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發現

當地農民在此發現了(le)一座(zuo)木(mu)槨墓（編號為M1），經(jing)專業人員清理出(chu)銅器(qi)20余件，為春秋時(shi)期遺物。墓之(zhi)附近還(huan)發現過數(shu)量不少的(de)馬(ma)(ma)銜鑣(biao)之(zhi)類的(de)車馬(ma)(ma)器(qi)。

出土文物

嘴子前墓群部分出土文物

墓葬(zang)未經(jing)盜(dao)擾，出土器(qi)物頗豐，多達240余件(jian)(jian)。其中(zhong)銅器(qi)60余件(jian)(jian)、漆木器(qi)40余件(jian)(jian)、玉器(qi)和石器(qi)10余件(jian)(jian)，其他為陶(tao)器(qi)。

隨(sui)葬(zang)器物中以青銅(tong)禮器組合較為顯眼，有七(qi)(qi)鼎，一套編鐘（由七(qi)(qi)件甬(yong)鐘組成）、壺、盤、匜等。七(qi)(qi)鼎乃(nai)諸侯(hou)的(de)(de)禮數(shu)，此墓(mu)(mu)中七(qi)(qi)鼎并非(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)格(ge)意義上的(de)(de)列鼎，在(zai)當時(shi)重(zhong)諸侯(hou)輕天子(zi)和(he)風(feng)行厚葬(zang)的(de)(de)情況下，一些貴(gui)族以越禮的(de)(de)方式進(jin)行自我(wo)標榜(bang)自我(wo)滿(man)足的(de)(de)現象十分(fen)常見，如(ru)諸侯(hou)用(yong)天子(zi)之禮、卿大夫用(yong)諸侯(hou)之禮。嘴(zui)子(zi)前四號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)用(yong)七(qi)(qi)鼎大概正是(shi)(shi)(shi)基于(yu)此種(zhong)形勢(shi)，以不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很標準的(de)(de)列鼎來張(zhang)揚自己的(de)(de)虛(xu)榮心，并且在(zai)出土的(de)(de)遺物中見有正、背面均鎏(liu)金的(de)(de)革甲飾片。鎏(liu)金工(gong)藝并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)裝飾藝術，它能(neng)象征權(quan)勢(shi)，不(bu)(bu)過(guo)還得有相當級別才能(neng)用(yong)，除非(fei)墓(mu)(mu)主又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)僭越用(yong)禮。那么M4墓(mu)(mu)主是(shi)(shi)(shi)以何(he)種(zhong)資(zi)本來夸張(zhang)自己的(de)(de)呢？不(bu)(bu)妨來看(kan)看(kan)他的(de)(de)身份如(ru)何(he)。

M4中(zhong)(zhong)出有(you)兩件帶銘(ming)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)一為(wei)(wei)(wei)銅(tong)盂，刻銘(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“所為(wei)(wei)(wei)下□盂”。其(qi)義已為(wei)(wei)(wei)學者(zhe)所考(kao)，?釋作(zuo)(zuo)“圣”字(zi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)人名；即進(jin)獻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)；為(wei)(wei)(wei)即“媯(gui)”了，是(shi)諸(zhu)侯陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姓；即“寢”字(zi)，下寢是(shi)宮室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，盂為(wei)(wei)(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)名。整(zheng)句(ju)話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思是(shi)，圣進(jin)獻媯(gui)氏下寢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盂。另一銅(tong)甗(yan)也有(you)銘(ming)文(wen)，四(si)行(xing)(xing)十(shi)七字(zi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)“（陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)）樂君?，乍（作(zuo)(zuo)）其(qi)旅獻（甗(yan)）用(yong)(yong)□眉壽 無疆永用(yong)(yong)止”。第(di)(di)(di)一行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)“樂君”為(wei)(wei)(wei)食邑于樂（地(di)名）的(de)(de)(de)大夫，“?”為(wei)(wei)(wei)人名，即作(zuo)(zuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)。第(di)(di)(di)二行(xing)(xing)意(yi)(yi)思是(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)甗(yan)。第(di)(di)(di)三、四(si)行(xing)(xing)是(shi)套話(hua)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)吉(ji)祥用(yong)(yong)語。此兩件器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)均與陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)有(you)關，盂銘(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”（媯(gui)），甗(yan)銘(ming)則(ze)有(you)“?”（陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)）。據史載，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)地(di)處(chu)河南淮(huai)水流域，齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公時(shi)(shi)期，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)內亂(luan)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公子(zi)(zi)完(wan)逃亡至(zhi)(zhi)東方齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)避難，齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公收留了他(ta)(ta)并任他(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)工正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)職，于是(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)不(bu)再稱本國(guo)(guo)故號，“改陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)氏”。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后裔(yi)在(zai)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)日益權重，傳(chuan)至(zhi)(zhi)第(di)(di)(di)七代田(tian)(tian)常，已位至(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)相，權傾朝野，第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)代田(tian)(tian)和，直(zhi)接(jie)廢了齊(qi)(qi)王，自(zi)(zi)立為(wei)(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)王，姜齊(qi)(qi)亡，田(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)立。由其(qi)發家史可以看出田(tian)(tian)氏代齊(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)在(zai)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)張狂(kuang)氣勢(shi)。海(hai)陽地(di)處(chu)膠東半島，而第(di)(di)(di)七代田(tian)(tian)常曾(ceng)將整(zheng)個(ge)膠東半島劃作(zuo)(zuo)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)封邑，他(ta)(ta)雖身在(zai)國(guo)(guo)都(dou)，但(dan)必定遷自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)部分家族(zu)(zu)(zu)去他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)封邑，海(hai)陽嘴子(zi)(zi)前(qian)(qian)四(si)號墓(mu)出土陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)應是(shi)某支田(tian)(tian)氏貴族(zu)(zu)(zu)家用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)，墓(mu)主人大概在(zai)生前(qian)(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一方小貴族(zu)(zu)(zu)，仗本家族(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)朝權勢(shi)，厚葬僭禮而無所顧忌。嘴子(zi)(zi)前(qian)(qian)墓(mu)地(di)應是(shi)這支田(tian)(tian)氏的(de)(de)(de)家族(zu)(zu)(zu)墓(mu)地(di)，M1曾(ceng)遭破壞，遺(yi)物(wu)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)流佚(yi)，但(dan)仍出土一套7件銅(tong)編鐘，制作(zuo)(zuo)較(jiao)精致，且在(zai)其(qi)附近出土過車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)，其(qi)級別應與M4墓(mu)相近，但(dan)時(shi)(shi)間早晚不(bu)同。M2規模較(jiao)小，但(dan)仍出土少許當時(shi)(shi)視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貴重的(de)(de)(de)漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

