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墓地介紹

一(yi)、固(gu)原北朝、隋唐墓(mu)地(di)的歷史文化內涵(han)

固原北朝(chao)、隋唐墓(mu)地的(de)(de)建造時(shi)間為公元6～7世紀,歷經北周、隋、唐三個王朝(chao)。該(gai)墓(mu)地的(de)(de)考古發掘始于1982年,到2004年共(gong)發掘北周及隋唐時(shi)期(qi)大(da)(da)、中、小型(xing)墓(mu)葬50余(yu)座(zuo)(zuo),其中著名的(de)(de)墓(mu)葬有北周墓(mu)3座(zuo)(zuo)、隋墓(mu)1座(zuo)(zuo)、唐墓(mu)6座(zuo)(zuo)。該(gai)墓(mu)出土了大(da)(da)量蜚聲中外的(de)(de)反映絲綢之路(lu)文(wen)化交流與(yu)民(min)(min)族遷(qian)徙(xi)的(de)(de)珍貴文(wen)物,典型(xing)器(qi)物有鎦(liu)金銀瓶、玻璃碗(wan)、金戒(jie)指、鐵刀、東羅(luo)馬金幣、薩珊銀幣、寶石印章、瓷(ci)器(qi)、銅器(qi)、壁畫等,還(huan)有能夠體現墓(mu)主(zhu)人身世的(de)(de)墓(mu)志及其兩(liang)具歐羅(luo)巴人即白(bai)種人的(de)(de)骨架。出土文(wen)物內涵豐(feng)富、博大(da)(da)精(jing)深,具有不可比擬的(de)(de)歷史、考古、民(min)(min)族與(yu)藝術研究(jiu)價值。

公元4～7世紀(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)沙漠綠(lv)洲絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮昌盛時(shi)期(qi),長(安(an))―涼(州)之(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)路途經寧(ning)夏境內190多(duo)(duo)公里(li),形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“蕭(xiao)關(guan)古道”,而固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)就是(shi)(shi)古道上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽(yan)喉重鎮,貢使、商(shang)賈、僧侶往(wang)來(lai)頻繁(fan)、絡繹不(bu)絕(jue),諸多(duo)(duo)民族(zu)遷徙、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)、宗教(jiao)傳播多(duo)(duo)源于此(ci)。固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)朝、隋唐(tang)(tang)墓(mu)地(di)中(zhong)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)(duo)中(zhong)西亞(ya)器物(wu)和受其(qi)風格(ge)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器物(wu),如(ru)13枚(mei)薩(sa)(sa)珊(shan)金銀幣(bi)及其(qi)仿制品(pin),展現(xian)源于希臘、羅(luo)馬文(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝術風格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)克特(te)(te)里(li)亞(ya)金屬制品(pin)――鎦金銀瓶,來(lai)源于伊朗高原(yuan)(yuan)薩(sa)(sa)珊(shan)玻璃(li)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凸釘裝(zhuang)飾玻璃(li)碗(wan),微雕(diao)生(sheng)命樹母(mu)題并刻有中(zhong)古波斯銘文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶石印章(zhang)等(deng),以及手握或口含金銀幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬俗,證實了(le)(le)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路沿線文(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳播的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興盛和文(wen)(wen)化(hua)交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達。尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7盒史氏與安(an)氏墓(mu)志,記載了(le)(le)隋唐(tang)(tang)間活(huo)(huo)動于中(zhong)亞(ya)索格(ge)底(di)亞(ya)那的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)即(ji)“昭武九姓”人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史氏流(liu)寓原(yuan)(yuan)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實。粟(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以擅(shan)長經商(shang)而聞名(ming)于世,公元3~8世紀(ji)(ji),他(ta)們沿著絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路從(cong)撒馬爾干到長安(an)一線建立了(le)(le)諸多(duo)(duo)商(shang)貿點和定居聚(ju)落(luo),操縱著絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國際商(shang)貿活(huo)(huo)動。有些也躋身于官(guan)宦(huan)之(zhi)列,生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)在原(yuan)(yuan)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)特(te)(te)史姓人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就是(shi)(shi)“因宦(huan)徙居”,他(ta)們均擔任原(yuan)(yuan)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)上層官(guan)員。墓(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian),證明了(le)(le)這里(li)是(shi)(shi)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路沿線粟(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在中(zhong)國境內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要聚(ju)居點,也為研究絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路沿線粟(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)華(hua)化(hua)和民族(zu)交流(liu)提供(gong)了(le)(le)實物(wu)資(zi)料。經鑒定,唐(tang)(tang)墓(mu)中(zhong)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩具人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)骨(gu)(gu)架頭骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顱面(mian)形(xing)態具有白(bai)種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng),史籍中(zhong)關(guan)于粟(su)特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)貌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記述有歐羅(luo)巴(ba)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)特(te)(te)征(zheng)。依據體(ti)質人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究結果,把歐羅(luo)巴(ba)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)東界從(cong)新疆東部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哈密地(di)區推進(jin)(jin)到了(le)(le)寧(ning)夏南部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)區,具有特(te)(te)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi),進(jin)(jin)一步說明絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路上原(yuan)(yuan)州人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性。

