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古墓介紹

南(nan)寶(bao)力(li)皋吐聚落(luo)遺(yi)址(zhi)，位于通遼(liao)市(shi)扎(zha)魯特旗東(dong)南(nan)約(yue)40公(gong)里，東(dong)北(bei)距道(dao)老杜蘇(su)木10公(gong)里，南(nan)距南(nan)寶(bao)力(li)皋吐村約(yue)2公(gong)里，這里地(di)處松(song)遼(liao)分水嶺，北(bei)依大(da)興安(an)嶺，南(nan)望(wang)科爾(er)沁(qin)沙(sha)地(di)和西(xi)(xi)(xi)遼(liao)河平原(yuan)，東(dong)與(yu)松(song)嫩平原(yuan)相通，西(xi)(xi)(xi)及西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)與(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)拉沐(mu)淪(lun)河流(liu)域相連，是(shi)大(da)興安(an)嶺南(nan)麓草原(yuan)與(yu)科爾(er)沁(qin)沙(sha)地(di)的(de)(de)交會(hui)地(di)帶(dai)。南(nan)寶(bao)力(li)皋吐聚落(luo)遺(yi)存(cun)由多個墓地(di)和遺(yi)址(zhi)組成，它(ta)們坐落(luo)在南(nan)寶(bao)力(li)皋吐村西(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)高(gao)地(di)之上，呈西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)-東(dong)南(nan)向一線排列。

2006～2008年(nian)，內(nei)蒙古自(zi)治區文物考古研(yan)究所會(hui)同科爾(er)沁博物館、扎魯特旗文管所對遺(yi)(yi)址進行了搶(qiang)救性發掘(jue)，揭露面(mian)積(ji)11900平方米，清理(li)墓葬(zang)395座、灰溝(gou)2條(tiao)、灰坑37座，出(chu)土各類陶器(qi)、石（玉）器(qi)、骨(gu)、蚌器(qi)等一(yi)千五百余件。2013年(nian)，該遺(yi)(yi)址被國務院公布為第七批全國重點文物保護單位。

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)為(wei)長方形土坑(keng)豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，開(kai)口于(yu)表土層下。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)深(shen)淺不一(yi)，距地表最深(shen)1.3米，淺者僅0.3米。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)規模參差(cha)不齊，個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)現(xian)有頭龕(kan)或腳龕(kan)，但少(shao)有隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內填(tian)土為(wei)沙質黑褐色土，十分(fen)堅硬(ying)，內含少(shao)量細石器、碎陶片(pian)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)向皆為(wei)西(xi)北-東南向，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式常(chang)見仰身(shen)直肢單人葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，少(shao)側(ce)身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)、俯(fu)身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，不見屈肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，極少(shao)雙人或三人合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，少(shao)數墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)沒有發(fa)現(xian)人骨，個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)明顯(xian)為(wei)兩次葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)、亂葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，同時發(fa)現(xian)有火燒墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品一(yi)般置(zhi)于(yu)頭頂(ding)部或肩部頭兩側(ce)，亦有少(shao)量置(zhi)于(yu)腰或兩臂(bei)外側(ce)。

