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墓地介紹

一、固原(yuan)北朝、隋唐墓(mu)地的歷史文(wen)化內涵(han)

固原北(bei)朝(chao)(chao)、隋(sui)(sui)唐墓(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)建造時(shi)間(jian)為公元6～7世紀,歷經(jing)北(bei)周、隋(sui)(sui)、唐三個王(wang)朝(chao)(chao)。該墓(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)考古發掘(jue)始于1982年,到2004年共(gong)發掘(jue)北(bei)周及隋(sui)(sui)唐時(shi)期大、中(zhong)、小型墓(mu)葬50余座(zuo),其中(zhong)著名的(de)(de)墓(mu)葬有北(bei)周墓(mu)3座(zuo)、隋(sui)(sui)墓(mu)1座(zuo)、唐墓(mu)6座(zuo)。該墓(mu)出土了大量(liang)蜚聲中(zhong)外的(de)(de)反映絲綢之(zhi)路文(wen)化交流(liu)與(yu)民(min)(min)族遷(qian)徙(xi)的(de)(de)珍貴文(wen)物(wu),典型器物(wu)有鎦(liu)金銀瓶、玻璃碗、金戒(jie)指、鐵刀、東羅馬金幣(bi)、薩珊銀幣(bi)、寶石印章、瓷器、銅器、壁畫等,還有能夠(gou)體現墓(mu)主人身世的(de)(de)墓(mu)志及其兩具歐羅巴人即白種人的(de)(de)骨(gu)架。出土文(wen)物(wu)內涵(han)豐富、博(bo)大精深,具有不可比擬的(de)(de)歷史(shi)、考古、民(min)(min)族與(yu)藝術(shu)研究價值。

公(gong)元4～7世紀是(shi)沙漠綠洲絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮(rong)昌盛(sheng)時期,長(安)―涼(州(zhou))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北路(lu)途經(jing)寧夏境(jing)內190多(duo)公(gong)里,形(xing)成了(le)(le)(le)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“蕭關(guan)古(gu)(gu)道”,而(er)固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)就是(shi)古(gu)(gu)道上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉重鎮,貢使、商賈、僧侶往來頻繁(fan)、絡繹(yi)不絕,諸多(duo)民族遷(qian)徙(xi)、文化(hua)(hua)(hua)交流、宗教(jiao)傳(chuan)播(bo)多(duo)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)。固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)北朝、隋唐(tang)墓(mu)地(di)中(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)中(zhong)西亞(ya)器物和受其風格影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器物,如13枚薩珊金銀(yin)幣及其仿制品,展現源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)希臘、羅(luo)(luo)馬文化(hua)(hua)(hua)藝術風格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴克特(te)(te)里亞(ya)金屬制品――鎦金銀(yin)瓶,來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)伊朗高原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)薩珊玻璃系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凸釘裝飾玻璃碗(wan),微雕生命樹母題并刻(ke)有中(zhong)古(gu)(gu)波斯銘文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶石印章等,以及手握或(huo)口(kou)含金銀(yin)幣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬俗,證實(shi)了(le)(le)(le)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿(yan)(yan)線文化(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)播(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興盛(sheng)和文化(hua)(hua)(hua)交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發達(da)。尤其是(shi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7盒(he)史(shi)氏(shi)與(yu)安氏(shi)墓(mu)志(zhi),記(ji)載了(le)(le)(le)隋唐(tang)間活動于(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)亞(ya)索(suo)格底亞(ya)那的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)即“昭武(wu)九姓”人(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)氏(shi)流寓原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)。粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以擅長經(jing)商而(er)聞名于(yu)(yu)(yu)世,公(gong)元3~8世紀,他們沿(yan)(yan)著(zhu)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)從撒馬爾干(gan)到長安一線建立了(le)(le)(le)諸多(duo)商貿點和定(ding)居(ju)(ju)聚落,操縱著(zhu)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)際商貿活動。有些也躋(ji)身于(yu)(yu)(yu)官宦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列(lie),生活在原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)史(shi)姓人(ren)(ren)(ren)就是(shi)“因(yin)宦徙(xi)居(ju)(ju)”,他們均擔任原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)上(shang)層官員。墓(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現,證明(ming)了(le)(le)(le)這里是(shi)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿(yan)(yan)線粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在中(zhong)國(guo)境(jing)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要聚居(ju)(ju)點,也為研究(jiu)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿(yan)(yan)線粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)華化(hua)(hua)(hua)和民族交流提(ti)供了(le)(le)(le)實(shi)物資(zi)料。經(jing)鑒定(ding),唐(tang)墓(mu)中(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)具(ju)人(ren)(ren)(ren)骨(gu)架(jia)頭骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顱(lu)面形(xing)態具(ju)有白種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng),史(shi)籍中(zhong)關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面貌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)述有歐羅(luo)(luo)巴人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)特(te)(te)征(zheng)。依據(ju)體質人(ren)(ren)(ren)類學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)結果,把歐羅(luo)(luo)巴人(ren)(ren)(ren)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)東界(jie)從新(xin)疆東部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哈密地(di)區推進到了(le)(le)(le)寧夏南部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)區,具(ju)有特(te)(te)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義,進一步說明(ming)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣性。

