芒果视频下载

古墓介紹

南(nan)寶(bao)(bao)力(li)(li)皋吐(tu)聚落(luo)遺(yi)址(zhi)，位于通(tong)遼市扎魯特旗東南(nan)約40公里，東北(bei)距(ju)道老杜蘇木10公里，南(nan)距(ju)南(nan)寶(bao)(bao)力(li)(li)皋吐(tu)村約2公里，這里地(di)(di)處(chu)松(song)遼分水嶺，北(bei)依(yi)大(da)興(xing)安嶺，南(nan)望科爾(er)沁(qin)沙地(di)(di)和西遼河平原，東與(yu)(yu)松(song)嫩平原相(xiang)通(tong)，西及西南(nan)與(yu)(yu)西拉沐淪河流域相(xiang)連，是大(da)興(xing)安嶺南(nan)麓草(cao)原與(yu)(yu)科爾(er)沁(qin)沙地(di)(di)的交(jiao)會地(di)(di)帶(dai)。南(nan)寶(bao)(bao)力(li)(li)皋吐(tu)聚落(luo)遺(yi)存(cun)由多個墓地(di)(di)和遺(yi)址(zhi)組成，它們坐落(luo)在南(nan)寶(bao)(bao)力(li)(li)皋吐(tu)村西的高地(di)(di)之上，呈西北(bei)-東南(nan)向一線(xian)排列。

2006～2008年(nian)，內蒙古(gu)自(zi)治區文(wen)(wen)物(wu)考古(gu)研究所會(hui)同(tong)科(ke)爾沁(qin)博物(wu)館、扎(zha)魯特(te)旗文(wen)(wen)管所對(dui)遺址進(jin)行了(le)搶救性發掘，揭露面(mian)積11900平(ping)方(fang)米，清理墓葬395座、灰溝2條、灰坑37座，出土各(ge)類陶器(qi)、石（玉）器(qi)、骨、蚌器(qi)等(deng)一千(qian)五百余件。2013年(nian)，該遺址被國務院(yuan)公布為(wei)第(di)七批全國重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位。

墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)為長方形(xing)土坑(keng)豎穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)，開口于表土層下。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)深淺(qian)不(bu)一，距(ju)地(di)表最(zui)深1.3米，淺(qian)者僅0.3米。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)規模參差不(bu)齊，個別墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發現有頭(tou)(tou)龕(kan)或腳(jiao)龕(kan)，但少(shao)(shao)有隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)。墓(mu)(mu)內填土為沙質黑褐色土，十分堅硬，內含少(shao)(shao)量細石器、碎陶片。墓(mu)(mu)向(xiang)皆為西北-東南向(xiang)，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式常見仰(yang)身(shen)直(zhi)肢單人葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，少(shao)(shao)側身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)、俯身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，不(bu)見屈肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，極少(shao)(shao)雙人或三人合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)，少(shao)(shao)數(shu)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)沒有發現人骨，個別墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)明顯為兩次葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)、亂葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，同(tong)時發現有火燒墓(mu)(mu)。隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)一般置于頭(tou)(tou)頂部或肩部頭(tou)(tou)兩側，亦有少(shao)(shao)量置于腰或兩臂外側。