北(bei)朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)期,固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)是著名的(de)(de)北(bei)方軍鎮之(zhi)一(yi),這時(shi)(shi)又逢絲綢之(zhi)路興旺和(he)暢通的(de)(de)重要時(shi)(shi)期。固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)西南郊成為古人(ren)埋(mai)葬的(de)(de)理想之(zhi)地(di),不乏高官(guan)在這里(li)(li)營造(zao)大(da)型墓(mu)(mu)葬。迄今已發掘北(bei)朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)期墓(mu)(mu)葬十幾座,其中(zhong)北(bei)周(zhou)大(da)型墓(mu)(mu)葬3座,即柱國大(da)將軍、原(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)刺(ci)史李(li)(li)賢夫婦合葬墓(mu)(mu),原(yuan)(yuan)、鹽、靈、會、交五州(zhou)諸(zhu)軍事、原(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)刺(ci)史宇文(wen)猛(meng)墓(mu)(mu),柱國大(da)將軍田(tian)(tian)弘(hong)墓(mu)(mu)。這3座權臣的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬呈東(dong)西一(yi)線并(bing)列分(fen)布(bu),自李(li)(li)賢墓(mu)(mu)到(dao)宇文(wen)猛(meng)墓(mu)(mu)距(ju)離(li)為1.72公里(li)(li),宇文(wen)猛(meng)墓(mu)(mu)到(dao)田(tian)(tian)弘(hong)墓(mu)(mu)距(ju)離(li)為0.67公里(li)(li)。營造(zao)時(shi)(shi)間前后相(xiang)距(ju)10年(nian)(nian),宇文(wen)猛(meng)墓(mu)(mu)造(zao)于北(bei)周(zhou)保定五年(nian)(nian)(565),李(li)(li)賢墓(mu)(mu)造(zao)于北(bei)周(zhou)天和(he)四年(nian)(nian)(569),田(tian)(tian)弘(hong)墓(mu)(mu)造(zao)于北(bei)周(zhou)建(jian)德四年(nian)(nian)(575)。這些墓(mu)(mu)葬中(zhong)出土(tu)了大(da)批蜚聲(sheng)中(zhong)外(wai)的(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu),尤以鎦金銀壺(hu)、凸(tu)釘裝飾玻璃(li)碗等國寶級文(wen)物(wu)而著稱(cheng)。

隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)著名(ming)墓(mu)葬(zang)主要(yao)有(you)粟特(te)人(ren)史(shi)姓墓(mu)葬(zang)6座(zuo),即(ji)大(da)(da)隋(sui)正議大(da)(da)夫右領軍驃騎(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)軍史(shi)射勿墓(mu)(隋(sui)大(da)(da)業(ye)五年(nian)(nian),公(gong)元609年(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)故左親衛史(shi)道洛墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)顯(xian)慶三年(nian)(nian),公(gong)元658年(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)故朝請大(da)(da)夫平涼郡都(dou)尉史(shi)索巖與夫人(ren)安娘(niang)合(he)葬(zang)墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)麟德元年(nian)(nian),公(gong)元664年(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)游(you)擊將(jiang)(jiang)軍、虢州刺(ci)史(shi)、直中書(shu)省史(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)總章二年(nian)(nian),公(gong)元669年(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)司馭(yu)寺(si)右十七監(jian)史(shi)鐵棒(bang)墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)咸亨元年(nian)(nian),公(gong)元670年(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)給事郎蘭池正監(jian)史(shi)道德墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)儀(yi)風(feng)三年(nian)(nian),公(gong)元678年(nian)(nian))。還有(you)一(yi)座(zuo)非史(shi)姓的(de)(de)大(da)(da)周處士梁(liang)元珍墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)圣歷二年(nian)(nian),公(gong)元699年(nian)(nian))。另外,南塬(yuan)上(shang)的(de)(de)諸(zhu)多唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)代中、小(xiao)型墓(mu)葬(zang),其中唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)M29中的(de)(de)兩具(ju)人(ren)骨架,為男女合(he)葬(zang),經人(ren)骨鑒定,均為白種人(ren)。

固原(yuan)北(bei)朝(chao)、隋唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)具有(you)深刻的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化內涵,見證了絲綢之路(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)化交流。南北(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi),是(shi)(shi)絲綢之路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)興盛期(qi),大(da)量帶有(you)或受(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)與波斯風格影響的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)方文(wen)(wen)化向東(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)播,而原(yuan)州及(ji)(ji)固原(yuan)正處于(yu)這條傳(chuan)(chuan)播路(lu)線的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心位置,原(yuan)州的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古發現把地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海、伊(yi)朗高原(yuan)、蒙古高原(yuan)、黃土(tu)(tu)高原(yuan)、朝(chao)鮮半島、日本(ben)海島緊密聯系起來(lai)(lai)。戎裝甲(jia)胄、佩刀、金銀(yin)玻(bo)璃(li)器皿、貨幣等中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)文(wen)(wen)物在(zai)北(bei)魏、北(bei)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu),便(bian)是(shi)(shi)有(you)力的(de)(de)(de)證據(ju)。這些隨葬(zang)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),部(bu)分器物來(lai)(lai)自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)波斯地(di)區,或受(shou)其文(wen)(wen)化影響。北(bei)周(zhou)李(li)賢(xian)夫婦墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)4件(jian)器物來(lai)(lai)自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。