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墓地介紹

一、固原北朝、隋唐墓(mu)地的歷(li)史文(wen)化內涵(han)

固原北(bei)朝(chao)、隋唐墓(mu)地的(de)(de)(de)建造時間為公元6～7世(shi)紀,歷經北(bei)周、隋、唐三(san)個王朝(chao)。該(gai)墓(mu)地的(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)發掘(jue)始于1982年(nian),到2004年(nian)共(gong)發掘(jue)北(bei)周及(ji)隋唐時期大、中、小型墓(mu)葬(zang)50余座(zuo),其(qi)中著名的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)有北(bei)周墓(mu)3座(zuo)、隋墓(mu)1座(zuo)、唐墓(mu)6座(zuo)。該(gai)墓(mu)出土(tu)了大量蜚聲(sheng)中外的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)映絲綢之路文(wen)化交流與(yu)民族(zu)遷徙(xi)的(de)(de)(de)珍貴文(wen)物,典(dian)型器(qi)物有鎦金銀瓶、玻(bo)璃碗、金戒(jie)指、鐵刀(dao)、東羅(luo)馬金幣(bi)、薩(sa)珊銀幣(bi)、寶石印章、瓷器(qi)、銅器(qi)、壁(bi)畫等,還(huan)有能夠體現墓(mu)主人身世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)志及(ji)其(qi)兩具歐羅(luo)巴人即白種人的(de)(de)(de)骨架。出土(tu)文(wen)物內涵(han)豐富、博大精深,具有不可比擬的(de)(de)(de)歷史、考古(gu)(gu)、民族(zu)與(yu)藝術研究價值(zhi)。

公(gong)元4～7世紀是(shi)沙漠綠洲絲(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮昌盛(sheng)時期,長(安)―涼(州(zhou)(zhou))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)路(lu)途經寧夏(xia)境內(nei)190多(duo)(duo)公(gong)里,形(xing)成了(le)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“蕭關(guan)古(gu)道”,而(er)(er)固(gu)原(yuan)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)古(gu)道上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽(yan)喉重(zhong)鎮,貢使、商(shang)賈(jia)、僧侶往來(lai)(lai)頻繁、絡繹不絕,諸(zhu)多(duo)(duo)民族遷徙、文化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)、宗教傳播多(duo)(duo)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)。固(gu)原(yuan)北(bei)朝、隋(sui)唐(tang)墓地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)(duo)中(zhong)(zhong)西亞(ya)器(qi)物(wu)和受其風(feng)(feng)格影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu),如13枚薩珊(shan)金銀(yin)(yin)幣及(ji)其仿制品,展現源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)希(xi)臘(la)、羅馬文化(hua)藝術風(feng)(feng)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)克特里亞(ya)金屬制品――鎦金銀(yin)(yin)瓶(ping),來(lai)(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)伊朗高(gao)原(yuan)薩珊(shan)玻璃系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凸釘(ding)裝(zhuang)飾玻璃碗,微雕生命樹(shu)母題并(bing)刻有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)古(gu)波斯銘文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)石印(yin)章等,以(yi)及(ji)手握或口含金銀(yin)(yin)幣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬俗,證(zheng)實(shi)了(le)絲(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿(yan)線(xian)(xian)文化(hua)傳播的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興盛(sheng)和文化(hua)交流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達。尤其是(shi)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7盒史氏(shi)與安氏(shi)墓志,記(ji)載了(le)隋(sui)唐(tang)間活(huo)(huo)動(dong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)索格底亞(ya)那(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特人(ren)(ren)即(ji)“昭武九姓”人(ren)(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史氏(shi)流(liu)(liu)寓(yu)原(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)。粟(su)(su)特人(ren)(ren)以(yi)擅長經商(shang)而(er)(er)聞名于(yu)(yu)(yu)世,公(gong)元3~8世紀,他(ta)(ta)們沿(yan)著(zhu)絲(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)從(cong)撒馬爾干到(dao)長安一線(xian)(xian)建(jian)立了(le)諸(zhu)多(duo)(duo)商(shang)貿點和定居聚落,操縱著(zhu)絲(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)際商(shang)貿活(huo)(huo)動(dong)。有(you)(you)些(xie)也躋身(shen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)官宦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列,生活(huo)(huo)在原(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特史姓人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)“因宦徙居”,他(ta)(ta)們均擔任原(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)層(ceng)官員(yuan)。墓地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現,證(zheng)明了(le)這里是(shi)絲(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿(yan)線(xian)(xian)粟(su)(su)特人(ren)(ren)在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)境內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要聚居點,也為研(yan)究絲(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)沿(yan)線(xian)(xian)粟(su)(su)特人(ren)(ren)華化(hua)和民族交流(liu)(liu)提(ti)供了(le)實(shi)物(wu)資料(liao)。