墓(mu)地(di)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)大(da)量隨葬(zang)品，包括陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）及(ji)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數(shu)量最(zui)大(da)。隨葬(zang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)筒形(xing)(xing)罐(guan)、雙耳壺(hu)(hu)(hu)、尊(zun)、缽、豆以(yi)及(ji)異形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（人(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)造型(xing)(xing)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)壺(hu)(hu)(hu)）。最(zui)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合是(shi)筒形(xing)(xing)罐(guan)和(he)雙耳壺(hu)(hu)(hu)或(huo)疊唇弧(hu)腹(fu)罐(guan)。彩陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)有(you)雙耳壺(hu)(hu)(hu)、龜(gui)形(xing)(xing)壺(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，多(duo)(duo)(duo)見(jian)黑(hei)彩幾何紋、平行直(zhi)線、動(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)紋等(deng)(deng)(deng)。墓(mu)葬(zang)內出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一件(jian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)刺(ci)(ci)猬(wei)(wei)形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，整(zheng)個(ge)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)造型(xing)(xing)生動(dong)可愛(ai)，刺(ci)(ci)猬(wei)(wei)面(mian)部采用雕(diao)塑手法，雙耳外突(tu)、眼鼻內凹，巧妙地(di)將(jiang)刺(ci)(ci)猬(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓嘴作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)口，周(zhou)身(shen)采用連續(xu)刻(ke)劃折線體現(xian)(xian)刺(ci)(ci)猬(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滿身(shen)芒刺(ci)(ci)，應該(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)玩具或(huo)飾(shi)品。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)三樽陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)龜(gui)形(xing)(xing)壺(hu)(hu)(hu)、紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)黑(hei)漆彩陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，屬首次出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分為(wei)(wei)打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)于磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)規整(zheng)，琢制(zhi)(zhi)精細(xi)。打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆和(he)刮削(xue)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，另(ling)有(you)少量打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)(fu)。磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)(fu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨(mo)盤和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磨(mo)棒等(deng)(deng)(deng)大(da)型(xing)(xing)生產工(gong)具。隨葬(zang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)有(you)大(da)量松石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，如斧(fu)(fu)、錛、管狀珠、環形(xing)(xing)墜、片(pian)(pian)狀墜以(yi)及(ji)環、璜(huang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)飾(shi)件(jian)。在眾多(duo)(duo)(duo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，一件(jian)青(qing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵引人(ren)注目，該(gai)(gai)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵為(wei)(wei)五角蒺(ji)藜形(xing)(xing)。此前(qian)(qian)所知骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵最(zui)早出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)在東漢以(yi)后，南(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐遺(yi)(yi)址出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)朵使這(zhe)種兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)年代向前(qian)(qian)推了幾千年。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)(ren)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄刀為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，尚有(you)少量骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)錐、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管，蚌(bang)類隨葬(zang)品大(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)朽蝕，見(jian)有(you)少量蚌(bang)環、蚌(bang)珠等(deng)(deng)(deng)。在南(nan)寶(bao)力皋吐古墓(mu)群遺(yi)(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，共發現(xian)(xian)四個(ge)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)角質冠(guan)飾(shi)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)時(shi)發現(xian)(xian)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)很緊密地(di)套箍在遺(yi)(yi)骸頭顱上(shang)，帽(mao)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)狀十分明顯。經檢測發現(xian)(xian)，組成骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)剖(pou)割(ge)成弧(hu)形(xing)(xing)條(tiao)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)肋骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、獠(liao)牙或(huo)犄角，每個(ge)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)片(pian)(pian)兩端(duan)都有(you)孔眼，顯然是(shi)繩索穿綴(zhui)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)片(pian)(pian)長短、弧(hu)度非常(chang)(chang)講(jiang)究，每頂冠(guan)由(you)十五六片(pian)(pian)組成，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)條(tiao)表面(mian)可能(neng)還覆蓋過獸皮或(huo)編織物(wu)(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)些骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國目前(qian)(qian)發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代唯一能(neng)被稱為(wei)(wei)“冠(guan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飾(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。發現(xian)(xian)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)三座位(wei)(wei)于墓(mu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心位(wei)(wei)置，隨葬(zang)品均(jun)非常(chang)(chang)豐富，包括陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)佩(pei)戴于墓(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)頭部，可能(neng)象征著其(qi)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)份(fen)和(he)地(di)位(wei)(wei)。此外，佩(pei)戴骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冠(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)仰身(shen)直(zhi)肢葬(zang)，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼保(bao)存完好，應該(gai)(gai)是(shi)營養狀況良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成年人(ren)。另(ling)一件(jian)精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)梗雙玉刃(ren)(ren)短劍用骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)作(zuo)劍身(shen)，玉為(wei)(wei)刃(ren)(ren)，可能(neng)是(shi)青(qing)銅短劍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)身(shen)。