歷史記載

習俗

春秋戰國之際舊禮日(ri)漸崩(beng)潰，一些(xie)新的跡象出(chu)現。嘴(zui)子(zi)前墓葬中(zhong)除了禮器之外，還有(you)(you)許多(duo)頗具生活情趣的日(ri)常用器，如(ru)一件銅帶鉤(gou)，作(zuo)一驚立待(dai)走(zou)的小獸形象，十分逼真可愛。另有(you)(you)許多(duo)漆(qi)木器，有(you)(you)俎(zu)、罐、勺和梳子(zi)等(deng)。這些(xie)新氣息的凸現與(yu)舊禮制的莊嚴肅(su)穆(mu)相(xiang)對立，正與(yu)當時社會(hui)上(shang)如(ru)火如(ru)荼的改革(ge)和開放氣息相(xiang)映(ying)，一種新的局(ju)面已經在人們的生活和埋葬習俗中(zhong)開始(shi)出(chu)現。

貴族墓地

山(shan)東省海(hai)陽市的(de)(de)嘴子前村，是(shi)一處(chu)典型(xing)的(de)(de)丘(qiu)陵山(shan)鄉。它(ta)的(de)(de)北部是(shi)綿延起(qi)伏的(de)(de)招虎山(shan)，往(wang)南(nan)要經(jing)過(guo)十余公(gong)里的(de)(de)盤曲山(shan)谷才能到達半島的(de)(de)南(nan)海(hai)岸。就是(shi)這樣的(de)(de)一個地點，卻發現了一處(chu)十分重要的(de)(de)東周(zhou)墓群(qun)，幾次出土了大批文物(wu)，其數量之多，規格之高(gao)，在(zai)膠東地區當屬首次。

這(zhe)(zhe)處墓群位(wei)于嘴子前村東北的(de)(de)一(yi)個山前黃土(tu)(tu)臺地上。這(zhe)(zhe)里大部(bu)(bu)分被平(ping)整成了農(nong)田(tian)，少部(bu)(bu)分依然是溝壑縱橫的(de)(de)高臺地。農(nong)民在這(zhe)(zhe)里種(zhong)地取土(tu)(tu)，經(jing)常(chang)可(ke)以(yi)發現零星的(de)(de)銅器(qi)如箭頭、馬銜、車環之(zhi)類，便猜想這(zhe)(zhe)是一(yi)處古代(dai)屯兵之(zhi)地，于是這(zhe)(zhe)里的(de)(de)地名便被稱(cheng)作(zuo)“養軍場”。

在(zai)七十年代大規模整(zheng)修農田時，農民(min)曾在(zai)這里發現過(guo)一大批堆放整(zheng)齊的馬銜、車(che)器等(deng)銅(tong)器(這批器物曾發表在(zai)《文物》1985年第(di)3期上)。

1978年初(chu)春，該村(cun)農(nong)民在此掘毀一墓(mu)(編(bian)號M1)。墓(mu)中有(you)(you)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)槨(guo)單棺，木器(qi)、陶器(qi)悉被丟棄(qi)毀壞(huai)，僅(jin)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)被文物部分追繳(jiao)收(shou)回，玉(yu)器(qi)出(chu)土(tu)數量較(jiao)少，據(ju)稱均為管(guan)、珠一類的(de)(de)小飾(shi)(shi)件，至今尚有(you)(you)部分散存于(yu)村(cun)民手(shou)中。此次出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)有(you)(you)盤、盆、簋、壺、、削、戈(ge)、矛、鏃、編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等，收(shou)集(ji)到的(de)(de)一個(ge)銅(tong)(tong)鼎蓋和獸面紋的(de)(de)壺耳，紋飾(shi)(shi)都很精美(mei)，可惜這些鼎、壺等十分重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)卻至今不知下落。出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共有(you)(you)7件，兩件大(da)的(de)(de)為鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其余小的(de)(de)為甬鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)形較(jiao)大(da)，通高43.5厘米(mi)，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)11.6公(gong)斤，氣象(xiang)莊重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，紋飾(shi)(shi)精美(mei)。

1985年(nian)，海(hai)陽縣博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)搶救(jiu)清(qing)理了一(yi)(yi)座墓(mu)(mu)，編號(hao)為(wei)M2。出(chu)土(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)較少，大(da)部分(fen)為(wei)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，內中有(you)少數為(wei)仿(fang)銅禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的，如獸頭(tou)匜等(deng)。銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)只(zhi)出(chu)土(tu)了3件(jian)，鼎(ding)、盆(pen)(pen)。 1994年(nian)，這里M4的發掘是收(shou)獲最(zui)為(wei)豐富的一(yi)(yi)次。該墓(mu)(mu)為(wei)土(tu)壙(kuang)，因青膏(gao)泥的封(feng)護(hu)作用，墓(mu)(mu)內的重槨單棺保護(hu)基(ji)本完好，很多漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、木器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)如壺、罐(guan)、俎、勺、戈(ge)柄等(deng)也都形狀依(yi)舊(jiu)，色澤如新。出(chu)土(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)總數達240余(yu)件(jian)，其中銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)60余(yu)件(jian)。主要有(you)鼎(ding)7，編鐘(zhong)9，壺、盆(pen)(pen)、簋各(ge)2，盂、甗(yan)、匜、各(ge)1。其它尚有(you)戈(ge)、劍等(deng)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。這些器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)形制、紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)有(you)的十分(fen)精美(mei)。一(yi)(yi)甗(yan)一(yi)(yi)盂還有(you)銘文。其中盂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形碩(shuo)大(da)，通(tong)(tong)高47厘米，口(kou)徑69.5厘米，四只(zhi)獸頭(tou)形大(da)耳，通(tong)(tong)體飾(shi)(shi)華麗的龍紋(wen)，是這批銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中最(zui)為(wei)精彩的一(yi)(yi)件(jian)。