經鑒定,唐(tang)墓中(zhong)(zhong)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩具(ju)(ju)人(ren)(ren)骨架頭骨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顱(lu)面(mian)形(xing)態具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)白種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征,史籍中(zhong)(zhong)關(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)粟(su)(su)特人(ren)(ren)面(mian)貌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)述有(you)(you)歐(ou)羅巴(ba)(ba)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)特征。依據體質(zhi)人(ren)(ren)類學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究結果,把歐(ou)羅巴(ba)(ba)人(ren)(ren)分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最東界從(cong)新疆東部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哈(ha)密(mi)地(di)區推進(jin)到(dao)了(le)寧夏(xia)南部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)原(yuan)地(di)區,具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)特別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義,進(jin)一步說(shuo)明絲(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)原(yuan)州(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣性。

北朝時(shi)期(qi),固(gu)原(yuan)是著名的(de)(de)(de)北方軍(jun)(jun)鎮之(zhi)一,這(zhe)時(shi)又(you)逢絲綢之(zhi)路興旺和暢通的(de)(de)(de)重要時(shi)期(qi)。固(gu)原(yuan)西(xi)南(nan)郊成為(wei)古人(ren)埋(mai)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)理想之(zhi)地,不乏(fa)高官在(zai)這(zhe)里營造大(da)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)。迄今已發掘(jue)北朝時(shi)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)十幾座,其中(zhong)北周大(da)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)3座,即柱國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)將軍(jun)(jun)、原(yuan)州刺史李賢(xian)(xian)夫婦合葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),原(yuan)、鹽(yan)、靈、會、交(jiao)五州諸軍(jun)(jun)事、原(yuan)州刺史宇(yu)文(wen)猛(meng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),柱國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)將軍(jun)(jun)田(tian)弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這(zhe)3座權(quan)臣的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)呈東(dong)西(xi)一線(xian)并(bing)列分布(bu),自李賢(xian)(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)到(dao)宇(yu)文(wen)猛(meng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)距(ju)離(li)為(wei)1.72公里,宇(yu)文(wen)猛(meng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)到(dao)田(tian)弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)距(ju)離(li)為(wei)0.67公里。營造時(shi)間前后相距(ju)10年,宇(yu)文(wen)猛(meng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)造于(yu)(yu)北周保定五年(565),李賢(xian)(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)造于(yu)(yu)北周天(tian)和四年(569),田(tian)弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)造于(yu)(yu)北周建德四年(575)。這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)出土了(le)大(da)批蜚聲中(zhong)外的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)物,尤(you)以(yi)鎦(liu)金銀壺、凸釘裝飾玻璃(li)碗等國(guo)(guo)(guo)寶級文(wen)物而著稱。

隋唐(tang)(tang)時期的著(zhu)名墓(mu)(mu)葬主(zhu)要有粟特人(ren)史(shi)(shi)姓墓(mu)(mu)葬6座,即(ji)大(da)隋正議(yi)大(da)夫(fu)右(you)領軍(jun)驃騎(qi)將(jiang)軍(jun)史(shi)(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(隋大(da)業五年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)609年(nian)(nian)(nian)),大(da)唐(tang)(tang)故左親衛史(shi)(shi)道(dao)洛墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)顯慶三年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)658年(nian)(nian)(nian)),大(da)唐(tang)(tang)故朝請大(da)夫(fu)平涼郡都尉史(shi)(shi)索巖與夫(fu)人(ren)安娘合葬墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)麟德元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)664年(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)游擊將(jiang)軍(jun)、虢州刺史(shi)(shi)、直中(zhong)書(shu)省史(shi)(shi)訶(he)耽(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)總章二年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)669年(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)司馭寺右(you)十七監(jian)(jian)史(shi)(shi)鐵棒墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)咸(xian)亨元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)670年(nian)(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)給事郎(lang)蘭池正監(jian)(jian)史(shi)(shi)道(dao)德墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)儀(yi)風三年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)678年(nian)(nian)(nian))。還有一座非史(shi)(shi)姓的大(da)周處士梁元(yuan)珍墓(mu)(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)圣歷(li)二年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)699年(nian)(nian)(nian))。另外,南(nan)塬上的諸多唐(tang)(tang)代中(zhong)、小型墓(mu)(mu)葬,其(qi)中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)M29中(zhong)的兩具人(ren)骨架,為(wei)男女合葬,經人(ren)骨鑒(jian)定(ding),均為(wei)白種人(ren)。