在南寶力皋吐聚落(luo)遺(yi)存(cun)中(zhong)還發現了一些房址。房址平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈(cheng)“凸”字形(xing)，表土(tu)層下開(kai)口，呈(cheng)方形(xing)或長方形(xing)，為(wei)半地穴式，進(jin)深與間寬沒(mei)有(you)規(gui)律，或進(jin)深大，或間寬大。面(mian)積一般(ban)為(wei) 10平(ping)(ping)方米左右，大者(zhe)近(jin)15平(ping)(ping)方米。墻(qiang)壁(bi)(bi)保存(cun)較好(hao)，居(ju)住面(mian)及部(bu)分(fen)墻(qiang)面(mian)涂(tu)抹有(you)細(xi)白黏土(tu)，圓形(xing)灶多(duo)(duo)位于(yu)(yu)居(ju)住面(mian)中(zhong)部(bu)近(jin)門道(dao)處，槽狀(zhuang)狹長門道(dao)為(wei)斜坡式。柱洞多(duo)(duo)位于(yu)(yu)墻(qiang)壁(bi)(bi)下，數量(liang)不等，多(duo)(duo)者(zhe)十余個，少者(zhe)六七個。房址內出(chu)(chu)土(tu)遺(yi)物較多(duo)(duo)，包括(kuo)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)（玉）器(qi)(qi)(qi)和骨(gu)蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)中(zhong)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)數量(liang)最多(duo)(duo)，器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)有(you)筒形(xing)罐、壺、盆等。出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)(duo)磨(mo)制，器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)規(gui)整精細(xi)，多(duo)(duo)見斧、鑿。少量(liang)打(da)制石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)見有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟和刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)，另見極少打(da)制石(shi)(shi)(shi)耜。石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)還出(chu)(chu)土(tu)有(you)少量(liang)玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)，如斧、片狀(zhuang)墜以及璜等飾(shi)件。骨(gu)蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)亦(yi)有(you)相當數量(liang)，但多(duo)(duo)已(yi)經粉化，見有(you)刀、鏟及裝飾(shi)品。

南寶力皋吐聚落(luo)(luo)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)是迄今為(wei)(wei)止(zhi)內蒙古東部乃(nai)至整個東北地區發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)規模最大(da)、獲取遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物最為(wei)(wei)豐(feng)富、文化(hua)面(mian)貌極(ji)其獨特的(de)(de)(de)一處(chu)新石(shi)器時代(dai)晚(wan)期的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型聚落(luo)(luo)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)。遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)中各(ge)墓地的(de)(de)(de)墓葬(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)相同，葬(zang)式、墓向統一，墓內出土(tu)陶(tao)器風格(ge)特征一致，且無打破(po)關系(xi)，因此當屬于同一種文化(hua)種群的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)，年(nian)代(dai)距今約5000～4500 年(nian)。南寶力皋吐聚落(luo)(luo)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)出土(tu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物品(pin)種之(zhi)多，數量(liang)之(zhi)大(da)，在以往的(de)(de)(de)考古發現(xian)里(li)是不多見的(de)(de)(de)，尤其是完整的(de)(de)(de)骨冠、管狀器、帶有護刃(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)骨梗石(shi)刃(ren)(ren)刀等均為(wei)(wei)首次(ci)發現(xian)。大(da)量(liang)復合工具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)，為(wei)(wei)我們了解科(ke)爾沁(qin)草原(yuan)史前的(de)(de)(de)生業形(xing)態，探尋科(ke)爾沁(qin)文化(hua)源流提供(gong)了珍貴的(de)(de)(de)實物資料。

該考(kao)古發掘項目被(bei)評為“2007年中國(guo)六大考(kao)古新(xin)發現”，并得“2007~2008年度田野(ye)考(kao)古獎三等獎”。