和西(xi)(xi)遼(liao)河(he)平原,東(dong)(dong)與松嫩平原相通,西(xi)(xi)及西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)與西(xi)(xi)拉沐淪河(he)流域相連,是大興(xing)安(an)嶺南(nan)(nan)(nan)麓草原與科(ke)爾沁(qin)沙(sha)地(di)(di)的交會地(di)(di)帶。南(nan)(nan)(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐聚(ju)落遺存由(you)多個墓地(di)(di)和遺址組成,它們(men)坐落在南(nan)(nan)(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐村西(xi)(xi)的高地(di)(di)之上,呈西(xi)(xi)北-東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)向(xiang)一線(xian)排(pai)列。
2006~2008年,內蒙古(gu)自治區文(wen)物考古(gu)研(yan)究所會同(tong)科爾沁博(bo)物館、扎魯特旗文(wen)管(guan)所對(dui)遺址(zhi)進行(xing)了搶救性發掘(jue),揭露面積11900平(ping)方米,清理墓葬395座(zuo)、灰溝2條、灰坑37座(zuo),出(chu)土各類陶器、石(shi)(玉(yu))器、骨、蚌器等一千五百余(yu)件。2013年,該遺址(zhi)被國務院公布(bu)為第七批全(quan)國重點文(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位。
墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)均(jun)為(wei)長方形土坑豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu),開口于(yu)表土層下。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)深淺(qian)不一(yi),距地表最深1.3米,淺(qian)者僅0.3米。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)規(gui)模參差不齊,個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有頭(tou)(tou)龕(kan)或(huo)(huo)腳(jiao)龕(kan),但少(shao)有隨葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內填(tian)土為(wei)沙(sha)質黑褐色(se)土,十分堅(jian)硬,內含少(shao)量(liang)細石(shi)器、碎陶片。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)向皆為(wei)西(xi)北-東南(nan)向,葬(zang)(zang)式常見仰身直肢(zhi)單(dan)人(ren)葬(zang)(zang),少(shao)側身葬(zang)(zang)、俯身葬(zang)(zang),不見屈(qu)肢(zhi)葬(zang)(zang),極少(shao)雙人(ren)或(huo)(huo)三人(ren)合葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),少(shao)數墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)沒(mei)有發(fa)(fa)現(xian)人(ren)骨,個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)明顯(xian)為(wei)兩(liang)次(ci)葬(zang)(zang)、亂葬(zang)(zang),同時發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有火燒墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。隨葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)一(yi)般置于(yu)頭(tou)(tou)頂部(bu)或(huo)(huo)肩部(bu)頭(tou)(tou)兩(liang)側,亦有少(shao)量(liang)置于(yu)腰或(huo)(huo)兩(liang)臂外(wai)側。
墓地出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)大(da)(da)量(liang)隨葬(zang)品(pin)(pin),包括陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi))及骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。其(qi)中陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量(liang)最大(da)(da)。隨葬(zang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)罐(guan)、雙(shuang)(shuang)耳壺(hu)(hu)、尊、缽、豆以(yi)及異形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(人(ren)物(wu)、動物(wu)造型(xing)(xing)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)壺(hu)(hu))。最常見的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合是(shi)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)罐(guan)和(he)雙(shuang)(shuang)耳壺(hu)(hu)或疊唇弧(hu)腹罐(guan)。彩(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)雙(shuang)(shuang)耳壺(hu)(hu)、龜(gui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)壺(hu)(hu)等(deng),多見黑(hei)彩(cai)(cai)幾(ji)何紋、平行(xing)直線、動植(zhi)物(wu)紋等(deng)。墓葬(zang)內出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)刺(ci)(ci)猬(wei)(wei)形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),整(zheng)個陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)造型(xing)(xing)生動可(ke)(ke)(ke)愛,刺(ci)(ci)猬(wei)(wei)面部采(cai)(cai)用雕塑手法(fa),雙(shuang)(shuang)耳外突、眼鼻內凹,巧妙地將(jiang)刺(ci)(ci)猬(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)圓嘴作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)口(kou),周身(shen)采(cai)(cai)用連續刻劃折(zhe)線體現(xian)(xian)刺(ci)(ci)猬(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)滿身(shen)芒刺(ci)(ci