簡介
發掘(jue)單位:山(shan)東省文物考古研究所
發掘領隊:鄭同修
時代:西晉
2003年5月初(chu),山東省臨(lin)沂(yi)市在市區王羲之故居公園擴(kuo)建工程施工中,發(fa)現兩座較大的(de)磚室墓葬。隨即(ji),山東省文物考古(gu)研究(jiu)所(suo)和臨(lin)沂(yi)市文化局聯合組成考古(gu)隊進行了搶救發(fa)掘(jue),取得了重要成果(guo)。
墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)位于臨沂市市區洗硯池街北側、王(wang)羲之故居公(gong)園東(dong)北部。兩座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)東(dong)西相(xiang)距30余(yu)米,除(chu)墓(mu)(mu)門為石制(zhi)之外(wai),其余(yu)均為磚筑。其中(zhong)(zhong)1號墓(mu)(mu)為雙室墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang),為山東(dong)已(yi)發(fa)掘(jue)漢晉大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)磚室墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)存最完整的一(yi)(yi)座(zuo),也是山東(dong)已(yi)發(fa)掘(jue)大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)磚室墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)惟一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)未被(bei)盜掘(jue)的墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang),出土了豐富(fu)精美的隨(sui)葬(zang)品。
出土文物
墓(mu)葬(zang)出土隨葬(zang)品十(shi)分豐(feng)富,有銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、漆(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、鐵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、金器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及其它質料的(de)隨葬(zang)品250余件(jian)(套)。其中瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要為南方風格的(de)青(qing)瓷,器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)有盤(pan)口壺(hu)、雞(ji)首壺(hu)、罐(guan)、缽(bo)、水注、燭臺等(deng)(deng)。陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有盤(pan)、釉(you)陶(tao)瓶等(deng)(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)類,其中盤(pan)多為漆(qi)(qi)衣陶(tao)。銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有熏爐、鼎、魁、斗、熨斗、燈、碗、弩機(ji)、帶鉤(gou)等(deng)(deng)。金器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要為裝飾(shi)品,有手(shou)鐲、釵、簪、鈴、串珠、牌飾(shi)、指環等(deng)(deng)。鐵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有刀、燈、鏡諸(zhu)類。墓(mu)葬(zang)隨葬(zang)漆(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量也很多,但多腐(fu)朽嚴(yan)重,可辨(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)有奩(lian)、壺(hu)、耳杯(bei)、盤(pan)、勺(shao)等(deng)(deng)類。在(zai)出土隨葬(zang)品當中,尤以青(qing)瓷胡人(ren)騎獸燭臺、青(qing)銅(tong)人(ren)物騎獸燭臺、鳳(feng)鳥形(xing)銅(tong)熏爐等(deng)(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物造型(xing)優美,保存十(shi)分完整;銅(tong)弩機(ji)上刻有"正始二年(nian)(nian)(nian)五月十(shi)日左尚方造..."等(deng)(deng)30余字(zi)(zi)銘文(wen);部(bu)分漆(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)底部(bu)有清晰(xi)的(de)朱書文(wen)字(zi)(zi),記載明(ming)確的(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)號(hao)(hao),內容有"太康七年(nian)(nian)(nian)"、"太康八年(nian)(nian)(nian)"和"十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)"三個年(nian)(nian)(nian)號(hao)(hao)以及"王女"、"李平(ping)"、"李次"、"官"等(deng)(deng)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)。
2號墓(mu)(mu)葬為單磚室(shi)墓(mu)(mu),主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)前有寬大的甬道,是(shi)山東已發掘磚室(shi)墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)規模最大的單室(shi)墓(mu)(mu)葬,雖然經(jing)過兩次盜掘,但墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)結構保存依(yi)然完整,殘存各類文物20余件。
墓葬結構
從兩座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)形制(zhi)結構(gou)、隨葬(zang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)器物組合特點和(he)紀年(nian)資料初步判斷,墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)年(nian)代應屬西晉時(shi)(shi)期。1號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)完(wan)整(zheng)地反映了當時(shi)(shi)的(de)葬(zang)制(zhi)葬(zang)俗。同一墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)埋葬(zang)3個(ge)未成(cheng)年(nian)人,是考(kao)古發掘中極為罕(han)見(jian)的(de)現象。出土隨葬(zang)品(pin)(pin)豐富而精(jing)美,為山(shan)東晉代墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中所僅(jin)見(jian)。2號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)雖然被盜,但規模更大(da),墓(mu)(mu)室結構(gou)完(wan)整(zheng),與(yu)1號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)相距不(bu)遠,時(shi)(shi)代相近。兩座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)規模較大(da)、構(gou)筑方式考(kao)究、出土文物豐富精(jing)美,墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)應具有(you)較強(qiang)的(de)經濟實力(li)(li)或(huo)一定的(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)勢力(li)(li),應與(yu)當時(shi)(shi)的(de)名門望族或(huo)達官貴(gui)族有(you)一定關系。
對研究當時葬制葬俗有重要意義
臨沂洗硯池二號(hao)晉墓規模(mo)宏大