由以(yi)上出土情形可以(yi)看(kan)出，嘴子前墓(mu)(mu)群是一處(chu)規(gui)(gui)格很高的(de)貴族墓(mu)(mu)地，僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)發現(xian)過三(san)個墓(mu)(mu)，便有兩座墓(mu)(mu)中使用成套的(de)編鐘，且(qie)有多重(zhong)棺(guan)(guan)槨以(yi)及其(qi)他貴重(zhong)銅(tong)禮器(qi)。《墨子·節(jie)葬》曾對(dui)(dui)當時的(de)貴族墓(mu)(mu)葬風(feng)習做(zuo)(zuo)了如(ru)下(xia)描繪(hui)：“今王公(gong)大人之(zhi)為(wei)葬埋(mai)，……必大棺(guan)(guan)(棺(guan)(guan)之(zhi)在表者也。即(ji)槨)中棺(guan)(guan)，革(ge)貴(革(ge)繡也)三(san)操，璧玉即(ji)具(ju)(ju)，戈(ge)劍鼎鼓壺(hu)(hu)濫(鑒)，文(wen)繡素(su)練(lian)，大鞅(馬具(ju)(ju))萬領，輿(yu)(yu)馬女樂皆具(ju)(ju)，曰必捶土余(使堅實)，差(cha)通壟(做(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)道)，雖凡山陵，此為(wei)輟民(min)之(zhi)事，糜(mi)民(min)之(zhi)財，不(bu)可勝計也。”《呂氏春(chun)秋》也論(lun)：“國彌(mi)大，家彌(mi)富，葬彌(mi)厚。含珠鱗施，夫玩好貨寶，鐘鼎壺(hu)(hu)濫、輿(yu)(yu)馬衣被(bei)戈(ge)劍不(bu)可勝數，諸養生之(zhi)具(ju)(ju)無不(bu)從者。題湊之(zhi)室，棺(guan)(guan)槨數襲(xi)，積石積炭，以(yi)環(huan)其(qi)外。”可見墓(mu)(mu)壙(kuang)規(gui)(gui)模，棺(guan)(guan)槨重(zhong)數，車(che)馬之(zhi)葬、鐘鼎之(zhi)葬、器(qi)物數量(liang)等，均是墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)身份地位的(de)重(zhong)要表征。對(dui)(dui)照之(zhi)下(xia)，嘴子前墓(mu)(mu)群應該(gai)是這樣(yang)一處(chu)貴族墓(mu)(mu)地。

膠(jiao)東半(ban)島(dao)(dao)，在(zai)先(xian)秦文獻中是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)絕(jue)少被(bei)提到(dao)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方，后代史家，也往往以(yi)“萊(lai)夷(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)”統而言之(zhi)(zhi)。膠(jiao)東地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)先(xian)秦古國(guo)(guo)，聲名最為(wei)顯赫的(de)(de)要算(suan)是萊(lai)國(guo)(guo)。它(ta)在(zai)周初曾與(yu)就封于齊的(de)(de)太公(gong)呂望“爭(zheng)營丘”，可見具有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)勢力。萊(lai)的(de)(de)故地(di)(di)(di)在(zai)膠(jiao)東半(ban)島(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)西北部黃水(shui)河流(liu)域，今龍(long)口市歸城即為(wei)其故都遺址(zhi)。那(nei)里出土有銘(ming)銅器較多，可說是嘴(zui)子前墓群(qun)發(fa)現之(zhi)(zhi)前出土文物規格最高的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)地(di)(di)(di)點。但歸城是人所共知(zhi)的(de)(de)萊(lai)國(guo)(guo)故地(di)(di)(di)，而嘴(zui)子前一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)從未聞(wen)有何古國(guo)(guo)于此(ci)立國(guo)(guo)。齊國(guo)(guo)統一(yi)(yi)莒萊(lai)后，膠(jiao)東半(ban)島(dao)(dao)盡為(wei)齊地(di)(di)(di)。但齊之(zhi)(zhi)政治中心(xin)自在(zai)濰淄流(liu)域的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)都臨(lin)淄一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)，相比之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)，膠(jiao)東半(ban)島(dao)(dao)無(wu)異是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)遙遠的(de)(de)邊陲之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)。這樣一(yi)(yi)個(ge)偏僻的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方，緣(yuan)何能出現嘴(zui)子前墓群(qun)這樣一(yi)(yi)個(ge)貴族墓地(di)(di)(di)呢(ni)？