鎦金銀(yin)壺是(shi)(shi)一(yi)件(jian)具有(you)薩(sa)珊風格的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制品(pin),是(shi)(shi)希臘化對巴克特利(li)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)區影響的(de)(de)(de)產物;凸(tu)釘裝飾(shi)玻(bo)璃(li)碗是(shi)(shi)典型的(de)(de)(de)薩(sa)珊朝(chao)制品(pin),其上(shang)凸(tu)起的(de)(de)(de)凹球面裝飾(shi)在(zai)帕提亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、薩(sa)珊時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)伊(yi)朗高原(yuan)上(shang)一(yi)度(du)很流行;鑲寶石金戒指,戒面藍色(se)寶石上(shang)微(wei)雕(diao)手執弧形(xing)花環的(de)(de)(de)裸體人物,其母題來(lai)(lai)自(zi)薩(sa)珊,它的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)產地(di)是(shi)(shi)薩(sa)珊或中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)某地(di);銀(yin)裝鐵刀的(de)(de)(de)佩系方法,是(shi)(shi)公元5世紀(ji)時(shi)西(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)爾其斯坦發明,約在(zai)公元6世紀(ji)傳(chuan)(chuan)到(dao)我國,并逐步(bu)取代傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)式佩系法,后(hou)又(you)經過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)入日本(ben)。另外,李(li)賢(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)具裝甲(jia)騎(qi)俑(yong)和(he)武士(shi)俑(yong)、吹(chui)奏樂俑(yong)及(ji)(ji)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)伎(ji)樂壁畫(hua),反(fan)映出(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)樂舞(wu)的(de)(de)(de)影響。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)羅(luo)馬(ma)金銀(yin)幣是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)化交流的(de)(de)(de)又(you)一(yi)重要實(shi)物見證。

隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)絲(si)綢之路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮昌盛時(shi)期(qi),隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)批反映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)化交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu)(wu),再現(xian)了(le)(le)固原的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)路(lu)重鎮地(di)(di)位(wei)。史(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)枚金戒指,正中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原鑲(xiang)有(you)(you)寶石(shi)(shi),這(zhe)(zhe)種鑲(xiang)寶石(shi)(shi)戒指是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)、西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。史(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藍色(se)寶石(shi)(shi)印章(zhang),在寶石(shi)(shi)上(shang)雕(diao)刻圖案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,流(liu)行(xing)于(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)方文(wen)物(wu)(wu),其上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘文(wen)屬古(gu)(gu)(gu)波(bo)斯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帕(pa)勒(le)維(wei)文(wen),是(shi)(shi)薩珊王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種祈禱文(wen)。出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)門門額刻有(you)(you)聯珠(zhu)(zhu)紋,內(nei)填(tian)怪獸(shou),聯珠(zhu)(zhu)紋起源于(yu)薩珊,在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)流(liu)行(xing)后(hou)(hou)東漸(jian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)入我(wo)國,在我(wo)國流(liu)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)限,初唐(tang)(tang)(tang)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)即衰落(luo)。史(shi)道德(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金覆面,獸(shou)面金飾、動物(wu)(wu)紋圓形(xing)金飾等器物(wu)(wu),均表(biao)現(xian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)風格。覆面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)與(yu)波(bo)斯和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆面習俗(su)(su)有(you)(you)著(zhu)千(qian)絲(si)萬縷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)(xi),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)額飾上(shang)半月(yue)形(xing)間(jian)(jian)托一(yi)(yi)圓形(xing),圓形(xing)或(huo)表(biao)示太陽,與(yu)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)崇拜(bai)日月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)(su)有(you)(you)關(guan)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)口(kou)(kou)含金幣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)有(you)(you)著(zhu)密切聯系(xi)(xi)。東羅(luo)馬(ma)金幣出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)時(shi)均放置(zhi)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主人頭部,史(shi)道德(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金幣含在口(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這(zhe)(zhe)種口(kou)(kou)含金幣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)葬(zang)習俗(su)(su)與(yu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)希臘神話有(you)(you)著(zhu)聯系(xi)(xi)。據說,人去世(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)要(yao)到遙遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)獄世(shi)(shi)界,靈魂(hun)要(yao)由赫爾墨斯領至冥界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門口(kou)(kou),再由卡戎用渡(du)船(chuan)運過斯蒂克斯河,人們要(yao)付給卡戎擺渡(du)錢(qian),而希臘人把這(zhe)(zhe)種錢(qian)置(zhi)于(yu)死者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),后(hou)(hou)來羅(luo)馬(ma)人沿(yan)襲了(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)習俗(su)(su)。