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古墓介紹

南(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐聚(ju)落遺址，位(wei)于通遼市(shi)扎魯特(te)旗東南(nan)約(yue)40公里，東北距道(dao)老杜蘇木(mu)10公里，南(nan)距南(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐村(cun)約(yue)2公里，這里地(di)(di)處松遼分水嶺(ling)，北依大興(xing)安(an)嶺(ling)，南(nan)望科爾沁沙地(di)(di)和(he)西(xi)遼河平(ping)原，東與松嫩平(ping)原相通，西(xi)及西(xi)南(nan)與西(xi)拉沐淪河流域相連，是大興(xing)安(an)嶺(ling)南(nan)麓草(cao)原與科爾沁沙地(di)(di)的交(jiao)會地(di)(di)帶。南(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐聚(ju)落遺存由多(duo)個墓地(di)(di)和(he)遺址組(zu)成，它(ta)們坐落在南(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐村(cun)西(xi)的高地(di)(di)之上(shang)，呈西(xi)北-東南(nan)向(xiang)一線排列。

2006～2008年，內蒙古自治(zhi)區(qu)文物考(kao)古研究(jiu)所會同科爾沁博物館、扎(zha)魯(lu)特旗(qi)文管所對遺(yi)址進行了搶(qiang)救性發掘(jue)，揭露面積11900平(ping)方(fang)米，清理墓葬(zang)395座、灰(hui)溝2條、灰(hui)坑37座，出土(tu)各類陶器(qi)、石(shi)（玉）器(qi)、骨、蚌器(qi)等一千五百余件(jian)。2013年，該(gai)遺(yi)址被(bei)國務院公布為(wei)第(di)七批全(quan)國重點文物保(bao)護單(dan)位。

墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均為(wei)(wei)長方形土(tu)(tu)坑豎穴墓(mu)(mu)，開口于表土(tu)(tu)層下。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)深(shen)淺不(bu)一(yi)，距地表最深(shen)1.3米(mi)，淺者僅(jin)0.3米(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)規模(mo)參差不(bu)齊，個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發現(xian)(xian)有頭(tou)龕或(huo)(huo)腳(jiao)龕，但少有隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)。墓(mu)(mu)內填土(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)沙質(zhi)黑褐(he)色土(tu)(tu)，十分堅硬，內含少量(liang)細石器、碎陶(tao)片。墓(mu)(mu)向皆為(wei)(wei)西(xi)北-東南(nan)向，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式常見(jian)仰身直(zhi)肢(zhi)單(dan)人(ren)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，少側身葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)、俯身葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，不(bu)見(jian)屈肢(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，極少雙人(ren)或(huo)(huo)三人(ren)合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)，少數墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)沒有發現(xian)(xian)人(ren)骨，個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)明顯為(wei)(wei)兩次(ci)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)、亂葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，同時(shi)發現(xian)(xian)有火燒墓(mu)(mu)。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)一(yi)般(ban)置于頭(tou)頂(ding)部或(huo)(huo)肩部頭(tou)兩側，亦(yi)有少量(liang)置于腰或(huo)(huo)兩臂外側。