嘴(zui)子前墓群M4出土盂、甗(yan)上的(de)兩篇銘文(wen)，可(ke)能正(zheng)是回答(da)這(zhe)個問題(ti)的(de)鑰匙。

禮器和兵器

嘴子前墓群出土文物

甗銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)位于(yu)(yu)甗內(nei)壁，系(xi)鑄成(cheng)(cheng)，四行共十(shi)七字(zi)(zi)：“敶(zhen)樂(le)君(jun)(jun)豆乍(zha)(作(zuo)(zuo))其(qi)(qi)旅獻(xian)(xian)(甗)，用(yong)(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽無疆(jiang)永用(yong)(yong)止”。由文(wen)意可(ke)(ke)知，此(ci)(ci)甗系(xi)一(yi)(yi)位陳(chen)(chen)(chen)氏貴族(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)(zi)右側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)@旁，當(dang)(dang)(dang)系(xi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)地在(zai)今(jin)河南淮陽一(yi)(yi)帶，以(yi)往曾多(duo)(duo)有(you)(you)(you)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)，傳(chuan)(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)中也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)許多(duo)(duo)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)見(jian)于(yu)(yu)著錄，其(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)(zi)寫法(fa)均與(yu)此(ci)(ci)甗銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)無二。齊國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)一(yi)(yi)般均見(jian)加土(tu)如“@”者，與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“敶(zhen)”絕不相混(hun)。山(shan)東肥城(cheng)縣小(xiao)王家1963年曾出(chu)(chu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)壺(hu)(hu)等器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰“敶(zhen)侯(hou)作(zuo)(zuo)@@壺(hu)(hu)，其(qi)(qi)萬(wan)年永寶用(yong)(yong)”，可(ke)(ke)知是(shi)(shi)陪嫁的(de)(de)@器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，來源(yuan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)。1978年，山(shan)東沂水(shui)縣劉家店子@國(guo)(guo)貴族(zu)墓(mu)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)套鈴鐘，共九件(jian)。鐘銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“敶(zhen)大喪(sang)史中高乍(zha)(作(zuo)(zuo))鈴鐘，用(yong)(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽無疆(jiang)，子=孫=永寶用(yong)(yong)止”。其(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)(zi)寫法(fa)，文(wen)體用(yong)(yong)語均與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)樂(le)君(jun)(jun)甗一(yi)(yi)致，無疑(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。樂(le)其(qi)(qi)豆，應即(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)，其(qi)(qi)采邑在(zai)樂(le)，故(gu)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樂(le)君(jun)(jun)，豆即(ji)其(qi)(qi)名(ming)。其(qi)(qi)地其(qi)(qi)人(ren)不詳(xiang)，但此(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)無疑(yi)。 盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)口沿(yan)上，系(xi)刻成(cheng)(cheng)，一(yi)(yi)行共七字(zi)(zi)：“圣所獻(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)(yu)”。文(wen)意為(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞。第(di)一(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)“圣”，當(dang)(dang)(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)。第(di)四字(zi)(zi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”。前(qian)述陳(chen)(chen)(chen)侯(hou)壺(hu)(hu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中此(ci)(ci)字(zi)(zi)有(you)(you)(you)女旁，與(yu)盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”字(zi)(zi)形(xing)異(yi)(yi)義(yi)同。文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)中也(ye)(ye)(ye)見(jian)有(you)(you)(you)這種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)法(fa)：“不圖為(wei)(wei)(wei)樂(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至于(yu)(yu)斯也(ye)(ye)(ye)。” 為(wei)(wei)(wei)，虞(yu)舜(shun)居溈內(nei)，因以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)氏。周(zhou)初封舜(shun)后胡(hu)公(gong)滿于(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)奉舜(shun)祀(si)，后以(yi)國(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)氏，故(gu)《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)·莊公(gong)二十(shi)二年》注曰：“為(wei)(wei)(wei)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)姓也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”可(ke)(ke)知盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姓，此(ci)(ci)盂(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)末(mo)三(san)字(zi)(zi)“下寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)(yu)”，表明此(ci)(ci)盂(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)中用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)當(dang)(dang)(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。《周(zhou)禮(li)》記：“宮(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)掌王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修。”《鄭注》：“六(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)者，路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)五……，路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)治事，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)時燕(yan)息(xi)焉(yan)。”又，《賈疏》：“天子六(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，則諸侯(hou)當(dang)(dang)(dang)有(you)(you)(you)三(san)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，亦路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)，燕(yan)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)，側(ce)室一(yi)(yi)。”《晏子春秋·外篇》中有(you)(you)(you)：“景(jing)公(gong)做路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，曰：‘美哉室，其(qi)(qi)誰(shui)將有(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)乎？”在(zai)這里，齊景(jing)公(gong)是(shi)(shi)出(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)對(dui)(dui)齊國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)運的(de)(de)擔憂而發出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)感嘆，謂(wei)其(qi)(qi)身(shen)死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，不定由誰(shui)來取(qu)而代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新主(zhu)。換言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這里提到的(de)(de)路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，便(bian)是(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)權(quan)的(de)(de)象征。可(ke)(ke)見(jian)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)中宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室的(de)(de)泛稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室本來分類較(jiao)繁，加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)別不同，其(qi)(qi)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)亦異(yi)(yi)，可(ke)(ke)能對(dui)(dui)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)叫(jiao)法(fa)也(ye)(ye)(ye)各(ge)各(ge)不一(yi)(yi)。除(chu)前(qian)文(wen)提到的(de)(de)路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、燕(yan)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，還(huan)見(jian)有(you)(you)(you)外寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《儀禮(li)·喪(sang)服》)、大寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《禮(li)記·檀(tan)弓下》)等，獨不見(jian)下寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。推測其(qi)(qi)地位當(dang)(dang)(dang)低于(yu)(yu)路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)或大寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，但總是(shi)(shi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，往往與(yu)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”字(zi)(zi)連稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。如寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)，銅(tong)(tong)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)中多(duo)(duo)見(jian)。“@@@寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)”，其(qi)(qi)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)頭短小(xiao)，長(chang)(chang)16.5厘米(mi)，只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)穿(chuan)，銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)內(nei)上。這種(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)點像嘴子前(qian)墓(mu)群M4中出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)二件(jian)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)。M4之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)木柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)度僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.08米(mi)，可(ke)(ke)見(jian)是(shi)(shi)短兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，不宜野戰，應為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室內(nei)護衛使用(yong)(yong)。《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)·襄公(gong)二十(shi)八年》有(you)(you)(you)“王何執寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)”，《正義(yi)》：寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)，親近兵杖也(ye)(ye)(ye)。由以(yi)上數例(li)，可(ke)(ke)知寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)專用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵。類此(ci)(ci)，寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)系(xi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)專用(yong)(yong)名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。M4的(de)(de)這件(jian)形(xing)質(zhi)碩大的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)盂(yu)(yu)就是(shi)(shi)原來使用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)重器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。

M4出土的(de)銅器中還有一些(xie)，如花紋精(jing)美(mei)繁(fan)復的(de)，如形制特異(yi)的(de)鈹，都是具(ju)有陳楚風格特點的(de)禮器和兵器，加上(shang)前述的(de)盂(yu)、甗(yan)，可知如此眾多數量的(de)器物，竟都來自(zi)陳國！

宮廷變亂

由以上對甗、盂銘文(wen)和一些器(qi)物特(te)征的(de)認(ren)識，可(ke)知嘴子前墓(mu)群(qun)的(de)許(xu)多重要器(qi)物甚(shen)至(zhi)宮(gong)(gong)廷禮儀重器(qi)均屬陳國。那么，它們如何來到遙(yao)遠東方的(de)齊(qi)國東鄙之地？披閱陳國史葉(xie)，原來這與(yu)陳國宮(gong)(gong)廷的(de)兩次變亂有關。

第一(yi)次變亂發生在(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)元前672年(齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)十(shi)四年，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)二十(shi)一(yi)年)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)欲(yu)立寵姬之(zhi)(zhi)子而(er)殺太(tai)子御寇，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)子完與太(tai)子交好，恐怕“禍及己(ji)，乃奔齊” 。楚齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)“欲(yu)使以為(wei)(wei)(wei)卿(qing)(qing)，讓(rang)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)以為(wei)(wei)(wei)工正(zheng)”。工正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)管(guan)匠作百工的(de)(de)(de)官職。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)楚一(yi)帶(dai)南方地區(qu)制(zhi)造工藝(yi)發達(da)已被今天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)考古發現所證明，嘴子前墓群中出(chu)土陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)器的(de)(de)(de)精美也是(shi)(shi)絕好例證。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完奔齊，可能(neng)也帶(dai)來先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)技術。當時的(de)(de)(de)齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)管(guan)仲輔佐下，正(zheng)雄心勃勃建立其(qi)“九(jiu)合諸侯，一(yi)匡天(tian)下”之(zhi)(zhi)霸業(ye)。他招(zhao)賢納(na)士，任(ren)用陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完為(wei)(wei)(wei)掌(zhang)管(guan)百工的(de)(de)(de)工正(zheng)也并非無稽之(zhi)(zhi)談。但(dan)說(shuo)意欲(yu)任(ren)用陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完為(wei)(wei)(wei)卿(qing)(qing)，先輩學者已指出(chu)可能(neng)與事實不符(fu)。這與史籍(ji)中卜(bu)辭所言“有(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)后，將(jiang)育于(yu)姜，五(wu)世(shi)其(qi)昌，并與正(zheng)卿(qing)(qing)，八世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)后，莫之(zhi)(zhi)與京”一(yi)樣，恐怕都是(shi)(shi)田氏在(zai)(zai)其(qi)族顯榮之(zhi)(zhi)后為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)祖先附會編(bian)造的(de)(de)(de)過譽之(zhi)(zhi)詞。但(dan)無論如何，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完奔齊，打下了陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)氏日后在(zai)(zai)齊國(guo)發展的(de)(de)(de)根基。自此，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完之(zhi)(zhi)族“不欲(yu)稱本國(guo)故(gu)號，故(gu)改(gai)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字為(wei)(wei)(wei)田氏。”改(gai)田之(zhi)(zhi)因由，有(you)(you)云是(shi)(shi)“食菜地于(yu)田，由是(shi)(shi)改(gai)姓田氏”，有(you)(you)云是(shi)(shi)“以陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)、田二字聲相近(jin)，遂(sui)以為(wei)(wei)(wei)田氏”。