北(bei)(bei)朝時期(qi),固原是(shi)著名的(de)北(bei)(bei)方軍鎮之(zhi)一,這時又逢絲(si)綢之(zhi)路興旺和(he)暢(chang)通(tong)的(de)重要時期(qi)。固原西(xi)(xi)南郊成為古(gu)人(ren)埋葬的(de)理想之(zhi)地,不乏高官在這里營(ying)造(zao)大(da)型墓(mu)葬。迄今已發掘北(bei)(bei)朝時期(qi)墓(mu)葬十(shi)幾座(zuo),其(qi)中北(bei)(bei)周大(da)型墓(mu)葬3座(zuo),即柱國(guo)大(da)將軍、原州(zhou)刺(ci)史李(li)賢夫(fu)婦(fu)合葬墓(mu),原、鹽、靈、會、交五州(zhou)諸軍事、原州(zhou)刺(ci)史宇文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu),柱國(guo)大(da)將軍田弘墓(mu)。這3座(zuo)權臣(chen)的(de)墓(mu)葬呈東西(xi)(xi)一線并列分(fen)布,自(zi)李(li)賢墓(mu)到宇文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)距離為1.72公(gong)里,宇文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)到田弘墓(mu)距離為0.67公(gong)里。營(ying)造(zao)時間前后相距10年(nian)(nian),宇文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)造(zao)于(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)周保定(ding)五年(nian)(nian)(565),李(li)賢墓(mu)造(zao)于(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)周天和(he)四年(nian)(nian)(569),田弘墓(mu)造(zao)于(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)周建德四年(nian)(nian)(575)。這些墓(mu)葬中出土了(le)大(da)批蜚聲中外的(de)文(wen)(wen)物,尤以鎦金(jin)銀壺、凸釘裝飾(shi)玻璃碗等(deng)國(guo)寶(bao)級文(wen)(wen)物而著稱。

隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)時期的著(zhu)名(ming)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)主要有(you)粟特(te)人(ren)史(shi)(shi)姓墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)6座,即大(da)(da)隋(sui)正議大(da)(da)夫右領(ling)軍(jun)驃(piao)騎將軍(jun)史(shi)(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(隋(sui)大(da)(da)業五年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)609年(nian)(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)故(gu)左親衛史(shi)(shi)道洛墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)顯慶三年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)658年(nian)(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)故(gu)朝請大(da)(da)夫平涼郡都尉史(shi)(shi)索(suo)巖與(yu)夫人(ren)安娘合葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)麟德(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)664年(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)游擊將軍(jun)、虢(guo)州刺史(shi)(shi)、直中(zhong)書省史(shi)(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)總章二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)669年(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)司馭寺右十七(qi)監史(shi)(shi)鐵棒(bang)墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)咸亨(heng)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)670年(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)給(gei)事郎蘭池正監史(shi)(shi)道德(de)墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)儀(yi)風三年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)678年(nian)(nian)(nian))。還有(you)一(yi)座非史(shi)(shi)姓的大(da)(da)周處(chu)士(shi)梁元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)珍墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)圣歷二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)699年(nian)(nian)(nian))。另外,南塬上的諸多唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)代中(zhong)、小型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang),其(qi)中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)M29中(zhong)的兩具人(ren)骨(gu)(gu)架,為男女(nv)合葬(zang),經人(ren)骨(gu)(gu)鑒(jian)定,均為白(bai)種人(ren)。

固原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)朝(chao)、隋唐墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)具有(you)(you)深刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)內(nei)涵,見證(zheng)了絲綢之(zhi)路上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)。南北(bei)朝(chao)時期(qi),是(shi)(shi)絲綢之(zhi)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興盛(sheng)期(qi),大量帶有(you)(you)或(huo)受中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)與波(bo)斯(si)風(feng)格(ge)(ge)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)方文(wen)化(hua)向東傳(chuan)播,而原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)及固原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)正處于這(zhe)條傳(chuan)播路線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心位置(zhi),原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)發現把地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海、伊朗高原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、蒙古(gu)高原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、黃土(tu)高原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、朝(chao)鮮半島、日(ri)本(ben)(ben)海島緊密聯系(xi)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)。戎裝(zhuang)甲(jia)胄、佩(pei)刀、金銀玻(bo)璃器皿、貨幣等中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)文(wen)物(wu)在北(bei)魏、北(bei)周墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu),便是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)據。這(zhe)些隨葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),部(bu)分器物(wu)來(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)和(he)波(bo)斯(si)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),或(huo)受其(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)影(ying)響。