),應該為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)玩具或飾(shi)品(pin)(pin)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)樽陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)龜(gui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)壺(hu)(hu)、紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)黑(hei)漆彩(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)等(deng),屬首次出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)磨(mo)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多于(yu)磨(mo)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)規整(zheng),琢制(zhi)精細。打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆和(he)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),另有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量(liang)打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)。磨(mo)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨(mo)盤(pan)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨(mo)棒等(deng)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)生產工具。隨葬(zang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中還出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)量(liang)松石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng),如斧(fu)、錛、管(guan)狀珠、環(huan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)墜、片(pian)狀墜以(yi)及環(huan)、璜等(deng)飾(shi)件(jian)。在眾多出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中,一(yi)件(jian)青石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)成的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵(duo)引人(ren)注目,該骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)角蒺藜形(xing)(xing)(xing)。此(ci)前(qian)(qian)所知骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵(duo)最早出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)在東漢(han)以(yi)后,南(nan)寶(bao)力皋(gao)吐遺址出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵(duo)使這(zhe)種兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)年(nian)代(dai)向前(qian)(qian)推了幾(ji)千年(nian)。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄(bing)刀為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),尚有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量(liang)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)錐、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan),蚌(bang)類隨葬(zang)品(pin)(pin)大(da)(da)多朽(xiu)蝕,見有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量(liang)蚌(bang)環(huan)、蚌(bang)珠等(deng)。在南(nan)寶(bao)力皋(gao)吐古(gu)墓群遺址中,共發(fa)現(xian)(xian)四個完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)角質冠(guan)(guan)飾(shi),出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)時(shi)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)(guan)很緊(jin)密地套(tao)箍(gu)在遺骸頭顱上,帽子的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀十分明顯。經檢測發(fa)現(xian)(xian),組成骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)是(shi)剖割成弧(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)條(tiao)片(pian)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)動物(wu)肋骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、獠牙或犄角,每個骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)片(pian)兩端都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)孔眼,顯然(ran)是(shi)繩(sheng)索穿綴用的(de)(de)。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)片(pian)長短、弧(hu)度(du)非常講(jiang)究,每頂冠(guan)(guan)由(you)十五(wu)六(liu)片(pian)組成,骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)條(tiao)表面可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)還覆(fu)蓋過獸皮或編織物(wu)。這(zhe)些骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)(guan)是(shi)中國目前(qian)(qian)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)唯(wei)一(yi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)被稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“冠(guan)(guan)”的(de)(de)飾(shi)物(wu)。