固原(yuan)北(bei)朝(chao)、隋唐墓(mu)地(di)(di)具有(you)深刻的(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)內涵,見(jian)(jian)證了絲綢(chou)之路(lu)上的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)。南北(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi),是(shi)絲綢(chou)之路(lu)的(de)興盛期(qi),大量帶(dai)有(you)或(huo)(huo)受(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)與波(bo)斯風(feng)格影響的(de)西方(fang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)向(xiang)東(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播,而原(yuan)州及固原(yuan)正處于這(zhe)(zhe)條(tiao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播路(lu)線(xian)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心位(wei)置,原(yuan)州的(de)考古(gu)發(fa)現把地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海、伊朗(lang)高原(yuan)、蒙古(gu)高原(yuan)、黃土(tu)高原(yuan)、朝(chao)鮮半島、日(ri)本(ben)海島緊密聯(lian)系起來(lai)。戎裝(zhuang)甲胄、佩刀、金銀玻璃器(qi)皿(min)、貨幣(bi)等中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西亞(ya)(ya)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)在北(bei)魏、北(bei)周墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu),便是(shi)有(you)力(li)的(de)證據。這(zhe)(zhe)些隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),部分器(qi)物(wu)來(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)和波(bo)斯地(di)(di)區(qu),或(huo)(huo)受(shou)其文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)影響。北(bei)周李(li)賢(xian)(xian)夫婦墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)4件(jian)器(qi)物(wu)來(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西亞(ya)(ya)。鎦(liu)金銀壺(hu)是(shi)一件(jian)具有(you)薩(sa)珊(shan)(shan)風(feng)格的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)制品(pin),是(shi)希(xi)臘(la)化(hua)(hua)(hua)對巴克特利亞(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)影響的(de)產(chan)物(wu);凸釘裝(zhuang)飾玻璃碗是(shi)典(dian)型的(de)薩(sa)珊(shan)(shan)朝(chao)制品(pin),其上凸起的(de)凹球(qiu)面裝(zhuang)飾在帕提亞(ya)(ya)、薩(sa)珊(shan)(shan)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)伊朗(lang)高原(yuan)上一度(du)很流(liu)(liu)行;鑲寶石金戒指,戒面藍色寶石上微雕手執弧形(xing)花環的(de)裸體人物(wu),其母(mu)題來(lai)自薩(sa)珊(shan)(shan),它的(de)原(yuan)產(chan)地(di)(di)是(shi)薩(sa)珊(shan)(shan)或(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)某地(di)(di);銀裝(zhuang)鐵刀的(de)佩系方(fang)法,是(shi)公(gong)元5世紀時(shi)西土(tu)爾其斯坦發(fa)明(ming),約在公(gong)元6世紀傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)到我國,并(bing)逐步取代傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)式(shi)佩系法,后又(you)經過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)入日(ri)本(ben)。另外,李(li)賢(xian)(xian)墓(mu)、宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)、田(tian)弘墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)具裝(zhuang)甲騎(qi)俑(yong)和武士(shi)俑(yong)、吹(chui)奏樂俑(yong)及出(chu)土(tu)的(de)伎(ji)樂壁畫,反映(ying)出(chu)來(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西亞(ya)(ya)樂舞(wu)的(de)影響。墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)東(dong)(dong)羅(luo)馬金銀幣(bi)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)的(de)又(you)一重要實物(wu)見(jian)(jian)證。

隋唐間(jian)(jian)是(shi)絲(si)(si)(si)綢之路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮昌盛時(shi)期,隋唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)了(le)一(yi)批反(fan)映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu)(wu),再(zai)現了(le)固原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)(si)路重鎮地(di)(di)位。史(shi)(shi)(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)枚金(jin)(jin)(jin)戒(jie)指,正(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)鑲(xiang)有(you)(you)寶石(shi),這(zhe)種鑲(xiang)寶石(shi)戒(jie)指是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)傳(chuan)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。