20世(shi)(shi)紀后(hou)(hou)半期(qi)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從(cong)(cong)(cong)公元(yuan)(yuan)1～8世(shi)(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),都見有(you)(you)死者(zhe)口(kou)(kou)含或(huo)手握金銀幣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象,而在古(gu)(gu)(gu)希臘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)含幣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)(su)比中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)要(yao)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo),約從(cong)(cong)(cong)公元(yuan)(yuan)前5至4世(shi)(shi)紀開始。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國境內(nei)古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)乃至近(jin)現(xian)代(dai)均流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)有(you)(you)死者(zhe)口(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含玉或(huo)含珠(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su),但沒(mei)有(you)(you)死者(zhe)口(kou)(kou)含錢(qian)幣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)(su)。固原史(shi)系(xi)(xi)家(jia)(jia)族墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)種葬(zang)俗(su)(su),無(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)他們保留(liu)祖上(shang)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)葬(zang)習俗(su)(su)。不難看(kan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),從(cong)(cong)(cong)北朝至隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)間(jian)(jian),隨著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)化交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達,絲(si)綢之路(lu)上(shang)商賈絡(luo)繹不絕,各種西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)(su)、遺物(wu)(wu)源源不斷流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國,固原作為絲(si)路(lu)關(guan)隘要(yao)塞重鎮,發(fa)現(xian)諸(zhu)多(duo)反映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)化交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺物(wu)(wu)就是(shi)(shi)自然之事了(le)(le)。尤其史(shi)系(xi)(xi)家(jia)(jia)族本身作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)粟特人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)裔,又是(shi)(shi)絲(si)綢之路(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權臣,充當經貿往來、文(wen)化交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)媒介是(shi)(shi)情理所在,從(cong)(cong)(cong)另一(yi)(yi)方面也證實了(le)(le)隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)間(jian)(jian)發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)化交流(liu)。

二、固原(yuan)北(bei)朝、隋(sui)唐墓地(di)的普遍價值

固(gu)原北朝(chao)、隋(sui)(sui)唐墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)彰(zhang)顯(xian)了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)創造(zao)精神,體現了(le)中國(guo)傳統的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)塋(ying)理(li)念。古人(ren)(ren)(ren)選擇地(di)(di)勢平坦、視野開(kai)闊(kuo)、背(bei)(bei)山面(mian)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)之地(di)(di)作為死者靈魂的(de)(de)(de)安息之所。該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)背(bei)(bei)靠(kao)白馬(ma)山,面(mian)臨清水(shui)(shui)河(he),塬地(di)(di)開(kai)闊(kuo),環境優美(mei),符(fu)合(he)中國(guo)堪輿學中的(de)(de)(de)風水(shui)(shui)觀。大型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)構建,盛(sheng)行(xing)長(chang)(chang)墓(mu)(mu)道、多(duo)(duo)(duo)天(tian)(tian)井(jing),出土的(de)(de)(de)諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)壁畫,鎮墓(mu)(mu)俑、出行(xing)儀仗俑、侍仆舞樂俑、庖櫥用具等(deng)(deng)器(qi)物,一(yi)方面(mian)象(xiang)征(zheng)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具有(you)模仿主人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)前居所的(de)(de)(de)完備形式,體現多(duo)(duo)(duo)進院(yuan)落的(de)(de)(de)風格(ge),另一(yi)方面(mian)說明死者靈魂仍(reng)然能(neng)夠享受生(sheng)(sheng)前的(de)(de)(de)飲食起居與榮華富貴。這(zhe)正是古人(ren)(ren)(ren)視死如生(sheng)(sheng)美(mei)好愿望的(de)(de)(de)真實反映。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中大型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)流行(xing)長(chang)(chang)墓(mu)(mu)道、多(duo)(duo)(duo)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法,無(wu)論是庶人(ren)(ren)(ren)還是品官,墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)中都有(you)3～7個(ge)不等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)井(jing),這(zhe)種(zhong)現象(xiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)同一(yi)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中出現,十分罕見。