墓(mu)(mu)地出(chu)(chu)土(tu)大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)隨葬(zang)品，包(bao)括陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）及(ji)骨(gu)(gu)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)最大(da)。隨葬(zang)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)罐、雙耳壺(hu)(hu)、尊、缽、豆以及(ji)異形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（人物、動(dong)物造(zao)型(xing)陶(tao)(tao)壺(hu)(hu)）。最常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)(zu)合(he)是(shi)(shi)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)罐和(he)雙耳壺(hu)(hu)或(huo)疊唇弧(hu)腹(fu)罐。彩陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)雙耳壺(hu)(hu)、龜形(xing)(xing)(xing)壺(hu)(hu)等(deng)，多見(jian)黑彩幾何紋(wen)、平行直(zhi)線、動(dong)植物紋(wen)等(deng)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一件陶(tao)(tao)刺(ci)(ci)猬形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，整個(ge)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)造(zao)型(xing)生動(dong)可(ke)愛，刺(ci)(ci)猬面部(bu)采用雕(diao)塑手法，雙耳外突、眼鼻內凹，巧妙地將刺(ci)(ci)猬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓嘴作為(wei)(wei)(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)口，周身(shen)(shen)采用連(lian)續刻劃折線體現(xian)(xian)(xian)刺(ci)(ci)猬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滿身(shen)(shen)芒刺(ci)(ci)，應該為(wei)(wei)(wei)玩具或(huo)飾品。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)三樽(zun)陶(tao)(tao)龜形(xing)(xing)(xing)壺(hu)(hu)、紅陶(tao)(tao)黑漆彩陶(tao)(tao)等(deng)，屬首次出(chu)(chu)土(tu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)磨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多于(yu)磨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)規(gui)整，琢制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精細(xi)。打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆(zhan)和(he)刮削(xue)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，另(ling)有(you)少量(liang)(liang)(liang)打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧。磨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨盤和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨棒等(deng)大(da)型(xing)生產工具。隨葬(zang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)有(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)松石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，如斧、錛(ben)、管狀(zhuang)珠(zhu)、環(huan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)墜、片(pian)(pian)狀(zhuang)墜以及(ji)環(huan)、璜等(deng)飾件。在(zai)眾(zhong)多出(chu)(chu)土(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，一件青(qing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)朵(duo)引人注目，該骨(gu)(gu)朵(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)五角(jiao)蒺藜形(xing)(xing)(xing)。此(ci)前所知骨(gu)(gu)朵(duo)最早出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)東漢(han)以后(hou)，南寶力皋吐遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)朵(duo)使這種兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)年(nian)代向前推了幾千年(nian)。骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)(gu)柄刀(dao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，尚有(you)少量(liang)(liang)(liang)骨(gu)(gu)錐、骨(gu)(gu)管，蚌類隨葬(zang)品大(da)多朽蝕(shi)，見(jian)有(you)少量(liang)(liang)(liang)蚌環(huan)、蚌珠(zhu)等(deng)。在(zai)南寶力皋吐古墓(mu)(mu)群遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，共發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)四個(ge)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)角(jiao)質冠飾，出(chu)(chu)土(tu)時發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)骨(gu)(gu)冠很緊密地套箍在(zai)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骸頭顱(lu)上，帽子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)十分(fen)明顯(xian)。經檢測(ce)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)骨(gu)(gu)冠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)剖割成(cheng)(cheng)弧(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)條片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)動(dong)物肋骨(gu)(gu)、獠牙或(huo)犄角(jiao)，每個(ge)骨(gu)(gu)片(pian)(pian)兩端都(dou)有(you)孔眼，顯(xian)然是(shi)(shi)繩索穿綴用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。骨(gu)(gu)片(pian)(pian)長短(duan)(duan)、弧(hu)度非常(chang)講究，每頂冠由十五六片(pian)(pian)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，骨(gu)(gu)條表(biao)面可(ke)能還(huan)覆蓋過獸皮或(huo)編織(zhi)物。這些(xie)骨(gu)(gu)冠是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)目前發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代唯(wei)一能被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“冠”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飾物。發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)骨(gu)(gu)冠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)三座位(wei)(wei)于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心位(wei)(wei)置，隨葬(zang)品均非常(chang)豐富，包(bao)括陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，骨(gu)(gu)冠佩戴于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)主人頭部(bu)，可(ke)能象征著其(qi)特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)份和(he)地位(wei)(wei)。此(ci)外，佩戴骨(gu)(gu)冠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人均為(wei)(wei)(wei)仰身(shen)(shen)直(zhi)肢葬(zang)，骨(gu)(gu)骼保存(cun)完(wan)好，應該是(shi)(shi)營養狀(zhuang)況良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人。另(ling)一件精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)梗雙玉(yu)(yu)刃短(duan)(duan)劍用骨(gu)(gu)作劍身(shen)(shen)，玉(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)刃，可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)青(qing)銅短(duan)(duan)劍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前身(shen)(shen)。