墓地(di)出(chu)土(tu)大量隨(sui)葬(zang)品，包括陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）及骨(gu)(gu)、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。其中(zhong)(zhong)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量最(zui)大。隨(sui)葬(zang)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)筒(tong)形罐(guan)、雙(shuang)(shuang)耳壺(hu)、尊、缽、豆以及異形器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（人物(wu)、動(dong)(dong)物(wu)造型陶(tao)(tao)壺(hu)）。最(zui)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合是(shi)筒(tong)形罐(guan)和(he)(he)雙(shuang)(shuang)耳壺(hu)或(huo)疊唇(chun)弧腹罐(guan)。彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形有(you)(you)(you)雙(shuang)(shuang)耳壺(hu)、龜(gui)形壺(hu)等(deng)(deng)，多見(jian)黑彩(cai)幾(ji)何紋、平行直線(xian)、動(dong)(dong)植物(wu)紋等(deng)(deng)。墓葬(zang)內出(chu)土(tu)的(de)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)陶(tao)(tao)刺猬(wei)形器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，整個(ge)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)造型生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)可(ke)(ke)愛，刺猬(wei)面部(bu)采用(yong)(yong)雕塑手法，雙(shuang)(shuang)耳外突、眼鼻內凹，巧妙地(di)將刺猬(wei)的(de)圓嘴(zui)作(zuo)為(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)口，周(zhou)身(shen)(shen)采用(yong)(yong)連續(xu)刻劃折線(xian)體現(xian)(xian)刺猬(wei)的(de)滿身(shen)(shen)芒刺，應(ying)該(gai)為(wei)玩具或(huo)飾(shi)品。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)三樽(zun)陶(tao)(tao)龜(gui)形壺(hu)、紅陶(tao)(tao)黑漆彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)等(deng)(deng)，屬首(shou)次(ci)出(chu)土(tu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分為(wei)打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)磨制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多于磨制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)規整，琢(zhuo)制(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)細(xi)。打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多為(wei)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃(zu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆和(he)(he)刮(gua)削(xue)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，另(ling)有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧。磨制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨盤和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨棒等(deng)(deng)大型生(sheng)(sheng)產工具。隨(sui)葬(zang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)還出(chu)土(tu)有(you)(you)(you)大量松石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)，如斧、錛(ben)、管(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)珠、環形墜、片狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)墜以及環、璜等(deng)(deng)飾(shi)件(jian)。在眾(zhong)多出(chu)土(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)青(qing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)朵(duo)(duo)引人注目(mu)，該(gai)骨(gu)(gu)朵(duo)(duo)為(wei)五角蒺藜形。此(ci)(ci)前所知骨(gu)(gu)朵(duo)(duo)最(zui)早出(chu)現(xian)(xian)在東漢(han)以后(hou)，南(nan)寶力(li)皋(gao)吐(tu)遺(yi)址(zhi)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)朵(duo)(duo)使這種兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)年代向前推了幾(ji)千年。骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)骨(gu)(gu)柄刀(dao)為(wei)主，尚(shang)有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量骨(gu)(gu)錐、骨(gu)(gu)管(guan)，蚌(bang)類隨(sui)葬(zang)品大多朽蝕，見(jian)有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量蚌(bang)環、蚌(bang)珠等(deng)(deng)。在南(nan)寶力(li)皋(gao)吐(tu)古(gu)墓群(qun)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，共發現(xian)(xian)四個(ge)完整的(de)骨(gu)(gu)角質冠(guan)飾(shi)，出(chu)土(tu)時(shi)(shi)發現(xian)(xian)骨(gu)(gu)冠(guan)很緊密地(di)套(tao)箍在遺(yi)骸頭顱上(shang)，帽子的(de)形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)十分明顯。經(jing)檢測(ce)發現(xian)(xian)，組成(cheng)骨(gu)(gu)冠(guan)的(de)是(shi)剖割成(cheng)弧形條(tiao)片的(de)大型動(dong)(dong)物(wu)肋骨(gu)(gu)、獠牙或(huo)犄角，每(mei)個(ge)骨(gu)(gu)片兩端都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)孔眼，顯然是(shi)繩索穿綴用(yong)(yong)的(de)。骨(gu)(gu)片長短、弧度非常(chang)講究，每(mei)頂(ding)冠(guan)由十五六片組成(cheng)，骨(gu)(gu)條(tiao)表面可(ke)(ke)能還覆蓋過(guo)獸皮或(huo)編(bian)織(zhi)物(wu)。這些(xie)骨(gu)(gu)冠(guan)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國目(mu)前發現(xian)(xian)的(de)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)能被稱(cheng)為(wei)“冠(guan)”的(de)飾(shi)物(wu)。發現(xian)(xian)骨(gu)(gu)冠(guan)的(de)墓葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)三座位(wei)于墓群(qun)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心位(wei)置，隨(sui)葬(zang)品均(jun)非常(chang)豐富，包括陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)，骨(gu)(gu)冠(guan)佩戴于墓主人頭部(bu)，可(ke)(ke)能象征著其特(te)殊的(de)身(shen)(shen)份和(he)(he)地(di)位(wei)。此(ci)(ci)外，佩戴骨(gu)(gu)冠(guan)的(de)人均(jun)為(wei)仰身(shen)(shen)直肢(zhi)葬(zang)，骨(gu)(gu)骼保(bao)存完好，應(ying)該(gai)是(shi)營養狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)況(kuang)良好的(de)成(cheng)年人。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)精(jing)美的(de)骨(gu)(gu)梗雙(shuang)(shuang)玉(yu)刃(ren)短劍(jian)用(yong)(yong)骨(gu)(gu)作(zuo)劍(jian)身(shen)(shen)，玉(yu)為(wei)刃(ren)，可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)青(qing)銅(tong)短劍(jian)的(de)前身(shen)(shen)。