而該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中多(duo)(duo)(duo)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)出現,與這(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)質條(tiao)件(jian)密(mi)切(qie)相關,充分考(kao)(kao)慮了(le)黃土的(de)(de)(de)失陷性特(te)征(zheng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)營(ying)造(zao)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)時(shi)(shi),容易(yi)塌陷,不適宜構筑(zhu)長(chang)(chang)坡(po)洞墓(mu)(mu)道,所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)長(chang)(chang)斜坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)道上開(kai)鑿天(tian)(tian)井(jing),以(yi)滿足(zu)古人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)構建大規模墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)上的(de)(de)(de)禮儀需(xu)要。長(chang)(chang)墓(mu)(mu)道、多(duo)(duo)(duo)天(tian)(tian)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形式,是長(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)演(yan)變與創新的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果。另外,墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)明顯(xian)特(te)征(zheng)就是墓(mu)(mu)道與天(tian)(tian)井(jing)上寬下窄,這(zhe)樣既便于施工,節省勞動時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian),又(you)有(you)利于穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)結(jie)構,反映了(le)隋(sui)(sui)唐間(jian)(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)埋葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)思想(xiang)(xiang)。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中大型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)距(ju)地(di)(di)表(biao)均有(you)10尺(chi)(chi)左右,符(fu)合(he)隋(sui)(sui)唐間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)塋(ying)制度(du)。隋(sui)(sui)唐時(shi)(shi),墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)距(ju)地(di)(di)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)淺,皆有(you)丈(zhang)尺(chi)(chi),并規定(ding)(ding)若干吉尺(chi)(chi)。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)隋(sui)(sui)唐時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)8座(zuo)大型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),有(you)4座(zuo)深(shen)度(du)屬吉尺(chi)(chi),有(you)4座(zuo)非(fei)吉尺(chi)(chi),但誤差(cha)均在(zai)(zai)(zai)1尺(chi)(chi)以(yi)下,若考(kao)(kao)慮換算誤差(cha)、水(shui)(shui)土流失等(deng)(deng)因素,埋葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)深(shen)度(du)應該(gai)是按照堪輿吉尺(chi)(chi)而衡定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)。

固(gu)原北朝、隋唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)體(ti)現了(le)(le)(le)4～7世(shi)紀(ji)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)繁盛時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)寧夏段上的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化交流(liu)、商業貿(mao)易(yi)、粟特民(min)族徙居與融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)事實,對研究中(zhong)(zhong)古(gu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿線寧夏段發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化、商業貿(mao)易(yi)及粟特人(ren)(ren)甚(shen)至(zhi)歐羅巴人(ren)(ren)華化產生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)最重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,展示了(le)(le)(le)文(wen)化與民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)多元性(xing)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)掘(jue),在(zai)學術界與考古(gu)界產生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)影響。這(zhe)些大(da)(da)(da)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)主人(ren)(ren)具有較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會地(di)(di)(di)位,是(shi)(shi)統治王(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)權臣,曾在(zai)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿線重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鎮擔任(ren)要職,對確保(bao)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)暢通(tong)無(wu)阻(zu)發(fa)揮過重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要作用,可以說,他們(men)是(shi)(shi)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)路(lu)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多中(zhong)(zhong)、西(xi)亞(ya)文(wen)物(wu)絢麗(li)多彩、內涵豐富(fu)(fu)、風格獨特、精美無(wu)比(bi),再現了(le)(le)(le)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)一(yi)線文(wen)化交流(liu)由西(xi)向東逐(zhu)漸(jian)傳(chuan)播的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程以及對絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿線商業貿(mao)易(yi)所產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)影響。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土了(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)批珍貴壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),是(shi)(shi)北朝隋唐(tang)間墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)大(da)(da)(da)發(fa)現。