史(shi)(shi)(shi)訶耽(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藍(lan)色寶石(shi)印(yin)章,在(zai)(zai)寶石(shi)上(shang)雕(diao)刻圖案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)于傳(chuan)入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)方文(wen)物(wu)(wu),其上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文(wen)屬古(gu)(gu)波斯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帕勒維(wei)文(wen),是(shi)薩珊王朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種祈禱文(wen)。出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)門門額刻有(you)(you)聯(lian)珠(zhu)紋(wen),內填怪(guai)獸,聯(lian)珠(zhu)紋(wen)起源于薩珊,在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)東漸傳(chuan)入我國,在(zai)(zai)我國流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)限,初(chu)唐以后(hou)(hou)即(ji)衰落。史(shi)(shi)(shi)道德(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)覆面(mian),獸面(mian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)飾、動物(wu)(wu)紋(wen)圓形(xing)(xing)金(jin)(jin)(jin)飾等器物(wu)(wu),均表(biao)現出(chu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)風(feng)格。覆面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗(su)(su)與(yu)波斯和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆面(mian)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)有(you)(you)著(zhu)千絲(si)(si)(si)萬縷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系(xi),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)額飾上(shang)半(ban)月(yue)(yue)形(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)托一(yi)圓形(xing)(xing),圓形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)表(biao)示(shi)太陽,與(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)崇拜(bai)日月(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)有(you)(you)關。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)含(han)(han)(han)金(jin)(jin)(jin)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗(su)(su)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)有(you)(you)著(zhu)密(mi)切聯(lian)系(xi)。東羅(luo)馬金(jin)(jin)(jin)幣(bi)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)時(shi)均放(fang)置在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主人(ren)(ren)頭部(bu),史(shi)(shi)(shi)道德(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)幣(bi)含(han)(han)(han)在(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這(zhe)種口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)含(han)(han)(han)金(jin)(jin)(jin)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬(zang)(zang)(zang)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)與(yu)古(gu)(gu)希(xi)(xi)臘神話有(you)(you)著(zhu)聯(lian)系(xi)。據說,人(ren)(ren)去世(shi)后(hou)(hou)要(yao)(yao)到遙遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)獄世(shi)界,靈魂(hun)要(yao)(yao)由赫爾墨斯領至冥界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou),再(zai)由卡戎用(yong)渡船運過斯蒂(di)克斯河(he),人(ren)(ren)們(men)要(yao)(yao)付給(gei)卡戎擺(bai)渡錢,而希(xi)(xi)臘人(ren)(ren)把這(zhe)種錢置于死者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),后(hou)(hou)來羅(luo)馬人(ren)(ren)沿襲了(le)這(zhe)一(yi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)。20世(shi)紀后(hou)(hou)半(ban)期在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從(cong)公(gong)元1～8世(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),都見(jian)有(you)(you)死者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)含(han)(han)(han)或(huo)(huo)手握金(jin)(jin)(jin)銀幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象,而在(zai)(zai)古(gu)(gu)希(xi)(xi)臘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現含(han)(han)(han)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)比中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)要(yao)(yao)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多,約從(cong)公(gong)元前5至4世(shi)紀開始。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國境內古(gu)(gu)代乃至近現代均流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)有(you)(you)死者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)玉(yu)或(huo)(huo)含(han)(han)(han)珠(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗(su)(su),但沒有(you)(you)死者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)含(han)(han)(han)錢幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)。