《光明(ming)日(ri)報(bao)》消息:本報(bao)6月6日(ri)報(bao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)臨沂(yi)洗硯池晉(jin)(jin)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)挖掘,得(de)到社會的(de)(de)廣泛關注,經過考古(gu)工(gong)作(zuo)者的(de)(de)努力,日(ri)前又發掘出(chu)二(er)號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。一(yi)、二(er)號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出(chu)土文(wen)物近日(ri)在臨沂(yi)展(zhan)出(chu)。 二(er)號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)東(dong)(dong)距一(yi)號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)36米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)頂距現地表1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,封(feng)土夯筑。門(men)(men)南向,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)前有(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),上(shang)口(kou)寬(kuan)(kuan)5.56米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、殘(can)(can)深4.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、底寬(kuan)(kuan)3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)近處的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)口(kou)有(you)一(yi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)鋪(pu)(pu)平(ping)面遺跡(ji)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)構為(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)券(quan)單室(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),雙(shuang)層券(quan)頂由(you)(you)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)和主室(shi)(shi)兩(liang)部分構成,甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)前兩(liang)側有(you)門(men)(men)垛。南北通(tong)長(chang)(chang)13米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、東(dong)(dong)西(xi)寬(kuan)(kuan)7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、高(gao)4.42米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。主室(shi)(shi)內(nei)長(chang)(chang)6.64米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、內(nei)寬(kuan)(kuan)4.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、內(nei)高(gao)2.78米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)內(nei)長(chang)(chang)2.94米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、內(nei)寬(kuan)(kuan)2.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、內(nei)高(gao)2.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),門(men)(men)垛南北長(chang)(chang)1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)3.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。主室(shi)(shi)與甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)均有(you)石(shi)框(kuang)雙(shuang)扇石(shi)門(men)(men),可(ke)自由(you)(you)開合,石(shi)門(men)(men)西(xi)扇鑿有(you)條(tiao)狀把手。石(shi)門(men)(men)兩(liang)側各有(you)一(yi)掖門(men)(men),以平(ping)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)封(feng)堵。甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)外砌封(feng)門(men)(men)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)地面鋪(pu)(pu)雙(shuang)層磚(zhuan)(zhuan),亦呈(cheng)弧面隆起。有(you)兩(liang)處盜洞分別(bie)從(cong)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)與東(dong)(dong)南角進入室(shi)(shi)內(nei)。 二(er)號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)建筑規(gui)模宏大(da),保存(cun)完(wan)整,是(shi)山東(dong)(dong)省漢晉(jin)(jin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌單室(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中所罕見。根據墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)結(jie)構與出(chu)土文(wen)物的(de)(de)特(te)點等埋(mai)葬(zang)情況(kuang)綜合分析,考古(gu)專家認為(wei)(wei),該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)當為(wei)(wei)晉(jin)(jin)代夫妻合葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),與一(yi)號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主應屬同一(yi)家族,對于研究當時的(de)(de)葬(zang)制葬(zang)俗有(you)著重(zhong)(zhong)要意(yi)義(yi)。二(er)號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)先后兩(liang)次被(bei)盜,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)已(yi)被(bei)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)擾亂,隨葬(zang)品所剩無幾。甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)內(nei)僅(jin)見一(yi)件(jian)陶燈,主室(shi)(shi)內(nei)有(you)兩(liang)具棺木殘(can)(can)跡(ji),周(zhou)圍(wei)散落有(you)鐵棺釘。兩(liang)具成人(ren)骨骼分別(bie)散落于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)西(xi)部。隨葬(zang)品僅(jin)見青銅器虎子(zi)、殘(can)(can)熨斗各1件(jian),鐵器殘(can)(can)鼎1件(jian)、鏡3件(jian),青瓷燈、罐、碗(wan)殘(can)(can)器各1件(jian),串飾(shi)瑪瑙(nao)珠3枚(mei)、小(xiao)珍珠一(yi)宗(zong),另有(you)棺飾(shi)小(xiao)金釘24枚(mei)及小(xiao)銀釘等。
洗硯池
洗(xi)硯(yan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)位于長葛(ge)老城(cheng)鎮內福泉井之(zhi)旁,池(chi)(chi)(chi)呈長方形,長80米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)30米(mi)(mi),水深1-3米(mi)(mi)。池(chi)(chi)(chi)水呈墨青(qing)色,久(jiu)旱不涸,池(chi)(chi)(chi)邊有一高臺為鐘繇學書(shu)(shu)(shu)臺,池(chi)(chi)(chi)前立有1920年(nian)《重修洗(xi)硯(yan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)碑記》碑,高0.91米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)0.4米(mi)(mi), 碑文(wen)記述了(le)(le)鐘繇的書(shu)(shu)(shu)法成(cheng)就(jiu)及其學字精神,對重修后的洗(xi)硯(yan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)景(jing)觀也作了(le)(le)描繪。據(ju)傳三國(guo)時(shi)期大書(shu)(shu)(shu)法家(jia)鐘繇常(chang)邀胡昭(zhao)字臺上練字,窮究先師技法,久(jiu)而久(jiu)之(zhi)寫禿的筆堆集如山,寫過的紙帛棄之(zhi)成(cheng)垛。由于洗(xi)筆洗(xi)硯(yan),把滿池(chi)(chi)(chi)的水都洗(xi)成(cheng)黑色了(le)(le)。解(jie)放后,人民政府曾(ceng)對此進行了(le)(le)修復、保護(hu)。