北(bei)周李賢(xian)夫婦墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)4件器物(wu)來(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)。鎦金銀壺(hu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)件具有(you)(you)薩珊(shan)(shan)風(feng)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)制品(pin)(pin),是(shi)(shi)希臘化(hua)對巴克特利亞(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)物(wu);凸釘裝(zhuang)飾玻(bo)璃碗是(shi)(shi)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薩珊(shan)(shan)朝(chao)制品(pin)(pin),其(qi)(qi)上(shang)凸起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凹球面(mian)裝(zhuang)飾在帕(pa)提亞(ya)(ya)、薩珊(shan)(shan)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伊朗高原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)一(yi)度很流(liu)行;鑲寶石金戒指,戒面(mian)藍(lan)色寶石上(shang)微雕手執弧(hu)形花環的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裸體人物(wu),其(qi)(qi)母(mu)題來(lai)自薩珊(shan)(shan),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)薩珊(shan)(shan)或(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)某地(di)(di)(di);銀裝(zhuang)鐵刀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佩(pei)系(xi)方法,是(shi)(shi)公元5世紀時西(xi)土(tu)爾其(qi)(qi)斯(si)坦(tan)發明,約在公元6世紀傳(chuan)到我國(guo),并逐步(bu)取(qu)代傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)式(shi)佩(pei)系(xi)法,后又經過(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)入日(ri)本(ben)(ben)。另外,李賢(xian)墓(mu)、宇文(wen)猛墓(mu)、田弘墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具裝(zhuang)甲(jia)騎俑(yong)(yong)和(he)武士(shi)俑(yong)(yong)、吹奏樂俑(yong)(yong)及出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伎樂壁畫(hua),反映(ying)出(chu)來(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)樂舞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東羅馬金銀幣是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)重(zhong)要實物(wu)見證(zheng)。

隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)間(jian)是絲綢(chou)之路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮昌盛(sheng)時(shi)期(qi),隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土了(le)一(yi)批(pi)反(fan)(fan)映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu),再現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)固原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲路(lu)(lu)重(zhong)鎮(zhen)地(di)(di)(di)位(wei)。史(shi)射勿墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)枚金(jin)戒指(zhi),正(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)鑲(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)寶石,這種(zhong)鑲(xiang)寶石戒指(zhi)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)傳入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。史(shi)訶耽墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藍(lan)色寶石印章,在(zai)(zai)寶石上(shang)(shang)(shang)雕(diao)刻圖案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,流(liu)行于傳入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)方(fang)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu),其(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)屬古波斯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帕勒維(wei)文(wen)(wen),是薩珊王朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)祈禱文(wen)(wen)。出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石門(men)門(men)額(e)刻有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)聯(lian)珠(zhu)紋(wen),內(nei)填怪獸,聯(lian)珠(zhu)紋(wen)起(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)于薩珊,在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)流(liu)行后(hou)東漸傳入我國(guo),在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)流(liu)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)限(xian),初唐(tang)以后(hou)即衰落。史(shi)道德墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)覆面(mian)(mian),獸面(mian)(mian)金(jin)飾、動物(wu)(wu)紋(wen)圓(yuan)形(xing)金(jin)飾等器物(wu)(wu),均(jun)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)風(feng)格。覆面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)與波斯和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆面(mian)(mian)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)千絲萬縷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)額(e)飾上(shang)(shang)(shang)半(ban)月形(xing)間(jian)托一(yi)圓(yuan)形(xing),圓(yuan)形(xing)或表(biao)示太陽,與西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)崇拜日月的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關。墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)口(kou)(kou)含(han)(han)(han)(han)金(jin)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)密(mi)切聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。東羅(luo)馬金(jin)幣(bi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土時(shi)均(jun)放置在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)主人(ren)頭部,史(shi)道德墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)幣(bi)含(han)(han)(han)(han)在(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這種(zhong)口(kou)(kou)含(han)(han)(han)(han)金(jin)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)葬(zang)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)與古希(xi)臘(la)神話(hua)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。