北周(zhou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)李賢夫婦合葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、過洞(dong)、天井、甬道(dao)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)繪(hui)(hui)有手(shou)持或肩扛儀(yi)刀的(de)(de)(de)(de)武士、門樓、侍女等內容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),宇文(wen)猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)僅(jin)存第五天井東一(yi)幅武士圖,田(tian)弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)及甬道(dao)繪(hui)(hui)有壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),隋史(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、天井、過洞(dong)和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)繪(hui)(hui)制手(shou)持儀(yi)刀的(de)(de)(de)(de)武士、手(shou)持笏板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)官(guan)、門樓、侍女等內容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),唐(tang)史(shi)索(suo)巖墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)保(bao)存有第五過洞(dong)上方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)幅朱雀圖。這(zhe)些壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內容(rong)豐富(fu)(fu)、繪(hui)(hui)制水平較高(gao),尤其是(shi)(shi)北周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),人(ren)(ren)物(wu)面部畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)與敦煌西(xi)魏北周(zhou)窟中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)像面部畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)近似,說明當時(shi)(shi)(shi)原州與敦煌地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工集團(tuan)之(zhi)(zhi)間存在(zai)著某種交流(liu),并填補了(le)(le)(le)西(xi)魏至(zhi)北周(zhou)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空白,是(shi)(shi)北朝畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)發(fa)現,具有十(shi)分重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。隋史(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)座大(da)(da)(da)型壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),為隋代考古(gu)所稀見(jian),豐富(fu)(fu)了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong),藝術價(jia)值極高(gao)。

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)隋(sui)唐(tang)時期“昭(zhao)(zhao)武九姓”之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)系粟(su)特人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)家(jia)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,出(chu)土7盒墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi),即《隋(sui)正(zheng)議大夫(fu)右(you)領軍驃(piao)騎將軍史(shi)(shi)(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)故左(zuo)親衛史(shi)(shi)(shi)道洛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)故朝請(qing)大夫(fu)平涼郡都(dou)尉史(shi)(shi)(shi)索巖夫(fu)婦(fu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)游擊將軍、虢州(zhou)刺史(shi)(shi)(shi)、直(zhi)中(zhong)書省史(shi)(shi)(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)司馭寺右(you)十七監史(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵棒(bang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)給事(shi)郎蘭池(chi)正(zheng)監史(shi)(shi)(shi)道德墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)》,反映(ying)了(le)絲綢之(zhi)路上的(de)(de)(de)民(min)族(zu)遷徙與交融(rong)(rong)。這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)有(you)極(ji)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)料價值,不(bu)(bu)僅記載(zai)了(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)生平事(shi)跡,而且從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)記載(zai)分(fen)析可知,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)屬中(zhong)亞粟(su)特僑(qiao)(qiao)民(min),即中(zhong)亞“昭(zhao)(zhao)武九姓”之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)姓,他們是(shi)(shi)沿著絲綢之(zhi)路一(yi)線逐步遷徙落(luo)籍(ji)固(gu)原的(de)(de)(de),并擔(dan)任地(di)方中(zhong)高(gao)級官職。更重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),這(zhe)為研究(jiu)當時落(luo)籍(ji)固(gu)原的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)系家(jia)族(zu)及粟(su)特人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)東遷后的(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)問題提供了(le)實物資料。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)還有(you)諸多(duo)下層(ceng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)的(de)(de)(de)無墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)記載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,體(ti)現(xian)了(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)擁有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣性。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)展示的(de)(de)(de)葬俗,不(bu)(bu)論是(shi)(shi)上層(ceng)達官,還是(shi)(shi)下層(ceng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi),也不(bu)(bu)分(fen)中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)漢民(min)族(zu)與外國粟(su)特僑(qiao)(qiao)民(min),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬形(xing)制均使用墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道洞(dong)室墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),一(yi)律實行(xing)土葬,葬俗完全本土化,充分(fen)說明(ming)了(le)不(bu)(bu)同人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種在同一(yi)地(di)區生活的(de)(de)(de)趨同化,也表現(xian)出(chu)了(le)文化從多(duo)元向一(yi)體(ti)交融(rong)(rong)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)過程。