在南寶力(li)皋吐聚(ju)落(luo)遺存中(zhong)還發現了一(yi)些(xie)房(fang)址(zhi)。房(fang)址(zhi)平面(mian)呈“凸”字形(xing)，表土(tu)層下開口，呈方形(xing)或長方形(xing)，為半地(di)穴式(shi)，進(jin)(jin)深(shen)(shen)與間寬沒(mei)有規律(lv)，或進(jin)(jin)深(shen)(shen)大，或間寬大。面(mian)積(ji)一(yi)般(ban)為 10平方米左右，大者近15平方米。墻壁(bi)保存較(jiao)好，居住面(mian)及(ji)部(bu)分墻面(mian)涂抹(mo)有細白黏土(tu)，圓形(xing)灶多(duo)(duo)位于居住面(mian)中(zhong)部(bu)近門道處，槽(cao)狀狹長門道為斜坡式(shi)。柱(zhu)洞多(duo)(duo)位于墻壁(bi)下，數(shu)量(liang)不等(deng)(deng)，多(duo)(duo)者十余個，少(shao)(shao)者六七個。房(fang)址(zhi)內出土(tu)遺物(wu)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)，包括陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、石（玉）器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)骨(gu)蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)，其中(zhong)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)數(shu)量(liang)最多(duo)(duo)，器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)有筒(tong)形(xing)罐、壺(hu)、盆等(deng)(deng)。出土(tu)的石器(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)(duo)磨制(zhi)，器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)規整精細，多(duo)(duo)見斧、鑿(zao)。少(shao)(shao)量(liang)打制(zhi)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)見有石片、石鏟和(he)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)，另見極少(shao)(shao)打制(zhi)石耜。石器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)還出土(tu)有少(shao)(shao)量(liang)玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)，如斧、片狀墜(zhui)以及(ji)璜(huang)等(deng)(deng)飾件。骨(gu)蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)亦有相當數(shu)量(liang)，但多(duo)(duo)已經粉化，見有刀、鏟及(ji)裝飾品。

南寶力(li)皋吐(tu)聚落遺(yi)存(cun)(cun)是(shi)迄今為(wei)(wei)止內蒙古(gu)東部乃(nai)至(zhi)整個(ge)東北地區發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)規模最(zui)大、獲取遺(yi)物最(zui)為(wei)(wei)豐富、文(wen)化(hua)面貌(mao)極其(qi)(qi)獨特的(de)(de)一(yi)處新石器(qi)時(shi)代晚期的(de)(de)大型聚落遺(yi)存(cun)(cun)。遺(yi)存(cun)(cun)中(zhong)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)地的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬形(xing)制相同，葬式、墓(mu)(mu)向統一(yi)，墓(mu)(mu)內出土(tu)陶器(qi)風(feng)格特征一(yi)致，且(qie)無打破關(guan)系，因(yin)此(ci)當屬于同一(yi)種(zhong)文(wen)化(hua)種(zhong)群(qun)的(de)(de)遺(yi)存(cun)(cun)，年代距今約5000～4500 年。南寶力(li)皋吐(tu)聚落遺(yi)存(cun)(cun)出土(tu)遺(yi)物品種(zhong)之(zhi)多，數量之(zhi)大，在以(yi)往的(de)(de)考古(gu)發(fa)現(xian)里(li)是(shi)不多見的(de)(de)，尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)完整的(de)(de)骨(gu)冠、管狀器(qi)、帶有(you)護刃的(de)(de)骨(gu)梗石刃刀等均為(wei)(wei)首(shou)次(ci)發(fa)現(xian)。大量復合工具的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)，為(wei)(wei)我們了解科爾沁草(cao)原(yuan)史前的(de)(de)生業形(xing)態，探尋科爾沁文(wen)化(hua)源(yuan)流提供(gong)了珍貴的(de)(de)實(shi)物資料。

該考(kao)古發掘項目(mu)被(bei)評為(wei)“2007年中國六(liu)大考(kao)古新發現(xian)”，并得(de)“2007~2008年度(du)田(tian)野考(kao)古獎三(san)等獎”。