據說,人(ren)去世(shi)后(hou)要(yao)到(dao)遙遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)獄世(shi)界(jie),靈魂要(yao)由赫爾墨斯領至(zhi)冥(ming)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)口(kou)(kou),再由卡戎用渡船運過斯蒂克(ke)斯河,人(ren)們要(yao)付給卡戎擺渡錢(qian),而(er)希(xi)臘(la)人(ren)把這種(zhong)錢(qian)置于死(si)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),后(hou)來羅(luo)馬人(ren)沿襲了(le)這一(yi)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)。20世(shi)紀(ji)后(hou)半(ban)期(qi)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從公元1～8世(shi)紀(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)墓(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),都見有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)死(si)者口(kou)(kou)含(han)(han)(han)(han)或手握(wo)金(jin)銀(yin)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象,而(er)在(zai)(zai)古希(xi)臘(la)墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)含(han)(han)(han)(han)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)比(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)要(yao)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo),約(yue)從公元前5至(zhi)4世(shi)紀(ji)開始。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)境(jing)內(nei)古代(dai)乃至(zhi)近現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)均(jun)流(liu)傳有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)死(si)者口(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)玉或含(han)(han)(han)(han)珠(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su),但沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)死(si)者口(kou)(kou)含(han)(han)(han)(han)錢(qian)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)。固原(yuan)史(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)家族墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)葬(zang)俗(su),無疑是他們保留祖上(shang)(shang)(shang)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)葬(zang)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)。不(bu)難看(kan)出(chu)(chu)(chu),從北朝(chao)至(zhi)隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)間(jian),隨著(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達(da),絲綢(chou)之路(lu)(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)商賈(jia)絡繹不(bu)絕(jue),各種(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)、遺物(wu)(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)源(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)斷流(liu)傳到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),固原(yuan)作(zuo)為(wei)絲路(lu)(lu)關隘要(yao)塞(sai)重(zhong)鎮(zhen),發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)諸多(duo)反(fan)(fan)映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺物(wu)(wu)就(jiu)是自然之事了(le)。尤(you)其(qi)(qi)史(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)家族本身作(zuo)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)粟(su)特人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)裔,又是絲綢(chou)之路(lu)(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權臣(chen),充當經貿往(wang)來、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)媒(mei)介是情理所在(zai)(zai),從另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)也證實(shi)了(le)隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)間(jian)發(fa)達(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)。

二、固原北(bei)朝、隋唐墓地的普遍價值

固(gu)原北朝(chao)、隋唐墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)彰(zhang)顯了人(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)精神,體現了中(zhong)國傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)塋(ying)理(li)念。古(gu)(gu)人(ren)選擇(ze)地(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)平坦、視野開闊(kuo)、背山(shan)面水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)想(xiang)之地(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)為死(si)者靈魂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)息之所。該墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)背靠白馬山(shan),面臨清水(shui)河,塬地(di)(di)(di)開闊(kuo),環境優美,符(fu)合(he)中(zhong)國堪輿學(xue)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風水(shui)觀。大型墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)建,盛行長(chang)墓(mu)道(dao)、多天(tian)(tian)井(jing),出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸多壁畫,鎮墓(mu)俑、出(chu)行儀仗俑、侍仆舞樂俑、庖櫥用具等器物,一方(fang)面象征墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)具有(you)模(mo)仿主人(ren)生前居(ju)所的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完備形式,體現多進院(yuan)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風格,另一方(fang)面說(shuo)明死(si)者靈魂仍然能夠享受生前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲食起居(ju)與(yu)榮華富(fu)貴。這正(zheng)是(shi)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)視死(si)如生美好愿望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真實反(fan)(fan)映。墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)大型墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)流(liu)行長(chang)墓(mu)道(dao)、多天(tian)(tian)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,無論是(shi)庶人(ren)還是(shi)品官,墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)都有(you)3～7個不(bu)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)井(jing),這種現象在(zai)同一墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)出(chu)現,十分罕見。而(er)該墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)多天(tian)(tian)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現,與(yu)這里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)質條件密(mi)切相(xiang)關,充分考慮(lv)了黃(huang)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失陷性(xing)特(te)征。在(zai)營造(zao)(zao)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)時(shi),容易塌陷,不(bu)適(shi)宜(yi)構(gou)(gou)筑(zhu)長(chang)坡洞墓(mu)道(dao),所以(yi)在(zai)長(chang)斜坡墓(mu)道(dao)上開鑿(zao)天(tian)(tian)井(jing),以(yi)滿足古(gu)(gu)人(ren)在(zai)構(gou)(gou)建大規模(mo)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮儀需要。長(chang)墓(mu)道(dao)、多天(tian)(tian)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形式,是(shi)長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)演變與(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。另外,墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明顯特(te)征就是(shi)墓(mu)道(dao)與(yu)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)上寬(kuan)下窄,這樣既便于施(shi)工,節省勞動(dong)時(shi)間(jian)(jian),又有(you)利于穩定結構(gou)(gou),反(fan)(fan)映了隋唐間(jian)(jian)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬(zang)(zang)思想(xiang)。墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)大型墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)度距地(di)(di)(di)表均有(you)10尺(chi)(chi)(chi)左右,符(fu)合(he)隋唐間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)塋(ying)制(zhi)度。隋唐時(shi),墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)距地(di)(di)(di)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)淺(qian),皆有(you)丈尺(chi)(chi)(chi),并規定若干吉尺(chi)(chi)(chi)。墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)發掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隋唐時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8座(zuo)大型墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang),有(you)4座(zuo)深(shen)(shen)度屬吉尺(chi)(chi)(chi),有(you)4座(zuo)非吉尺(chi)(chi)(chi),但誤差均在(zai)1尺(chi)(chi)(chi)以(yi)下,若考慮(lv)換算誤差、水(shui)土流(liu)失等因素,埋葬(zang)(zang)深(shen)(shen)度應該是(shi)按照堪輿吉尺(chi)(chi)(chi)而(er)衡定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

固原北(bei)朝(chao)(chao)、隋(sui)(sui)唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)體現了(le)(le)4～7世紀絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)繁(fan)盛(sheng)時(shi)期(qi)寧夏(xia)段(duan)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化交(jiao)流、商業貿(mao)易、粟特民族徙居與(yu)(yu)融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實,對研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)古時(shi)期(qi)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)沿線(xian)寧夏(xia)段(duan)發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化、商業貿(mao)易及(ji)粟特人甚至(zhi)歐羅(luo)巴人華化產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)(le)最重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響,展示了(le)(le)文(wen)化與(yu)(yu)民族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元性。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)掘,在學術界與(yu)(yu)考古界產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)(le)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)影(ying)響。這些大(da)(da)型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主人具有(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會地(di)位,是(shi)(shi)(shi)統(tong)治王朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權臣,曾(ceng)在絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)沿線(xian)重(zhong)(zhong)鎮擔任要(yao)(yao)職,對確保(bao)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暢通無阻發(fa)揮過(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)作用,可(ke)以說(shuo),他們是(shi)(shi)(shi)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)路(lu)人物。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西(xi)亞文(wen)物絢(xuan)麗多(duo)彩(cai)、內(nei)涵豐(feng)富(fu)、風格獨特、精美(mei)無比,再現了(le)(le)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)一線(xian)文(wen)化交(jiao)流由西(xi)向(xiang)東逐(zhu)漸傳播的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程以及(ji)對絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)沿線(xian)商業貿(mao)易所(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)影(ying)響。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)批珍貴壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),是(shi)(shi)(shi)北(bei)朝(chao)(chao)隋(sui)(sui)唐間墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一大(da)(da)發(fa)現。