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簡介

塔(ta)(ta)里(li)(li)他(ta)里(li)(li)哈遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)位于青海省海西(xi)蒙古族(zu)藏族(zu)自治州都蘭(lan)縣諾木洪鄉諾木洪農場二大(da)(da)隊(dui)三(san)(san)中(zhong)隊(dui)駐地南。遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)面積約(yue)(yue)250×250米(mi)(mi)(mi),塔(ta)(ta)里(li)(li)他(ta)里(li)(li)哈蒙古語是火燒過(guo)的(de)山或灰山之意,遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)由三(san)(san)個(ge)小(xiao)山包組成。1959年,青海省文(wen)物(wu)(wu)管理委(wei)員會及中(zhong)國(guo)科學院考(kao)古研究所對遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)進行了試掘。共發(fa)掘面積約(yue)(yue)260平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),清理土(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)圍墻(qiang)一(yi)處、房屋(wu)8座(zuo)(zuo)、灰坑9個(ge)、圍攔1座(zuo)(zuo)、墓葬(zang)3座(zuo)(zuo)。出土(tu)(tu)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)7000余件(包括陶(tao)片)。遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)文(wen)化堆積可分七層(ceng),七層(ceng)中(zhong)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)基(ji)本差別不(bu)大(da)(da)。第三(san)(san)、四(si)層(ceng)中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)土(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)圍墻(qiang),土(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)圍墻(qiang)可分圓形(xing)、橢(tuo)圓形(xing)兩種(zhong)(zhong)但都不(bu)太(tai)規(gui)整。土(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)用(yong)黃土(tu)(tu)摻少量炭灰脫(tuo)模而成,多為長方(fang)(fang)形(xing),大(da)(da)體(ti)在(zai)38×48厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右。壘(lei)砌方(fang)(fang)法是平(ping)鋪錯(cuo)縫,土(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)與土(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)之間夾(jia)一(yi)層(ceng)草葉泥(ni)。土(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)圍墻(qiang)大(da)(da)部殘缺不(bu)全,墻(qiang)底寬146厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),上寬138厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),殘高不(bu)足100厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。房屋(wu)分方(fang)(fang)形(xing)和圓形(xing)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。地面式土(tu)(tu)木結構,房屋(wu)四(si)壁豎(shu)立(li)木柱,土(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)砌筑墻(qiang)體(ti),留有(you)門窗,屋(wu)內用(yong)黃土(tu)(tu)混(hun)細砂鋪墊,設有(you)灶坑。圍欄系用(yong)樹枝及木樁排插(cha)而成,類似籬笆,呈(cheng)不(bu)規(gui)則三(san)(san)角形(xing),長330厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬處660厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),圍欄內有(you)大(da)(da)量的(de)牲畜糞便,應(ying)為牲畜圈欄。墓葬(zang)三(san)(san)座(zuo)(zuo)都是土(tu)(tu)坑甕棺葬(zang),甕棺系用(yong)直口缸和大(da)(da)口罐對接組成,皆(jie)為兒童墓,有(you)的(de)頭骨涂有(you)紅色粉末。

出土文物

出土遺物中,生產工具有銅器、骨器、石器、角器、陶器、木器。銅器有銅斧、銅刀、銅、銅鏃；石器有石斧、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃、石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿、石(shi)(shi)(shi)刀、石(shi)(shi)(shi)杵、研磨(mo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)紡(fang)(fang)輪(lun)、礪石(shi)(shi)(shi)；骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)骨鏟、骨鑿、骨刀、骨針、骨鏃、骨椎、骨紡(fang)(fang)輪(lun)；角器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)角鏟、槍形器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)紡(fang)(fang)輪(lun)、車轂；陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)陶(tao)(tao)紡(fang)(fang)輪(lun)、陶(tao)(tao)球(qiu)等。這些生(sheng)產工具(ju)以(yi)兩側附有(you)(you)(you)凹槽(cao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)斧,及用(yong)(yong)(yong)大牲畜肩胛骨制(zhi)(zhi)成的(de)在(zai)骨臼處帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)長方形銎，可裝插木(mu)(mu)把的(de)骨鏟具(ju)特(te)(te)色(se)。生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)具(ju)主要是陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)都是加(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao),有(you)(you)(you)灰、紅兩類(lei),以(yi)灰陶(tao)(tao)較多(duo)。制(zhi)(zhi)法主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)泥條盤筑(zhu)手(shou)制(zhi)(zhi),小(xiao)型(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物有(you)(you)(you)的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)捏制(zhi)(zhi)而(er)成。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)底(di)(di)部大都為套接,平底(di)(di)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于凹底(di)(di)或殘圈足器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物表面(mian)多(duo)進行磨(mo)光,個別的(de)還(huan)加(jia)一層白色(se)陶(tao)(tao)衣。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)除(chu)素(su)面(mian)外,有(you)(you)(you)彩繪、席(xi)紋(wen)、壓印紋(wen)、堆(dui)紋(wen)、錐刺紋(wen)等裝飾,以(yi)壓印紋(wen)多(duo),未見(jian)繩紋(wen)。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形有(you)(you)(you)大口罐(guan)、雙耳(er)罐(guan)、單(dan)耳(er)罐(guan)、無耳(er)小(xiao)罐(guan)、四耳(er)罐(guan)、直(zhi)口缸(gang)、盆(pen)、附耳(er)盆(pen)、四紐盆(pen)、碗、杯(bei)等。遺(yi) 址(zhi)中還(huan)出有(you)(you)(you)較多(duo)的(de)毛布(bu)、毛繩、毛帶(dai)以(yi)及石(shi)(shi)(shi)珠、笛(di)形器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨哨、小(xiao)陶(tao)(tao)牦(mao)牛等。塔(ta)里(li)(li)他里(li)(li)哈遺(yi)址(zhi)是諾木(mu)(mu)洪(hong)文(wen)化(hua)命(ming)名地,也(ye)是諾木(mu)(mu)洪(hong)文(wen)化(hua)具(ju)代(dai)表性的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。其文(wen)化(hua)內涵除(chu)有(you)(you)(you)自己(ji)的(de)獨(du)特(te)(te)個性外,諸多(duo)因素(su)與卡(ka)約文(wen)化(hua)有(you)(you)(you)關聯,如陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)方法與卡(ka)約文(wen)化(hua)相(xiang)(xiang)同,器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形有(you)(you)(you)的(de)也(ye)與卡(ka)約文(wen)化(hua)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si),遺(yi)址(zhi)中出的(de)五(wu)孔銅(tong)與湟中縣潘家梁墓地出的(de)銅(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi),除(chu)了(le)少兩個孔外,形制(zhi)(zhi)幾(ji)乎(hu)無差別。諾木(mu)(mu)洪(hong)遺(yi)址(zhi)系省級文(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)。