田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏之(zhi)(zhi)族(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)完之(zhi)(zhi)后，至田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)桓子(zi)(zi)無宇時逐漸發展起來。他大(da)(da)約(yue)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個孔武(wu)(wu)有(you)力的(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)夫，“事(shi)莊公，甚(shen)有(you)寵”。六世(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)僖子(zi)(zi)乞(qi)(qi)，“事(shi)景公為(wei)大(da)(da)夫”。“其(qi)收賦稅于(yu)(yu)民(min)以(yi)(yi)小斗(dou)受之(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)稟于(yu)(yu)民(min)以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)斗(dou)，行(xing)陰德于(yu)(yu)民(min)……由此(ci)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏得(de)齊(qi)眾(zhong)心，宗族(zu)(zu)益(yi)強(qiang)(qiang)”。并(bing)“樹黨于(yu)(yu)諸侯(hou)(hou)”。可(ke)見(jian)這是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個心懷異(yi)志(zhi)、深謀(mou)遠慮的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治家(jia)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶名相(xiang)(xiang)晏嬰(ying)對此(ci)洞若觀火(huo)，深明(ming)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏用(yong)心。“晏嬰(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)晉，與叔向(xiang)私語曰：‘齊(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)卒歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏雖(sui)無大(da)(da)德，以(yi)(yi)公權私，有(you)德于(yu)(yu)民(min)，民(min)愛之(zhi)(zhi)。’”果(guo)然不出晏嬰(ying)所(suo)料，在(zai)(zai)齊(qi)景公死后，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)殺(sha)高(gao)昭子(zi)(zi)、國惠子(zi)(zi)兩(liang)大(da)(da)強(qiang)(qiang)宗，在(zai)(zai)私宅中以(yi)(yi)脅迫手(shou)段擁立(li)新君(jun)(齊(qi)悼(dao)公)，并(bing)廢(fei)殺(sha)國君(jun)晏孺(ru)子(zi)(zi)，“為(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)，專(zhuan)齊(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”。七世(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成子(zi)(zi)常是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個歷史上(shang)人(ren)(ren)所(suo)熟知的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)物，在(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏代(dai)(dai)姜(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)變中起了(le)相(xiang)(xiang)當關鍵的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。他的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)跡略如乃父田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面“復僖子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”，延攬民(min)心，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面在(zai)(zai)宮廷(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)排除異(yi)己。殺(sha)齊(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)監止(zhi)及齊(qi)簡公，立(li)平公，又(you)“盡誅公族(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)(qiang)者”，終于(yu)(yu)使“齊(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常”。其(qi)后八(ba)世(shi)襄(xiang)子(zi)(zi)盤、九世(shi)莊子(zi)(zi)白、十世(shi)太公和均世(shi)為(wei)齊(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)，獨擅齊(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，確實“莫(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)與京(jing)”。京(jing)，意即高(gao)、大(da)(da)、數多。莫(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)與京(jing)，言其(qi)齊(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)，無人(ren)(ren)能與田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏匹敵(di)。姜(jiang)姓之(zhi)(zhi)國成了(le)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏之(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)天下，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏代(dai)(dai)姜(jiang)實際上(shang)只一(yi)(yi)(yi)個時機問題。公元(yuan)前(qian)391年(nian)(nian)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)和廢(fei)掉姜(jiang)氏末代(dai)(dai)齊(qi)君(jun)康公貸，又(you)過(guo)五年(nian)(nian)，“立(li)為(wei)齊(qi)侯(hou)(hou)，列于(yu)(yu)周室(shi)”。至此(ci)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏代(dai)(dai)姜(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)場大(da)(da)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)變，終于(yu)(yu)劃上(shang)了(le)句號。

在田(tian)氏逐步發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)過程中，田(tian)氏依恃其強權地(di)(di)位(wei)也在不斷擴大自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)封邑。史(shi)載(zai)田(tian)常(chang)(chang)子系龐大。“田(tian)常(chang)(chang)乃(nai)選齊(qi)國中女子長(chang)七尺以上(shang)為(wei)(wei)后宮(gong)，后宮(gong)為(wei)(wei)百數(shu)，而使賓(bin)客舍人出入(ru)后宮(gong)者不禁。及(ji)田(tian)常(chang)(chang)卒，有(you)七十余男”。另有(you)記(ji)載(zai)謂田(tian)常(chang)(chang)“有(you)數(shu)十婦”，“生男百余人”。這些說法未必(bi)屬(shu)實，也可(ke)能是(shi)不滿(man)田(tian)常(chang)(chang)弒(shi)君擅(shan)權的(de)(de)(de)譏謗之詞，但總是(shi)可(ke)以由此(ci)看出其宗族的(de)(de)(de)繁盛。與此(ci)相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)則必(bi)然是(shi)封邑的(de)(de)(de)眾多。田(tian)常(chang)(chang)曾“割齊(qi)自(zi)安(an)平(ping)以東(dong)(dong)至瑯邪，自(zi)為(wei)(wei)封邑，封邑大于平(ping)公之所食。”《史(shi)記(ji)·正義》云：“安(an)平(ping)以東(dong)(dong)，萊、登、沂(yi)、密等州皆(jie)自(zi)為(wei)(wei)田(tian)常(chang)(chang)封邑也”。安(an)平(ping)在臨(lin)淄以東(dong)(dong)十九里，幾乎(hu)等于說就是(shi)齊(qi)都以東(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)廣袤大地(di)(di)，自(zi)然也包(bao)括東(dong)(dong)方的(de)(de)(de)膠東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島。至此(ci)，海陽嘴子前墓(mu)群的(de)(de)(de)這樣一處高(gao)規格的(de)(de)(de)貴族墓(mu)葬便找到了合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)歸屬(shu)：這應(ying)(ying)該(gai)是(shi)一處遠在東(dong)(dong)方的(de)(de)(de)田(tian)氏封邑的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)地(di)(di)。

田氏族墓

嘴子(zi)前墓地既是(shi)田氏之族墓，那么，M4所出的盂、甗(yan)銘文為什么不作田氏之陳(chen)而作陳(chen)國之敶(zhen)呢？這(zhe)可(ke)能與陳(chen)國的另一次(ci)大變亂有關。