北(bei)周時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)李賢夫婦合葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道、過(guo)洞(dong)、天井、甬(yong)道、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)繪有(you)手持或(huo)肩扛儀刀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武士(shi)(shi)、門(men)樓(lou)、侍(shi)女等內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),宇(yu)文(wen)猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)僅存(cun)第(di)五天井東一幅(fu)武士(shi)(shi)圖(tu),田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)及(ji)甬(yong)道繪有(you)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),隋(sui)(sui)史射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道、天井、過(guo)洞(dong)和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)繪制手持儀刀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武士(shi)(shi)、手持笏(hu)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)官(guan)、門(men)樓(lou)、侍(shi)女等內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),唐史索巖(yan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)保(bao)存(cun)有(you)第(di)五過(guo)洞(dong)上方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一幅(fu)朱雀圖(tu)。這些壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)容豐(feng)富(fu)、繪制水平較高,尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)北(bei)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),人物面(mian)部(bu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)法與(yu)(yu)敦(dun)煌西(xi)魏北(bei)周窟中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人像面(mian)部(bu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)法近似,說(shuo)明(ming)當時(shi)原州(zhou)與(yu)(yu)敦(dun)煌地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)工集團之(zhi)間存(cun)在著(zhu)某種交(jiao)流,并填補了(le)(le)西(xi)魏至(zhi)北(bei)周壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空白,是(shi)(shi)(shi)北(bei)朝(chao)(chao)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)發(fa)現,具有(you)十分(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義。隋(sui)(sui)史射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一座大(da)(da)型(xing)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),為(wei)隋(sui)(sui)代(dai)考古所(suo)稀見,豐(feng)富(fu)了(le)(le)這個時(shi)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容,藝術價值極高。

墓(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現了隋唐(tang)(tang)時期(qi)“昭武九姓”之(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)系粟(su)特人(ren)(ren)家(jia)族(zu)(zu)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang),出土7盒(he)墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi),即(ji)《隋正議大(da)夫(fu)右領軍(jun)驃騎將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)史(shi)(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)故(gu)左親(qin)衛史(shi)(shi)道洛墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)故(gu)朝請大(da)夫(fu)平(ping)涼郡都尉史(shi)(shi)索(suo)巖夫(fu)婦墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)游擊(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)、虢州刺(ci)史(shi)(shi)、直中(zhong)(zhong)書省史(shi)(shi)訶耽(dan)墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)司馭寺右十(shi)七監史(shi)(shi)鐵棒(bang)墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)給(gei)事郎(lang)蘭池(chi)正監史(shi)(shi)道德墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi)》,反映了絲綢之(zhi)(zhi)路上的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)族(zu)(zu)遷(qian)徙(xi)與(yu)交融。這些墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi)具有極高的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)料(liao)價值,不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅記(ji)載了墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生平(ping)事跡(ji),而且從(cong)(cong)墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi)記(ji)載分析可知,墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)屬中(zhong)(zhong)亞粟(su)特僑(qiao)(qiao)民(min),即(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)亞“昭武九姓”之(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)姓,他(ta)們(men)是(shi)沿著(zhu)絲綢之(zhi)(zhi)路一線(xian)逐步遷(qian)徙(xi)落籍固(gu)原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de),并擔任(ren)地(di)方中(zhong)(zhong)高級官(guan)職。更重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),這為研究當時落籍固(gu)原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)系家(jia)族(zu)(zu)及粟(su)特人(ren)(ren)東(dong)遷(qian)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)許(xu)多歷史(shi)(shi)問題提供了實物資料(liao)。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)有諸(zhu)多下層人(ren)(ren)士的(de)(de)(de)(de)無墓(mu)(mu)志(zhi)記(ji)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)小型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang),體(ti)現了墓(mu)(mu)地(di)擁有人(ren)(ren)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)多樣性。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)展示的(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗,不(bu)(bu)(bu)論(lun)是(shi)上層達官(guan),還(huan)是(shi)下層人(ren)(ren)士,也不(bu)(bu)(bu)分中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)漢(han)民(min)族(zu)(zu)與(yu)外國(guo)粟(su)特僑(qiao)(qiao)民(min),墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形制(zhi)均使用墓(mu)(mu)道洞室墓(mu)(mu),一律實行(xing)土葬(zang),葬(zang)俗完全本(ben)土化(hua)(hua),充分說明了不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)人(ren)(ren)種在同(tong)(tong)一地(di)區生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨同(tong)(tong)化(hua)(hua),也表現出了文化(hua)(hua)從(cong)(cong)多元向(xiang)一體(ti)交融發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。