在南(nan)寶力(li)皋吐聚(ju)落遺(yi)存(cun)中(zhong)還發現了一些房址(zhi)。房址(zhi)平面(mian)呈“凸”字形(xing)(xing)，表土(tu)層下(xia)開口，呈方形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)長方形(xing)(xing)，為(wei)(wei)半地穴式，進深與間(jian)寬沒有(you)(you)(you)規律，或(huo)(huo)(huo)進深大(da)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)間(jian)寬大(da)。面(mian)積一般為(wei)(wei) 10平方米(mi)(mi)左右，大(da)者近15平方米(mi)(mi)。墻壁保(bao)存(cun)較好，居住(zhu)面(mian)及部(bu)分(fen)墻面(mian)涂抹有(you)(you)(you)細(xi)白黏(nian)土(tu)，圓形(xing)(xing)灶多(duo)位于(yu)(yu)居住(zhu)面(mian)中(zhong)部(bu)近門道(dao)處，槽狀狹(xia)長門道(dao)為(wei)(wei)斜(xie)坡式。柱洞多(duo)位于(yu)(yu)墻壁下(xia)，數(shu)量不等，多(duo)者十余個，少(shao)者六七個。房址(zhi)內出土(tu)遺(yi)物較多(duo)，包括陶(tao)器(qi)、石（玉）器(qi)和骨(gu)蚌器(qi)，其(qi)中(zhong)陶(tao)器(qi)數(shu)量最多(duo)，器(qi)形(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)筒形(xing)(xing)罐、壺、盆等。出土(tu)的石器(qi)多(duo)磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)，器(qi)形(xing)(xing)規整精細(xi)，多(duo)見(jian)斧、鑿(zao)。少(shao)量打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)石器(qi)見(jian)有(you)(you)(you)石片(pian)、石鏟和刮削器(qi)，另見(jian)極少(shao)打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)石耜。石器(qi)中(zhong)還出土(tu)有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量玉器(qi)，如(ru)斧、片(pian)狀墜(zhui)以及璜等飾(shi)件。骨(gu)蚌器(qi)亦有(you)(you)(you)相(xiang)當數(shu)量，但(dan)多(duo)已經粉化，見(jian)有(you)(you)(you)刀、鏟及裝飾(shi)品(pin)。

南(nan)寶力皋吐(tu)聚落遺存是迄(qi)今為(wei)止內(nei)蒙古(gu)東(dong)部乃(nai)至整(zheng)個東(dong)北地區發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)規模最大(da)、獲取遺物(wu)最為(wei)豐富、文化面貌極其獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)一處新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代晚期的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型聚落遺存。遺存中各墓地的(de)(de)(de)墓葬形制(zhi)相(xiang)同(tong)，葬式、墓向統一，墓內(nei)出(chu)土(tu)陶器(qi)(qi)風格特(te)征一致(zhi)，且(qie)無(wu)打破(po)關系，因(yin)此當(dang)屬于同(tong)一種文化種群的(de)(de)(de)遺存，年代距今約5000～4500 年。南(nan)寶力皋吐(tu)聚落遺存出(chu)土(tu)遺物(wu)品種之多，數量之大(da)，在以往的(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)里是不多見的(de)(de)(de)，尤其是完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)骨冠、管狀器(qi)(qi)、帶有護(hu)刃(ren)的(de)(de)(de)骨梗石(shi)刃(ren)刀等均為(wei)首次發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。大(da)量復(fu)合工具的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，為(wei)我們(men)了解科(ke)爾沁草原史前的(de)(de)(de)生業形態，探(tan)尋科(ke)爾沁文化源流提(ti)供了珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)實物(wu)資料(liao)。

該考(kao)古發(fa)掘項目被評為“2007年中國六大考(kao)古新發(fa)現”，并得“2007~2008年度田野考(kao)古獎三等獎”。