固原(yuan)史(shi)(shi)(shi)系(xi)家族墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗(su)(su),無(wu)疑是(shi)他們(men)保留祖(zu)上(shang)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬(zang)(zang)(zang)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)。不(bu)難看出(chu),從(cong)北朝(chao)至隋唐間(jian)(jian),隨著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)達,絲(si)(si)(si)綢之路上(shang)商賈絡繹不(bu)絕,各種西(xi)(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)、遺物(wu)(wu)源源不(bu)斷流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國,固原(yuan)作為絲(si)(si)(si)路關隘要(yao)(yao)塞(sai)重鎮,發(fa)(fa)現諸(zhu)多反(fan)映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺物(wu)(wu)就是(shi)自然(ran)之事了(le)。尤(you)其史(shi)(shi)(shi)系(xi)家族本身作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)粟特人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)裔,又(you)是(shi)絲(si)(si)(si)綢之路上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權臣,充當(dang)經(jing)貿往來、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)媒介是(shi)情理所(suo)在(zai)(zai),從(cong)另一(yi)方面(mian)也證實了(le)隋唐間(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。

二、固原北朝(chao)、隋唐墓地的普遍價值

固原北朝、隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)彰顯(xian)了(le)人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)創造(zao)(zao)精(jing)神,體(ti)現(xian)了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)塋理(li)念。古(gu)人(ren)選擇(ze)地(di)勢(shi)平坦、視(shi)野開闊(kuo)、背(bei)山(shan)面(mian)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)想之地(di)作(zuo)為死者靈魂(hun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安息之所。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)背(bei)靠白馬山(shan),面(mian)臨清水河,塬(yuan)地(di)開闊(kuo),環(huan)境優美,符合中(zhong)國(guo)堪(kan)輿學中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)水觀。大型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)建,盛行長(chang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、多(duo)天(tian)井,出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸多(duo)壁畫,鎮墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)俑(yong)(yong)、出(chu)行儀仗俑(yong)(yong)、侍仆舞樂俑(yong)(yong)、庖櫥用具(ju)等器(qi)物,一(yi)方面(mian)象(xiang)征墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)具(ju)有(you)模仿主(zhu)人(ren)生前(qian)居所的(de)(de)(de)(de)完備(bei)形(xing)(xing)式,體(ti)現(xian)多(duo)進院落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)格(ge),另一(yi)方面(mian)說明死者靈魂(hun)仍然能(neng)夠享受(shou)生前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)食(shi)起(qi)居與榮華富貴(gui)。這(zhe)正是古(gu)人(ren)視(shi)死如生美好愿望的(de)(de)(de)(de)真實(shi)反(fan)映(ying)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)大型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)流行長(chang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、多(duo)天(tian)井的(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,無論是庶人(ren)還是品(pin)官,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)都有(you)3～7個不(bu)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)井,這(zhe)種現(xian)象(xiang)在同一(yi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)出(chu)現(xian),十分罕見(jian)。而(er)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)多(duo)天(tian)井的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian),與這(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質條件密(mi)切相關,充分考慮了(le)黃土的(de)(de)(de)(de)失陷(xian)性特征。在營造(zao)(zao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)時(shi),容(rong)易塌(ta)陷(xian),不(bu)適宜構(gou)(gou)筑(zhu)長(chang)坡洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao),所以在長(chang)斜坡墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)上開鑿天(tian)井,以滿足古(gu)人(ren)在構(gou)(gou)建大規(gui)模墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮儀需要(yao)。長(chang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、多(duo)天(tian)井的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)(xing)式,是長(chang)時(shi)間演變與創新的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。另外,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)明顯(xian)特征就是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)與天(tian)井上寬下窄(zhai),這(zhe)樣(yang)既便于施工,節省勞動時(shi)間,又有(you)利于穩定(ding)結構(gou)(gou),反(fan)映(ying)了(le)隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)間人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬(zang)(zang)思想。