公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前534年(nian)(nian)(齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十四年(nian)(nian)，陳(chen)(chen)哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十五(wu)年(nian)(nian))，陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)宮廷又發生(sheng)了斷送陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)命(ming)脈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)事(shi)變(bian)。關于這(zhe)場事(shi)變(bian)，《左傳·昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian)》有(you)(you)如下(xia)(xia)記載：“陳(chen)(chen)哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元妃(fei)鄭(zheng)姬生(sheng)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，二妃(fei)生(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)，下(xia)(xia)妃(fei)生(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)。二妃(fei)嬖，留(liu)有(you)(you)寵，屬諸(zhu)司(si)徒招與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過。哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)廢(fei)疾(ji)。三(san)月(yue)甲申，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)招、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過殺掉太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而立公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)。夏四月(yue)辛(xin)亥，哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)縊。干征師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)赴于楚，且告有(you)(you)立君。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)愬于楚，楚人(ren)執(干征師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))而殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)奔(ben)鄭(zheng)。……九月(yue)，楚公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄(qi)疾(ji)帥師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)奉(feng)孫吳圍陳(chen)(chen)……滅陳(chen)(chen)。”這(zhe)段史(shi)實，《史(shi)記·陳(chen)(chen)杞世家》有(you)(you)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文字，所(suo)異者(zhe)(zhe)只是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妃(fei)有(you)(you)四而非三(san)；長姬生(sheng)悼太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，少姬生(sheng)偃，長妾(qie)生(sheng)留(liu)，少妾(qie)生(sheng)勝(sheng)(sheng)。新君留(liu)派使(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)赴楚希望得(de)到(dao)承認，而公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)則不(bu)滿此(ci)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)赴楚請其主持(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道。結果(guo)(guo)楚早(zao)有(you)(you)吞(tun)并之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)，而帥師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄(qi)疾(ji)又正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)那個(ge)(ge)誅忠臣伍員之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族、弒(shi)父(fu)(fu)弒(shi)君的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)虐人(ren)物(后(hou)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚平王)，便借(jie)機(ji)干脆將陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)滅掉。這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)結果(guo)(guo)應該說是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)始料不(bu)及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)這(zhe)場滅國(guo)(guo)(guo)毀(hui)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災難(nan)(nan)，他(ta)有(you)(you)引狼入(ru)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責。這(zhe)次事(shi)變(bian)中(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)奔(ben)鄭(zheng)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)則從此(ci)不(bu)見(jian)史(shi)載。按(an)(an)常理推(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，他(ta)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)出(chu)奔(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能。若(ruo)此(ci)，他(ta)所(suo)出(chu)奔(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去處最可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)便是(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田氏是(shi)(shi)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)宗(zong)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)田乞在政(zheng)治(zhi)上(shang)正(zheng)初露頭角，從血(xue)緣上(shang)、政(zheng)治(zhi)條件上(shang)都可(ke)使(shi)這(zhe)位失國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)到(dao)庇護。據(ju)山(shan)東大(da)學馬(ma)良民(min)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考證，“勝(sheng)(sheng)”、“圣”古音(yin)相(xiang)近，同(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)書紐雙聲。盂(yu)(yu)銘中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獻(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)圣很可(ke)能就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)，不(bu)管是(shi)(shi)如《左傳》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)妃(fei)，還是(shi)(shi)《史(shi)記》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少妾(qie)，地(di)位在后(hou)妃(fei)中(zhong)都是(shi)(shi)較低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，故其所(suo)居(ju)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“下(xia)(xia)寢”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)適宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。若(ruo)此(ci)，這(zhe)件珍貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)盂(yu)(yu)，原來(lai)應該是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)室(shi)用器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，在公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)逃難(nan)(nan)時(shi)(shi)攜來(lai)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。這(zhe)種情形，在史(shi)籍中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)屢見(jian)不(bu)鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。敵國(guo)(guo)(guo)入(ru)侵，宮室(shi)重(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)往往是(shi)(shi)擄(lu)掠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點。“王往而征之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)……殺其父(fu)(fu)兄，累其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弟，毀(hui)其宗(zong)廟，遷其重(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”。“晉軍(jun)追齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至馬(ma)陵，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侯(hou)請以寶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)謝”，“燕將樂毅遂入(ru)臨淄，盡取齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶藏器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)在國(guo)(guo)(guo)破(po)家亡(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際(ji)，攜生(sheng)母(mu)所(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮室(shi)重(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)奔(ben)當是(shi)(shi)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。此(ci)盂(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘文系后(hou)刻(ke)而成(cheng)，分析是(shi)(shi)獻(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)所(suo)刻(ke)。盂(yu)(yu)銘中(zhong)稱“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”(女(nv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei))而不(bu)稱“陳(chen)(chen)”，當時(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)意避諱­——因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)受器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)同(tong)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(陳(chen)(chen))氏。這(zhe)與田敬仲完奔(ben)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)改陳(chen)(chen)氏為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)田氏一樣，同(tong)是(shi)(shi)“不(bu)欲稱本國(guo)(guo)(guo)故號”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理所(suo)致。這(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)反證，嘴子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)前M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓主必是(shi)(shi)田氏族中(zhong)人(ren)物。按(an)(an)時(shi)(shi)間推(tui)算，以田乞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能性最大(da)。正(zheng)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)如此(ci)，盂(yu)(yu)銘中(zhong)僅(jin)有(you)(you)人(ren)名器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名而不(bu)見(jian)任何慶祝語——受器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雖喜，而同(tong)宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)滅卻(que)終非可(ke)賀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)啊！

研究結果

綜述

由以上(shang)羅列(lie)的(de)史(shi)(shi)實，我們(men)可以認(ren)定(ding)嘴子前(qian)墓群就是田氏之族(zu)的(de)墓地(di)。該墓地(di)的(de)一些特點，與史(shi)(shi)記中(zhong)田氏宗族(zu)的(de)行跡也(ye)有諸多關合之處(chu)：

墓群與田氏發跡之時代

嘴子前(qian)墓(mu)群(qun)M4的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)，發掘(jue)簡報已有推斷，認(ren)為屬于春秋(qiu)晚(wan)期(qi)早段，M1的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)相較則稍晚(wan)一(yi)些(xie)。這與(yu)(yu)公(gong)子勝所處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)也是(shi)(shi)相當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)。值(zhi)此(ci)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)國(guo)政壇(tan)，正是(shi)(shi)齊(qi)景(jing)公(gong)在位之(zhi)初。而(er)齊(qi)國(guo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)表人物則是(shi)(shi)振(zhen)興田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)之(zhi)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)能臣田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)完之(zhi)第(di)六世，田(tian)(tian)(tian)完與(yu)(yu)陳宣公(gong)杵臼為叔伯弟兄。公(gong)子勝則是(shi)(shi)陳宣公(gong)之(zhi)第(di)七世，對于田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)，公(gong)子勝是(shi)(shi)子侄輩(bei)，盂銘中(zhong)簡單的(de)(de)(de)刻上一(yi)個“圣”字，當(dang)也符合身份。凡此(ci)種(zhong)種(zhong)，都證明嘴子前(qian)墓(mu)群(qun)M4的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)與(yu)(yu)公(gong)子勝、田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)所處(chu)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)然，公(gong)子勝攜器奔齊(qi)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)與(yu)(yu)M4墓(mu)主下葬年(nian)代(dai)(dai)應有一(yi)段距離(li)，但墓(mu)中(zhong)陶器表明，這年(nian)代(dai)(dai)不會晚(wan)至(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)常執政的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)。

