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發現

當地(di)農(nong)民在此(ci)發現(xian)了(le)一座木槨墓(mu)（編號為M1），經(jing)專業人員清(qing)理出銅器20余件(jian)，為春秋(qiu)時期(qi)遺物。墓(mu)之附近還發現(xian)過數量不少的馬(ma)銜鑣之類的車(che)馬(ma)器。

出土文物

嘴子前墓群部分出土文物

墓葬未經盜擾，出土器物頗豐，多(duo)達240余(yu)(yu)件(jian)。其中銅(tong)器60余(yu)(yu)件(jian)、漆木器40余(yu)(yu)件(jian)、玉器和石器10余(yu)(yu)件(jian)，其他為陶器。

隨葬器物(wu)中(zhong)以青銅禮(li)(li)(li)器組(zu)合(he)較為(wei)顯眼(yan)，有(you)(you)七(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)，一套編鐘（由七(qi)件甬鐘組(zu)成(cheng)）、壺、盤、匜等。七(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)乃諸侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)(li)(li)數，此墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)七(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)并(bing)(bing)非(fei)是嚴(yan)格意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)列(lie)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)，在(zai)當時(shi)重(zhong)諸侯(hou)輕天子和(he)風行厚葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，一些貴族以越(yue)禮(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式進(jin)行自(zi)(zi)我(wo)標(biao)榜自(zi)(zi)我(wo)滿(man)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象十分常見，如諸侯(hou)用(yong)天子之禮(li)(li)(li)、卿大夫(fu)用(yong)諸侯(hou)之禮(li)(li)(li)。嘴(zui)子前四(si)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)用(yong)七(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)大概正(zheng)是基(ji)于此種形(xing)勢(shi)，以不是很標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)列(lie)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)來張揚(yang)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)虛榮心，并(bing)(bing)且(qie)在(zai)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺物(wu)中(zhong)見有(you)(you)正(zheng)、背面(mian)均鎏(liu)金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)革甲飾片。鎏(liu)金(jin)工藝并(bing)(bing)不是單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝飾藝術，它能象征(zheng)權勢(shi)，不過(guo)還得有(you)(you)相當級別才能用(yong)，除非(fei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)又是僭(jian)越(yue)用(yong)禮(li)(li)(li)。那么(me)M4墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)是以何種資(zi)本來夸張自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)呢？不妨(fang)來看看他的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份如何。

M4中出(chu)有(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)帶銘(ming)銅(tong)器，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)銅(tong)盂(yu)，刻銘(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“所為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)□盂(yu)”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)義已為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)學者(zhe)所考，?釋作(zuo)(zuo)“圣(sheng)(sheng)”字(zi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)名(ming)(ming)；即進獻(xian)之(zhi)意(yi)；為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)即“媯”了(le)，是諸侯陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)姓(xing)；即“寢”字(zi)，下(xia)寢是宮室之(zhi)名(ming)(ming)，盂(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器名(ming)(ming)。整句話(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思是，圣(sheng)(sheng)進獻(xian)媯氏(shi)下(xia)寢之(zhi)盂(yu)。另一(yi)(yi)銅(tong)甗(yan)也有(you)(you)銘(ming)文，四(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)十七(qi)字(zi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“（陳(chen)(chen)）樂君?，乍（作(zuo)(zuo)）其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)旅獻(xian)（甗(yan)）用□眉壽 無(wu)疆永用止”。第(di)一(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)中“樂君”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食邑(yi)于樂（地名(ming)(ming)）的(de)(de)(de)大夫，“?”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)名(ming)(ming)，即作(zuo)(zuo)器者(zhe)。第(di)二行(xing)(xing)意(yi)思是作(zuo)(zuo)器為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甗(yan)。第(di)三、四(si)(si)行(xing)(xing)是套話(hua)(hua)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吉祥用語。此兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)器物(wu)均與陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)有(you)(you)關，盂(yu)銘(ming)中有(you)(you)陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”（媯），甗(yan)銘(ming)則有(you)(you)“?”（陳(chen)(chen)）。據史載(zai)，陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)地處河(he)南淮(huai)水流(liu)(liu)域，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公時期，陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)內亂，陳(chen)(chen)公子(zi)完(wan)逃亡至東方齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)避難(nan)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公收留了(le)他并任他為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工正之(zhi)職(zhi)，于是陳(chen)(chen)完(wan)不再(zai)稱本(ben)國(guo)故號，“改陳(chen)(chen)字(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)田(tian)氏(shi)”。陳(chen)(chen)完(wan)之(zhi)后裔(yi)在齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)日益(yi)權重，傳(chuan)至第(di)七(qi)代田(tian)常，已位(wei)至齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相，權傾朝野，第(di)十代田(tian)和，直接廢了(le)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王，自(zi)立(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)王，姜齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亡，田(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)立(li)。由其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發家史可以看(kan)出(chu)田(tian)氏(shi)代齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)前(qian)在齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)狂氣勢(shi)。海(hai)陽地處膠(jiao)東半島(dao)，而(er)第(di)七(qi)代田(tian)常曾將整個膠(jiao)東半島(dao)劃作(zuo)(zuo)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)封邑(yi)，他雖(sui)身在國(guo)都，但(dan)必定遷自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分家族(zu)(zu)去他的(de)(de)(de)封邑(yi)，海(hai)陽嘴子(zi)前(qian)四(si)(si)號墓(mu)出(chu)土陳(chen)(chen)器應(ying)是某支田(tian)氏(shi)貴族(zu)(zu)家用器物(wu)，墓(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)大概在生前(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)方小貴族(zu)(zu)，仗本(ben)家族(zu)(zu)在朝權勢(shi)，厚葬僭(jian)禮而(er)無(wu)所顧忌。嘴子(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)地應(ying)是這支田(tian)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)家族(zu)(zu)墓(mu)地，M1曾遭破壞，遺物(wu)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)佚，但(dan)仍出(chu)土一(yi)(yi)套7件(jian)銅(tong)編(bian)鐘，制作(zuo)(zuo)較精致，且在其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)附近(jin)出(chu)土過(guo)車馬(ma)器具，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)級別(bie)應(ying)與M4墓(mu)相近(jin)，但(dan)時間早晚不同。M2規模較小，但(dan)仍出(chu)土少許當時視之(zhi)貴重的(de)(de)(de)漆器。

