尚莊(zhuang)遺址東(dong)距茌平區(qu)城2 公里,坐(zuo)落(luo)在(zai)尚莊(zhuang)村村東(dong)河間臺(tai)地上(shang),東(dong)西約300米(mi),南北(bei)約250米(mi),中心部位(wei)高出周圍地面(mian)約3米(mi),文化堆積(ji)2~3米(mi)。
1975年春當地農民(min)發(fa)現。1975年秋(qiu),省(sheng)、地、縣文(wen)物工(gong)作(zuo)者聯合進行發(fa)掘(jue),1976年春又進行第二次發(fa)掘(jue)。揭露面積共(gong)1125平方米(mi),發(fa)掘(jue)大汶口文(wen)化(hua)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)17座(zuo),龍山文(wen)化(hua)灰(hui)(hui)坑(keng)139個(ge),灰(hui)(hui)溝1條,房址1座(zuo),出(chu)土遺(yi)物1360余(yu)件。另有少量周代、漢代灰(hui)(hui)坑(keng)和墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)。
遺(yi)(yi)址的(de)文(wen)化堆(dui)(dui)積(ji)分(fen)為6層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng):第1層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是近(jin)代(dai)擾(rao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),第2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為漢代(dai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),第3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是西周層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),第4層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)系龍山文(wen)化層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),第5層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、第6層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為大(da)(da)汶口文(wen)化層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。尚(shang)(shang)莊遺(yi)(yi)址大(da)(da)汶口文(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)存分(fen)布范(fan)圍(wei)較(jiao)廣(guang),堆(dui)(dui)積(ji)較(jiao)厚。從其(qi)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形制(zhi)、結構、葬(zang)(zang)俗和隨葬(zang)(zang)器(qi)物組(zu)合、器(qi)物造型等方面(mian)(mian)看,其(qi)年代(dai)相當于大(da)(da)汶口文(wen)化的(de)中期。龍山文(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)存的(de)分(fen)布范(fan)圍(wei)也(ye)比(bi)較(jiao)廣(guang)泛,地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和灰坑中出土的(de)遺(yi)(yi)物也(ye)較(jiao)豐富。其(qi)文(wen)化面(mian)(mian)貌(mao)與城(cheng)子崖類型的(de)龍山文(wen)化面(mian)(mian)貌(mao)比(bi)較(jiao)接(jie)近(jin),但與河南龍山文(wen)化也(ye)有相似之處(chu),這(zhe)可能與尚(shang)(shang)莊所處(chu)的(de)地理位置(zhi)有關。
大(da)汶口(kou)文(wen)化(hua)墓(mu)葬(zang)為長方形土坑(keng)豎穴(xue),少數有(you)二層(ceng)臺和原始(shi)木槨。葬(zang)式為仰身直肢,頭東向,多(duo)為單人葬(zang),僅(jin)見(jian)1座成年女性(xing)與兒(er)童合(he)葬(zang)墓(mu)。隨(sui)葬(zang)品多(duo)在8~22件之間,有(you)3座墓(mu)未見(jian)隨(sui)葬(zang)品。隨(sui)葬(zang)品種類主要為陶質生活(huo)用具和少量石(shi)、骨、 蚌(bang)器和裝飾品,有(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)獐(zhang)牙和龜甲(jia)的習俗。年代(dai)約當大(da)汶口(kou)文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)期偏晚階段。
龍山文化遺(yi)存(cun)分兩(liang)期:早期灰(hui)坑多(duo)(duo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),少數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),坑壁較直,坑底平(ping)坦;晚期灰(hui)坑有圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)、橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)和不規則形(xing)等(deng),均為(wei)(wei)(wei)鍋底狀。灰(hui)溝(gou)(gou)和房址同屬晚期。灰(hui)溝(gou)(gou)呈長方形(xing),溝(gou)(gou)底由北向南(nan)傾(qing)斜,溝(gou)(gou)壁加工(gong)整齊,留有木耒和石(shi)斧加工(gong)痕跡。房址呈圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),僅殘存(cun)居住面,中部(bu)微凹,門東向。地面用草抹泥鋪墊6層, 表面抹一(yi)層白灰(hui),平(ping)整光(guang)滑。從倒塌的草拌泥土(tu)(tu)塊分析(xi),墻(qiang)壁似(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)坯構筑。出土(tu)(tu)遺(yi)物(wu)以陶(tao)器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和動(dong)物(wu)骨(gu)骼為(wei)(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo),還有一(yi)定數(shu)(shu)(shu)量的石(shi)、骨(gu)、角器(qi)和卜骨(gu)。卜骨(gu)5件(jian)皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牛、羊肩胛骨(gu)制成(cheng),有灼(zhuo)無(wu)鉆。
尚莊遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)發掘填(tian)補了魯西地(di)區(qu)建(jian)國以來考古工作的(de)(de)空白,與(yu)魯東(dong)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)有(you)明顯區(qu)別,諸如(ru)白灰(hui)面的(de)(de)房(fang)址(zhi),鬲、的(de)(de)出現及陶器(qi)紋飾中(zhong)方格紋、繩紋比例較大等(deng),與(yu)河南龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)相似,對于探討山(shan)東(dong)龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)分(fen)布、類型(xing)、分(fen)期及山(shan)東(dong)地(di)區(qu)與(yu)周邊地(di)區(qu)諸原始文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)相互關系有(you)重要價值。