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歷史沿革

費(fei)(fei)，古(gu)方國。《元和郡縣圖(tu)志》謂：“費(fei)(fei)縣,古(gu)費(fei)(fei)國也。 ”春秋初期為(wei)魯(lu)(lu)懿公之孫(sun)費(fei)(fei)伯之邑(yi)。《論語》所(suo)記孔子為(wei)魯(lu)(lu)司(si)寇時，曾“墮三都”，費(fei)(fei)即其一。漢置費(fei)(fei)縣，屬東(dong)海郡，東(dong)漢屬泰山郡，晉屬瑯(lang)琊國，劉宋為(wei)瑯(lang)琊郡治。北魏太和年間移(yi)治枋城，此城遂廢(fei)。

清乾隆二十二年（公(gong)元1757年）正月(yue)二十七日(ri)，高宗(zong)弘歷(li)南巡，途經費(fei)縣，曾(ceng)題詩一首(shou)，名(ming)曰《費(fei)阝城(cheng)覽(lan)古》：季氏初(chu)頒邑，南遺乃筑城(cheng)。庶(shu)幾仆文出，不改井(jing)恒成。無度卑公(gong)室(shi)，有(you)權擅上(shang)卿。名(ming)言思史墨，宜慎(shen)器(qi)和名(ming)。

文物遺存

故(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址呈長(chang)方形(xing)，南北長(chang)2公(gong)里(li)(li)，東(dong)西(xi)寬1公(gong)里(li)(li)，周長(chang)6公(gong)里(li)(li)，面(mian)積約(yue)234平(ping)方公(gong)里(li)(li)。故(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南半(ban)部土地平(ping)坦，是當年(nian)王府(fu)和市井所(suo)在地。隨(sui)處可(ke)(ke)見一(yi)些古(gu)代瓦(wa)礫、陶片和磚塊等。當地群眾稱此處為(wei)季王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。故(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)坐落(luo)著古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)里(li)(li)、西(xi)畢城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、寧國莊3個自然村(cun)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣輪廓依稀可(ke)(ke)見。 北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長(chang)954米(mi)(mi)，西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長(chang)2170米(mi)(mi)，東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長(chang)1935米(mi)(mi)，南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長(chang)1077米(mi)(mi)。 近似長(chang)方形(xing)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)偏北部有一(yi)丘陵，東(dong)西(xi)橫(heng)列，嶺北俗稱“兵(bing)馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,順嶺南下俗稱“宮殿區(qu)”。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中部有小月河(he)經古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)里(li)(li)注入浚河(he)。

故(gu)城內經常出(chu)土(tu)文(wen)物(wu)。在(zai)兵馬城常見銅(tong)箭鏃、鐵刑具等(deng)；宮殿區(qu)內，多“千秋萬(wan)歲”瓦(wa)當、銅(tong)鏡、五銖錢(qian)、石錢(qian)范、犁范、磚、瓦(wa)等(deng)；城東(dong)南角和東(dong)部不斷發現春秋戰國墓；城西南角為(wei)(wei)居民區(qu)，磚、瓦(wa)遍(bian)地，堆積厚度(du)近(jin)60厘(li)米(mi)。另在(zai)宮殿區(qu)之東(dong)有季(ji)桓子井一(yi)眼，井旁有石碑兩幢：一(yi)為(wei)(wei)清乾隆年間費縣知事駱大俊所立，中刻隸書(shu)“季(ji)桓子井” ；一(yi)為(wei)(wei)嘉慶(qing)年間山東(dong)督糧道孫星衍同知縣郭志青所立。

古遺址西(xi)面(mian)原有(you)費阝城湖，與(yu)故城毗鄰(lin)。今已毫(hao)無痕(hen)跡，僅“水湖”村名，可(ke)以證明它在歷史上(shang)的存在。

遺存保護

2013年(nian)5月，被(bei)國務(wu)院核定公布為第七批全國重點(dian)文物保護單(dan)位(wei)。

相關文獻

在(zai)費(fei)(fei)縣城西北10公(gong)(gong)(gong)里處的(de)上冶鎮(zhen)南，浚河西岸，有一座(zuo)古城遺(yi)址，便是費(fei)(fei)國(guo)故城。據《史(shi)記·魯(lu)周公(gong)(gong)(gong)世家》記載： “厘公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年，以汶陽、封(feng)季(ji)(ji)友”。這座(zuo)古城原是一個古老的(de)東方姬(ji)(ji)姓(xing)封(feng)國(guo)的(de)國(guo)都。《沂(yi)州(zhou)志·藩封(feng)志》載：“費(fei)(fei)阝(fu)國(guo)，姬(ji)(ji)姓(xing)，伯爵,文武之后,春秋時去‘阝(fu)’為費(fei)(fei)。”后被魯(lu)國(guo)吞并，成為魯(lu)國(guo)大夫季(ji)(ji)孫氏，即季(ji)(ji)友的(de)封(feng)邑。季(ji)(ji)友，春秋魯(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)季(ji)(ji)子，即魯(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)小的(de)兒子，魯(lu)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)弟，名友，號成季(ji)(ji)，故稱季(ji)(ji)友，又稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫友”。這就是季(ji)(ji)王城的(de)來歷。