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)大型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度距(ju)地(di)表均有(you)10尺(chi)左右,符合隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)塋制(zhi)度。隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)時(shi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)距(ju)地(di)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)淺,皆有(you)丈尺(chi),并規(gui)定(ding)若干吉(ji)尺(chi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)發掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)8座(zuo)(zuo)大型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang),有(you)4座(zuo)(zuo)深(shen)度屬吉(ji)尺(chi),有(you)4座(zuo)(zuo)非吉(ji)尺(chi),但誤差均在1尺(chi)以下,若考慮換(huan)算誤差、水土流失等因素(su),埋葬(zang)(zang)深(shen)度應(ying)該是按照堪(kan)輿吉(ji)尺(chi)而(er)衡定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

固(gu)原北(bei)朝(chao)、隋(sui)唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)體現了(le)(le)4～7世紀(ji)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之路(lu)(lu)繁盛時期(qi)(qi)寧夏(xia)段上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)西文化交流、商業貿易(yi)、粟特民族(zu)徙居與(yu)(yu)融(rong)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實,對研究(jiu)中(zhong)古時期(qi)(qi)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之路(lu)(lu)沿線(xian)寧夏(xia)段發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化、商業貿易(yi)及粟特人甚至歐羅巴人華化產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)了(le)(le)最重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響,展示了(le)(le)文化與(yu)(yu)民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元性(xing)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)掘,在學術(shu)(shu)界(jie)與(yu)(yu)考古界(jie)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)了(le)(le)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)影(ying)(ying)響。這些(xie)大(da)(da)(da)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主人具(ju)有(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會地(di)(di)位,是(shi)(shi)統治王朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權臣,曾(ceng)在絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之路(lu)(lu)沿線(xian)重(zhong)(zhong)鎮擔(dan)任要(yao)職,對確保絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暢通無阻發(fa)揮過重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)作用,可(ke)以說,他(ta)們是(shi)(shi)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)路(lu)(lu)人物(wu)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中(zhong)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾(zhong)多(duo)中(zhong)、西亞文物(wu)絢麗多(duo)彩、內(nei)涵(han)豐(feng)富(fu)、風格(ge)獨特、精美(mei)無比,再現了(le)(le)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之路(lu)(lu)一線(xian)文化交流由西向(xiang)東(dong)逐漸傳播(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程以及對絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)(chou)之路(lu)(lu)沿線(xian)商業貿易(yi)所產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)影(ying)(ying)響。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中(zhong)出土(tu)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)批珍貴(gui)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua),是(shi)(shi)北(bei)朝(chao)隋(sui)唐間(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一大(da)(da)(da)發(fa)現。北(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)李賢夫婦(fu)合葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、過洞、天井(jing)(jing)、甬道(dao)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)繪有(you)手持(chi)或肩扛儀刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武士(shi)、門(men)(men)樓、侍(shi)女等(deng)內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua),宇(yu)文猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)僅存(cun)第五(wu)天井(jing)(jing)東(dong)一幅武士(shi)圖,田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)及甬道(dao)繪有(you)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua),隋(sui)史(shi)(shi)射(she)勿(wu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)、天井(jing)(jing)、過洞和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)繪制手持(chi)儀刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武士(shi)、手持(chi)笏(hu)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文官、門(men)(men)樓、侍(shi)女等(deng)內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua),唐史(shi)(shi)索巖(yan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)保存(cun)有(you)第五(wu)過洞上(shang)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一幅朱雀圖。