發(fa)現(xian)(xian)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)墓葬(zang)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)座位于(yu)墓群的(de)(de)中心(xin)位置,隨葬(zang)品(pin)(pin)均(jun)非常豐(feng)富(fu),包括陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng),骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)(guan)佩戴(dai)于(yu)墓主(zhu)人(ren)頭部,可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)象征著(zhu)其(qi)特(te)殊的(de)(de)身(shen)份和(he)地位。此(ci)外,佩戴(dai)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)人(ren)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仰(yang)身(shen)直肢(zhi)葬(zang),骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼保存完(wan)(wan)好(hao),應該是(shi)營養(yang)狀況良好(hao)的(de)(de)成年(nian)人(ren)。另一(yi)件(jian)精美的(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)梗(geng)雙(shuang)(shuang)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)刃短劍用骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)作劍身(shen),玉(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刃,可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)青銅短劍的(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)身(shen)。
在南寶力皋吐聚(ju)落(luo)遺存中(zhong)還(huan)(huan)發現(xian)了一些房址。房址平面(mian)呈“凸”字形(xing),表土(tu)(tu)層下開口,呈方形(xing)或(huo)長方形(xing),為半地穴(xue)式,進深(shen)與間(jian)寬(kuan)沒有(you)(you)規(gui)(gui)律,或(huo)進深(shen)大(da),或(huo)間(jian)寬(kuan)大(da)。面(mian)積(ji)一般為 10平方米(mi)左右(you),大(da)者近15平方米(mi)。墻(qiang)壁保存較(jiao)好(hao),居住面(mian)及(ji)部(bu)分墻(qiang)面(mian)涂抹有(you)(you)細(xi)白(bai)黏土(tu)(tu),圓形(xing)灶(zao)多(duo)位于(yu)居住面(mian)中(zhong)部(bu)近門(men)道處,槽狀(zhuang)狹長門(men)道為斜(xie)坡式。柱洞多(duo)位于(yu)墻(qiang)壁下,數量不等(deng)(deng),多(duo)者十余(yu)個,少者六七個。房址內(nei)出土(tu)(tu)遺物較(jiao)多(duo),包括陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)、石(shi)(玉)器(qi)和骨(gu)蚌器(qi),其(qi)中(zhong)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)數量最(zui)多(duo),器(qi)形(xing)有(you)(you)筒(tong)形(xing)罐(guan)、壺、盆等(deng)(deng)。出土(tu)(tu)的石(shi)器(qi)多(duo)磨(mo)制,器(qi)形(xing)規(gui)(gui)整精細(xi),多(duo)見斧、鑿。少量打制石(shi)器(qi)見有(you)(you)石(shi)片、石(shi)鏟(chan)和刮(gua)削器(qi),另見極少打制石(shi)耜。石(shi)器(qi)中(zhong)還(huan)(huan)出土(tu)(tu)有(you)(you)少量玉器(qi),如斧、片狀(zhuang)墜以(yi)及(ji)璜等(deng)(deng)飾件。骨(gu)蚌器(qi)亦有(you)(you)相當數量,但多(duo)已經粉化,見有(you)(you)刀、鏟(chan)及(ji)裝飾品。
南(nan)寶力皋吐聚(ju)落遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)是(shi)迄(qi)今為止內蒙古東(dong)部(bu)乃至(zhi)整(zheng)個(ge)東(dong)北地(di)區發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模最大(da)、獲(huo)取(qu)遺(yi)(yi)物最為豐富、文(wen)化(hua)面貌(mao)極其獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)處新石器(qi)時代晚期的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型聚(ju)落遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)。遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)中各墓地(di)的(de)(de)(de)墓葬形(xing)制(zhi)相同,葬式、墓向統(tong)一(yi),墓內出土(tu)陶器(qi)風格特征一(yi)致,且無打破關(guan)系,因此當屬(shu)于同一(yi)種(zhong)文(wen)化(hua)種(zhong)群的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun),年代距今約5000~4500 年。南(nan)寶力皋吐聚(ju)落遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)出土(tu)遺(yi)(yi)物品種(zhong)之多,數量之大(da),在以往的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古發(fa)現(xian)里(li)是(shi)不多見的(de)(de)(de),尤其是(shi)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)骨冠、管(guan)狀器(qi)、帶有(you)護(hu)刃(ren)的(de)(de)(de)骨梗(geng)石刃(ren)刀(dao)等(deng)均為首次發(fa)現(xian)。大(da)量復合工具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian),為我們了解科爾沁草原史前的(de)(de)(de)生業形(xing)態(tai),探尋科爾沁文(wen)化(hua)源流提供了珍貴的(de)(de)(de)實物資料。
該考古(gu)發掘(jue)項目被評為(wei)“2007年中(zhong)國六大考古(gu)新(xin)發現”,并得(de)“2007~2008年度田野考古(gu)獎三等獎”。