固(gu)原(yuan)北(bei)朝(chao)、隋唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深厚文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)涵(han),為曾(ceng)經(jing)發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)和已經(jing)消逝(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)民(min)族(zu)及文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)特(te)(te)(te)殊見(jian)(jian)證。恢弘(hong)龐雜(za)、貫通中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu),已被現代文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)程(cheng)度更(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柏油坦蕩(dang)之(zhi)路(lu)取(qu)代,昔(xi)日(ri)駝鈴(ling)聲聲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)隊不復存在(zai),取(qu)而代之(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)疾馳(chi)往(wang)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種車輛。只有沿(yan)線遺留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古跡(ji)、遺址、城垣、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)見(jian)(jian)證著(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輝(hui)煌(huang)與偉大(da),訴說著(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)(shang)曾(ceng)經(jing)發(fa)(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一切。該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)便(bian)是(shi)(shi)一例,靜(jing)謐(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di),拂去歷史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塵封,揭開神秘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面紗,顯示出了(le)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)(shang)發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)、商(shang)業貿易與民(min)族(zu)遷徙融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實(shi),為北(bei)朝(chao)隋唐間(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多樣性(xing)和外國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑(qiao)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)華化(hua)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)獨特(te)(te)(te)而又特(te)(te)(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)見(jian)(jian)證。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),尤其是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),反(fan)映出絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)(shang)商(shang)貿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮,使得中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)亞各種奢侈品源(yuan)源(yuan)不斷運來,并留在(zai)了(le)絲(si)(si)路(lu)重鎮固(gu)原(yuan),有些伴隨(sui)著(zhu)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)到了(le)靈魂世界(jie),仍相廝(si)守。同時(shi),該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬群,不啻為粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)創造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)和已經(jing)消亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)特(te)(te)(te)殊見(jian)(jian)證。隋唐時(shi)期(qi),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)史(shi)籍把(ba)活動(dong)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞地(di)(di)(di)(di)區阿(a)姆河與錫爾河之(zhi)間(jian)索格底亞那地(di)(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)統(tong)稱為“昭武九(jiu)姓”,即康國(guo)(guo)(guo)、何國(guo)(guo)(guo)、米(mi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、史(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、曹(cao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、石國(guo)(guo)(guo)、安(an)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、火(huo)尋(xun)、戊地(di)(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。流(liu)(liu)寓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),均以國(guo)(guo)(guo)為姓,素(su)以善于(yu)經(jing)商(shang)著(zhu)稱于(yu)世,利之(zhi)所在(zai),不遠千里,他(ta)們通過(guo)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)來往(wang)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)間(jian),進行(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際商(shang)貿活動(dong),且擔(dan)當了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)者。固(gu)原(yuan)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)系家族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬便(bian)屬(shu)“昭武九(jiu)姓”之(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)姓。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)及相關文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),是(shi)(shi)研究史(shi)系家族(zu)以及其他(ta)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑(qiao)民(min)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)生活狀況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴實(shi)物(wu)資料。