這些(xie)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)內(nei)容豐(feng)富(fu)、繪制水平較高,尤其是(shi)(shi)北(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua),人物(wu)面(mian)部畫(hua)(hua)法與(yu)(yu)敦煌西魏北(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)窟中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人像(xiang)面(mian)部畫(hua)(hua)法近似(si),說明當時原州與(yu)(yu)敦煌地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)(hua)工(gong)集團之間(jian)存(cun)在著某種交流,并填(tian)補(bu)了(le)(le)西魏至北(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)白(bai),是(shi)(shi)北(bei)朝(chao)畫(hua)(hua)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)發(fa)現,具(ju)有(you)十分(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。隋(sui)史(shi)(shi)射(she)勿(wu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)一座(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)型壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),為隋(sui)代考古所稀見,豐(feng)富(fu)了(le)(le)這個時期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容,藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)價值極高。

墓(mu)(mu)地中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)隋唐(tang)時(shi)期“昭武(wu)九姓(xing)”之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)系粟特人(ren)家(jia)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang),出土(tu)7盒墓(mu)(mu)志,即《隋正(zheng)議大(da)夫右(you)領軍驃騎將軍史(shi)(shi)(shi)射(she)勿(wu)墓(mu)(mu)志》、《唐(tang)故左親衛史(shi)(shi)(shi)道洛墓(mu)(mu)志》、《唐(tang)故朝請大(da)夫平(ping)涼郡都尉史(shi)(shi)(shi)索巖(yan)夫婦墓(mu)(mu)志》、《唐(tang)游擊將軍、虢州刺史(shi)(shi)(shi)、直中(zhong)(zhong)書(shu)省史(shi)(shi)(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(mu)志》、《唐(tang)司馭寺右(you)十七監史(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵棒(bang)墓(mu)(mu)志》、《唐(tang)給事(shi)郎(lang)蘭池(chi)正(zheng)監史(shi)(shi)(shi)道德墓(mu)(mu)志》,反(fan)映了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)絲(si)綢之(zhi)路上的(de)(de)(de)民(min)族(zu)遷(qian)徙(xi)與交(jiao)(jiao)融。這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)志具有極高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)料價(jia)值,不僅(jin)記(ji)載了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)墓(mu)(mu)主人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)生平(ping)事(shi)跡,而且從(cong)墓(mu)(mu)志記(ji)載分析可(ke)知,墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)主人(ren)屬中(zhong)(zhong)亞粟特僑(qiao)民(min),即中(zhong)(zhong)亞“昭武(wu)九姓(xing)”之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)姓(xing),他們是(shi)沿(yan)著絲(si)綢之(zhi)路一(yi)線逐步遷(qian)徙(xi)落籍固原的(de)(de)(de),并擔任地方中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)級官職。更重要的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),這(zhe)為(wei)研究(jiu)當時(shi)落籍固原的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)系家(jia)族(zu)及粟特人(ren)東遷(qian)后的(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)問題(ti)提供了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)實物資料。墓(mu)(mu)地中(zhong)(zhong)還有諸(zhu)多(duo)下層(ceng)人(ren)士(shi)的(de)(de)(de)無墓(mu)(mu)志記(ji)載的(de)(de)(de)小型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang),體現了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)墓(mu)(mu)地擁有人(ren)群的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣性。墓(mu)(mu)地中(zhong)(zhong)展示的(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗,不論(lun)是(shi)上層(ceng)達官,還是(shi)下層(ceng)人(ren)士(shi),也不分中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)漢民(min)族(zu)與外國粟特僑(qiao)民(min),墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形制均使用(yong)墓(mu)(mu)道洞室墓(mu)(mu),一(yi)律(lv)實行土(tu)葬(zang),葬(zang)俗完全本土(tu)化(hua)(hua),充分說明了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)不同(tong)人(ren)種在同(tong)一(yi)地區(qu)生活的(de)(de)(de)趨同(tong)化(hua)(hua),也表現出了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)文化(hua)(hua)從(cong)多(duo)元向一(yi)體交(jiao)(jiao)融發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)過程。