固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)朝、隋(sui)唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)厚文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵,為(wei)曾(ceng)經(jing)(jing)發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明和(he)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)消(xiao)逝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)民(min)族(zu)及文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳統提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)特(te)(te)殊(shu)見證。恢(hui)弘(hong)龐雜、貫通中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu),已(yi)被現代(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明程度更高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柏油(you)坦蕩之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)取代(dai),昔日駝鈴聲聲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)隊不復(fu)存在,取而代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)疾馳往來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)車輛。只(zhi)有(you)沿線(xian)遺留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)跡、遺址、城垣、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)見證著(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輝(hui)煌與(yu)偉大(da),訴說著(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)曾(ceng)經(jing)(jing)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)切。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)便(bian)是(shi)一(yi)例(li),靜(jing)謐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di),拂去(qu)歷(li)史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塵封,揭開神(shen)秘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面紗,顯示(shi)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、商(shang)業貿易與(yu)民(min)族(zu)遷徙融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實,為(wei)北(bei)朝隋(sui)唐間(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、人種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多樣性和(he)外(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑(qiao)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)華化(hua)(hua)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)獨特(te)(te)而又特(te)(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)見證。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),尤其(qi)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),反映出(chu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)商(shang)貿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮,使(shi)得(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)各(ge)種(zhong)奢侈品源(yuan)(yuan)源(yuan)(yuan)不斷運來,并留在了(le)(le)(le)絲(si)(si)路(lu)(lu)(lu)重鎮固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan),有(you)些伴(ban)隨著(zhu)主人到了(le)(le)(le)靈魂世界,仍相(xiang)廝(si)守。同時,該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境內(nei)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬群(qun),不啻(chi)為(wei)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人創造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明和(he)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)消(xiao)亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)特(te)(te)殊(shu)見證。隋(sui)唐時期,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)史籍把活動于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)地(di)區阿姆河與(yu)錫(xi)爾河之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)索格(ge)底(di)亞(ya)那地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人統稱(cheng)為(wei)“昭(zhao)武九(jiu)姓(xing)”,即康國(guo)(guo)(guo)、何國(guo)(guo)(guo)、米國(guo)(guo)(guo)、史國(guo)(guo)(guo)、曹國(guo)(guo)(guo)、石國(guo)(guo)(guo)、安國(guo)(guo)(guo)、火尋、戊地(di)九(jiu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。流(liu)(liu)寓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)人,均(jun)以國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)姓(xing),素以善于(yu)經(jing)(jing)商(shang)著(zhu)稱(cheng)于(yu)世,利之(zhi)(zhi)所在,不遠千里,他們通過絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)來往于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian),進行國(guo)(guo)(guo)際商(shang)貿活動,且(qie)擔當了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳播者。固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史系家族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬便(bian)屬(shu)“昭(zhao)武九(jiu)姓(xing)”之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史姓(xing)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)及相(xiang)關文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),是(shi)研究史系家族(zu)以及其(qi)他外(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑(qiao)民(min)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境內(nei)生(sheng)活狀況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴(gui)實物(wu)資料。