歷史記載

習俗

春秋戰國之(zhi)際舊(jiu)禮(li)(li)日漸崩潰(kui)，一(yi)(yi)些(xie)新(xin)的(de)跡象出(chu)現。嘴子前墓葬(zang)中除(chu)了禮(li)(li)器(qi)之(zhi)外(wai)，還(huan)有(you)許多(duo)頗具生活情趣的(de)日常用器(qi)，如(ru)一(yi)(yi)件銅帶鉤(gou)，作一(yi)(yi)驚(jing)立待(dai)走的(de)小獸形象，十分逼(bi)真(zhen)可愛。另有(you)許多(duo)漆木器(qi)，有(you)俎、罐、勺(shao)和(he)梳子等。這些(xie)新(xin)氣息(xi)的(de)凸現與舊(jiu)禮(li)(li)制的(de)莊嚴肅穆(mu)相對(dui)立，正(zheng)與當時社會上如(ru)火(huo)如(ru)荼(tu)的(de)改革和(he)開放氣息(xi)相映，一(yi)(yi)種新(xin)的(de)局面已經在人們的(de)生活和(he)埋(mai)葬(zang)習(xi)俗中開始出(chu)現。

貴族墓地

山(shan)東省海陽市的(de)(de)嘴子前村，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)處典型的(de)(de)丘陵(ling)山(shan)鄉。它的(de)(de)北部(bu)是(shi)(shi)綿延(yan)起伏的(de)(de)招虎山(shan)，往南(nan)要(yao)經過(guo)十余公里的(de)(de)盤(pan)曲山(shan)谷才能到達半島的(de)(de)南(nan)海岸(an)。就是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)一(yi)個地點，卻發(fa)現了(le)(le)一(yi)處十分重要(yao)的(de)(de)東周墓群，幾次出土了(le)(le)大批(pi)文(wen)物，其數量之多(duo)，規(gui)格之高，在(zai)膠東地區當屬首次。

這(zhe)處墓(mu)群位于嘴子前村東北的一個(ge)山前黃土臺地(di)上(shang)。這(zhe)里大部(bu)分被平整成了農田(tian)，少部(bu)分依然是溝壑縱橫的高臺地(di)。農民在(zai)這(zhe)里種地(di)取土，經常可以發現零星(xing)的銅器如箭頭、馬(ma)銜、車(che)環之(zhi)類，便(bian)(bian)猜想這(zhe)是一處古(gu)代(dai)屯(tun)兵之(zhi)地(di)，于是這(zhe)里的地(di)名便(bian)(bian)被稱作(zuo)“養軍場(chang)”。