M4的規格與田乞之族

M4種使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多重棺槨、七鼎(ding)、九鐘，顯然是(shi)(shi)貴(gui)族(zu)(zu)氣(qi)派(pai)。當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)列(lie)國(guo)(guo)形勢，已經是(shi)(shi)周室式微(wei)，禮(li)崩樂壞。埋葬中越(yue)禮(li)僭(jian)制(zhi)現(xian)象是(shi)(shi)十分普遍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。即如(ru)九鼎(ding)之(zhi)制(zhi)，依禮(li)本為天子之(zhi)制(zhi)。此時不但列(lie)國(guo)(guo)諸侯，而且一(yi)些大國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)卿(qing)(qing)也(ye)紛紛使(shi)用。如(ru)河(he)(he)南(nan)琉璃(li)閣M甲、M60(晉卿(qing)(qing)范子)、河(he)(he)南(nan)汲(ji)縣山彪鎮M1(晉卿(qing)(qing)魏襄子)、山西太原金(jin)勝村M251(晉卿(qing)(qing)趙(zhao)子)等(deng)。這(zhe)些人(ren)物都是(shi)(shi)世(shi)代卿(qing)(qing)相，長期執掌一(yi)國(guo)(guo)權柄(bing)，所(suo)以其墓不但越(yue)制(zhi)使(shi)用九鼎(ding)之(zhi)葬，而且其它隨葬品也(ye)十分豪華驚人(ren)。相形之(zhi)下，嘴子前(qian)M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬規格就低一(yi)些。這(zhe)種情形，可能(neng)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)田乞一(yi)族(zu)(zu)當時地位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)映(ying)。景公(gong)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田氏(shi)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個處(chu)于上(shang)(shang)(shang)升階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)興貴(gui)族(zu)(zu)，終景公(gong)一(yi)世(shi)，田乞也(ye)沒有(you)達(da)到上(shang)(shang)(shang)卿(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)位。所(suo)以，他們(men)所(suo)能(neng)夠使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬規格，自然也(ye)不能(neng)與前(qian)述各國(guo)(guo)世(shi)家貴(gui)族(zu)(zu)相比(bi)。即使(shi)在齊國(guo)(guo)，當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)氏(shi)、高(gao)氏(shi)、鮑(bao)氏(shi)、晏氏(shi)等(deng)也(ye)都超過田氏(shi)。嘴子前(qian)M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼎(ding)數雖然為七，但從形制(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)看，并不符合正(zheng)規的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)列(lie)鼎(ding)配伍(wu)之(zhi)制(zhi)。這(zhe)可能(neng)也(ye)恰恰反(fan)映(ying)出(chu)田氏(shi)追求較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)等(deng)級而實際上(shang)(shang)(shang)又尚未達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種特殊(shu)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)。

嘴子前墓群的位置

正如本文開首所述，嘴子(zi)前墓(mu)群所處的位置(zhi)是一(yi)(yi)個十分偏遠(yuan)的地(di)方，這(zhe)里遠(yuan)離齊都臨淄近千(qian)里之遙，且又(you)山水(shui)阻隔，交(jiao)通不便。一(yi)(yi)處貴(gui)族墓(mu)地(di)選擇于此，確實令人費解。其(qi)中原(yuan)因，可能(neng)還是田氏一(yi)(yi)族身處之政治環境使(shi)然。

史籍(ji)中對田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩代(dai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞、田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)留下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)筆墨較多，就(jiu)中可(ke)以(yi)看(kan)出他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個顯著特點：胸懷(huai)大志、深謀遠(yuan)慮。他(ta)們(men)代(dai)表著當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)股新興勢力，有(you)著強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)進取(qu)心，甚至圖謀篡(cuan)權(quan)(quan)竊國(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)景公(gong)(gong)算(suan)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個有(you)作為的(de)(de)(de)(de)人物(wu)，但(dan)(dan)他(ta)“喜奢而忘儉”，“好治(zhi)(zhi)宮室(shi)聚狗馬”。臨淄景公(gong)(gong)墓的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個殉馬坑，埋(mai)葬馬匹總數約(yue)在(zai)600頭之(zhi)多，其人奢靡可(ke)見一(yi)(yi)斑！田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞從這種表面繁榮中看(kan)到了姜氏(shi)統治(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒落(luo)之(zhi)象，他(ta)不是(shi)像賢相(xiang)晏嬰那樣屢(lv)屢(lv)規(gui)諫，而是(shi)乘機以(yi)小斗受、以(yi)大斗予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)法“行陰德于民”，使“民思田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)”。數世后(hou)孟嘗君田(tian)(tian)(tian)文在(zai)薛地(di)焚契銷債，以(yi)營狡(jiao)兔三窟，真(zhen)是(shi)頗得乃祖真(zhen)傳。 但(dan)(dan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞們(men)前進的(de)(de)(de)(de)道路又是(shi)殺機四(si)伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)。姜氏(shi)統治(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)乃數百年之(zhi)基(ji)業，樹大根深，是(shi)周王(wang)朝(chao)分(fen)封的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)統。當時(shi)周室(shi)雖然王(wang)權(quan)(quan)衰落(luo)，但(dan)(dan)列(lie)(lie)國(guo)諸(zhu)侯(hou)依然奉(feng)為一(yi)(yi)塊金字招(zhao)牌(pai)。齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)欲得逞異志，諸(zhu)侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)度也是(shi)他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心腹之(zhi)憂。至田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)時(shi)，齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)政(zheng)盡歸(gui)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)，殺簡公(gong)(gong)，立平公(gong)(gong)，為相(xiang)。在(zai)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)內可(ke)謂一(yi)(yi)手(shou)遮天。但(dan)(dan)對列(lie)(lie)國(guo)諸(zhu)侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)度還是(shi)心存(cun)顧忌。田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)“懼諸(zhu)侯(hou)共誅己，乃盡歸(gui)魯、衛侵地(di)，西約(yue)晉(jin)韓、魏、趙氏(shi)、南通吳(wu)、越(yue)之(zhi)使，修功行賞，親于百姓(xing)，以(yi)故齊(qi)(qi)復(fu)定。”在(zai)這種外部環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)脅迫下(xia)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)奪取(qu)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)一(yi)(yi)步都需(xu)小心行事，不能肆無忌憚。