固(gu)原(yuan)北朝、隋唐(tang)(tang)墓(mu)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)深厚(hou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)內涵,為(wei)曾經(jing)發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)和已經(jing)消逝的(de)(de)(de)(de)粟特(te)(te)民族(zu)及文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統提(ti)供了(le)特(te)(te)殊見(jian)(jian)證。恢弘龐(pang)雜(za)、貫通中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),已被現代(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)程度更高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柏油(you)坦蕩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)取(qu)代(dai)(dai),昔日駝(tuo)鈴聲(sheng)聲(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)隊不復(fu)存(cun)在(zai),取(qu)而代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)疾馳往來的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)車輛。只有沿線遺(yi)留的(de)(de)(de)(de)古跡、遺(yi)址、城垣、墓(mu)地見(jian)(jian)證著(zhu)絲綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輝煌與(yu)偉大,訴(su)說(shuo)著(zhu)絲綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)曾經(jing)發(fa)(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)一切。該墓(mu)地便(bian)是(shi)一例,靜謐的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)地,拂去歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)塵封,揭開神秘的(de)(de)(de)(de)面紗,顯示出(chu)了(le)絲綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流、商(shang)(shang)業貿易與(yu)民族(zu)遷徙(xi)融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)事實,為(wei)北朝隋唐(tang)(tang)間中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流、人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣性和外國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑民的(de)(de)(de)(de)華(hua)化(hua)(hua)(hua)提(ti)供了(le)獨特(te)(te)而又特(te)(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)見(jian)(jian)證。墓(mu)地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),尤其(qi)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),反映出(chu)絲綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)商(shang)(shang)貿的(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮,使得中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)各種(zhong)(zhong)奢侈品源(yuan)源(yuan)不斷運來,并留在(zai)了(le)絲路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)重鎮固(gu)原(yuan),有些(xie)伴隨著(zhu)主人(ren)(ren)到了(le)靈(ling)魂(hun)世界,仍相廝守。同時,該墓(mu)地是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境內發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)粟特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)墓(mu)葬(zang)群,不啻為(wei)粟特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)創造的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)和已經(jing)消亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)粟特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)提(ti)供了(le)特(te)(te)殊見(jian)(jian)證。隋唐(tang)(tang)時期(qi),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)史籍把活動(dong)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)地區阿姆河與(yu)錫爾河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間索格底亞(ya)(ya)那地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)粟特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)統稱為(wei)“昭武九姓(xing)(xing)”,即康國(guo)(guo)(guo)、何國(guo)(guo)(guo)、米國(guo)(guo)(guo)、史國(guo)(guo)(guo)、曹(cao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、石(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、安國(guo)(guo)(guo)、火尋、戊地九國(guo)(guo)(guo)。流寓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)粟特(te)(te)人(ren)(ren),均以(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)姓(xing)(xing),素(su)以(yi)(yi)善于(yu)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)著(zhu)稱于(yu)世,利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所在(zai),不遠千(qian)里,他(ta)們(men)通過絲綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)來往于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,進(jin)行國(guo)(guo)(guo)際商(shang)(shang)貿活動(dong),且擔(dan)當了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)播者。固(gu)原(yuan)發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)史系家(jia)族(zu)墓(mu)葬(zang)便(bian)屬“昭武九姓(xing)(xing)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)史姓(xing)(xing)。墓(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)志及相關文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),是(shi)研究史系家(jia)族(zu)以(yi)(yi)及其(qi)他(ta)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)僑民在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境內生活狀況的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴實物(wu)資料。