當然，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)對(dui)手(shou)還是(shi)(shi)來自國內的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)宗大族(zu)，他(ta)(ta)們才是(shi)(shi)其崛起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真正障礙。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擅齊(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)斗(dou)(dou)爭(zheng)都發生在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)兩代。當其時(shi)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國政(zheng)(zheng)壇上不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)但(dan)有崔杼、慶封(feng)、監(jian)止一(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)擅權風(feng)云(yun)人物，而(er)且(qie)更有高氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、國氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、欒氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鮑(bao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、晏氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)大批公(gong)(gong)族(zu)世家。面(mian)對(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)些強(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)敵，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“欲為(wei)亂”，稍(shao)稍(shao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)慎，便會落得身死(si)、家破(po)、族(zu)滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)可怕下場(chang)。對(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)點，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)等(deng)是(shi)(shi)有充分(fen)估計與(yu)準(zhun)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。“景公(gong)(gong)卒(zu)，兩相(xiang)高、國立荼(tu)，是(shi)(shi)為(wei)晏孺子，而(er)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)說(shuo)。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)此時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)(ji)高、國二氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。景公(gong)(gong)死(si)后(hou)，在(zai)私宅中，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)改(gai)立悼公(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)場(chang)賭博似的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)變，險些被(bei)鮑(bao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(鮑(bao)牧)當場(chang)砸鍋。說(shuo)明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具有壟斷政(zheng)(zheng)局(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位與(yu)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)力。對(dui)于權勢(shi)(shi)(shi)強(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)卿相(xiang)，他(ta)(ta)則以“尺蠖之(zhi)(zhi)屈以求伸也(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度，“偽事(shi)高、國者”，最終(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)高、國二氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)殺(sha)一(yi)逐，取得了勝利(li)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)族(zu)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)力已大大削弱了，但(dan)仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獨家專(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面(mian)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)簡(jian)公(gong)(gong)時(shi)，“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)成子與(yu)監(jian)止俱為(wei)左(zuo)右(you)相(xiang)……監(jian)止幸于簡(jian)公(gong)(gong)”。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)唯(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)專(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)，而(er)且(qie)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)失勢(shi)(shi)(shi)者。“于是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)復修@子之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)，以大斗(dou)(dou)出(chu)貸，以小斗(dou)(dou)收(shou)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)人歌(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)曰：‘嫗乎采@，歸(gui)乎田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成子。”這(zhe)(zhe)表明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)在(zai)宮廷斗(dou)(dou)爭(zheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情勢(shi)(shi)(shi)下所做的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略轉移，其目標(biao)所向，是(shi)(shi)撼動姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)立國根(gen)基(ji)。一(yi)段齊(qi)(qi)(qi)人之(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)(ge)，無(wu)異姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)貴族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)歌(ge)(ge)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國有識之(zhi)(zhi)士均知(zhi)“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、監(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可并(bing)也(ye)”。終(zhong)(zhong)于被(bei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)“盡誅(zhu)鮑(bao)、晏、監(jian)止及(ji)(ji)公(gong)(gong)族(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)者”。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)內，能(neng)與(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)抗衡匹敵者終(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)翦滅殆盡。

在這一(yi)場生死(si)角逐中(zhong)，田氏(shi)對相反的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)當也是(shi)有所準備的(de)(de)(de)。尤(you)其田乞(qi)，他(ta)(ta)當時所處環境尤(you)為(wei)(wei)險惡，幾(ji)乎(hu)是(shi)在逆境中(zhong)節(jie)節(jie)搏(bo)殺(sha)。鑒于此，他(ta)(ta)把自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)族墓選擇在遠(yuan)離齊(qi)都的(de)(de)(de)東方(fang)海隅(yu)，也就可(ke)以理解了(le)。這里畢(bi)竟天高皇(huang)帝遠(yuan)，如(ru)果(guo)(guo)自己(ji)在都城的(de)(de)(de)政治格(ge)殺(sha)中(zhong)落(luo)敗，或(huo)是(shi)據有膠(jiao)東偏安一(yi)隅(yu)，或(huo)是(shi)蓄勢待機日后卷土重來(lai)也未可(ke)知。田乞(qi)既以膠(jiao)東半島為(wei)(wei)后方(fang)根據地，必然(ran)有所經(jing)營。他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)諸多恩惠陰德，肯定(ding)也是(shi)施(shi)予他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)東方(fang)封(feng)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)此，狡(jiao)兔三窟的(de)(de)(de)發明者，便是(shi)孟嘗君的(de)(de)(de)這位祖先了(le)。在田氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)東方(fang)封(feng)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)，不但“民思田氏(shi)”，而且情愿追隨田氏(shi)與(yu)姜齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)君作對。景(jing)公(gong)將死(si)，“逐群(qun)公(gong)子(zi)，遷之(zhi)萊。景(jing)公(gong)卒……群(qun)公(gong)子(zi)畏誅皆出(chu)亡……萊人歌之(zhi)曰：‘景(jing)公(gong)死(si)乎(hu)弗(fu)與(yu)埋，三軍(jun)事乎(hu)弗(fu)與(yu)謀，師乎(hu)師乎(hu)，胡黨之(zhi)乎(hu)？’”萊，多認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)齊(qi)東鄙邑(yi)(yi)(yi)，可(ke)能正是(shi)田氏(shi)“施(shi)陰德”的(de)(de)(de)東方(fang)封(feng)邑(yi)(yi)(yi)。這里的(de)(de)(de)萊人敢于譏刺國(guo)(guo)君之(zhi)政唱出(chu)憤懣之(zhi)聲(sheng)———田氏(shi)在東方(fang)狡(jiao)兔三窟的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營至此收到了(le)投桃報李之(zhi)效。

總結

以上所述，是(shi)對嘴子前墓(mu)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)特殊地理位置、墓(mu)葬規格的(de)(de)(de)不尋常情(qing)形(xing)結合齊、陳等(deng)國(guo)與墓(mu)葬年代相當時期的(de)(de)(de)史實做了一些比較分析(xi)，從而做出了該墓(mu)群(qun)是(shi)屬于(yu)田(tian)氏族(zu)墓(mu)這樣一個結論。至于(yu)墓(mu)群(qun)中某(mou)座墓(mu)葬與田(tian)氏族(zu)中某(mou)個特定人物的(de)(de)(de)關系，還只是(shi)一種初步推測，有(you)待于(yu)今后更(geng)新的(de)(de)(de)發現來檢驗(yan)印證。尤是(shi)M4甗銘中的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)器者(zhe)，至今尚未有(you)更(geng)深認識(shi)。此人的(de)(de)(de)認定考(kao)察，或許會對嘴子前墓(mu)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)認識(shi)判斷，產生(sheng)舉足(zu)輕(qing)重的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。對此，謹希望專家(jia)學者(zhe)不吝賜教(jiao)。