在七(qi)十年代(dai)大(da)規模整(zheng)修(xiu)農(nong)田(tian)時，農(nong)民曾(ceng)在這(zhe)里發現過(guo)一大(da)批堆放整(zheng)齊的馬銜、車器(qi)等銅器(qi)(這(zhe)批器(qi)物(wu)(wu)曾(ceng)發表在《文物(wu)(wu)》1985年第3期上(shang))。

1978年初(chu)春，該村農民(min)在此(ci)掘毀一(yi)墓(編號M1)。墓中(zhong)有(you)重槨單棺，木器(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)悉被丟(diu)棄毀壞，僅銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)被文物部(bu)分追繳收回，玉器(qi)(qi)出土(tu)(tu)數量較(jiao)少，據稱均為管、珠(zhu)一(yi)類(lei)的(de)小飾件(jian)，至今尚有(you)部(bu)分散存于村民(min)手中(zhong)。此(ci)次出土(tu)(tu)的(de)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)有(you)盤(pan)、盆(pen)、簋、壺(hu)、、削、戈、矛、鏃(zu)、編鐘(zhong)(zhong)等，收集到的(de)一(yi)個銅(tong)鼎蓋和獸面紋的(de)壺(hu)耳，紋飾都很精(jing)美，可惜(xi)這些鼎、壺(hu)等十分重要的(de)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)卻至今不知下落。出土(tu)(tu)的(de)編鐘(zhong)(zhong)共有(you)7件(jian)，兩件(jian)大的(de)為鈕(niu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)，其余小的(de)為甬鐘(zhong)(zhong)。鈕(niu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)形較(jiao)大，通高43.5厘米，重11.6公斤(jin)，氣象莊(zhuang)重，紋飾精(jing)美。

1985年，海陽縣博物(wu)館搶救清理了一座(zuo)墓(mu)，編號為(wei)M2。出土器(qi)(qi)物(wu)較少(shao)，大部分為(wei)陶器(qi)(qi)，內中有(you)少(shao)數為(wei)仿銅(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)，如(ru)獸頭匜等(deng)。銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)只(zhi)出土了3件，鼎、盆。 1994年，這(zhe)里M4的(de)(de)發掘(jue)是收獲最(zui)為(wei)豐富的(de)(de)一次。該墓(mu)為(wei)土壙，因青膏泥的(de)(de)封(feng)護(hu)作(zuo)用，墓(mu)內的(de)(de)重槨單棺保(bao)護(hu)基本完好，很(hen)多漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)、木器(qi)(qi)如(ru)壺、罐、俎、勺、戈(ge)柄等(deng)也(ye)都形狀依舊，色(se)澤如(ru)新。出土器(qi)(qi)物(wu)總數達240余件，其(qi)中銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)60余件。主要(yao)有(you)鼎7，編鐘9，壺、盆、簋(gui)各2，盂、甗、匜、各1。其(qi)它尚有(you)戈(ge)、劍等(deng)兵器(qi)(qi)。這(zhe)些(xie)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)形制、紋(wen)飾(shi)有(you)的(de)(de)十分精(jing)美(mei)。一甗一盂還有(you)銘文。其(qi)中盂器(qi)(qi)形碩(shuo)大，通高47厘米(mi)，口徑69.5厘米(mi)，四只(zhi)獸頭形大耳，通體飾(shi)華麗的(de)(de)龍紋(wen)，是這(zhe)批銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)中最(zui)為(wei)精(jing)彩的(de)(de)一件。

由以(yi)上出(chu)土情形(xing)可以(yi)看出(chu)，嘴(zui)子(zi)前墓(mu)群是一(yi)處規(gui)格很高的(de)貴(gui)(gui)族墓(mu)地，僅(jin)僅(jin)發(fa)現過三個墓(mu)，便有兩座(zuo)墓(mu)中(zhong)使用成套的(de)編鐘，且有多重(zhong)棺(guan)槨(guo)以(yi)及其(qi)(qi)他貴(gui)(gui)重(zhong)銅禮(li)器。《墨(mo)子(zi)·節葬》曾對當時的(de)貴(gui)(gui)族墓(mu)葬風(feng)習做了(le)如下(xia)描繪：“今王公大(da)人之(zhi)(zhi)為葬埋，……必(bi)大(da)棺(guan)(棺(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)表(biao)者(zhe)也。即槨(guo))中(zhong)棺(guan)，革貴(gui)(gui)(革繡也)三操，璧玉即具(ju)，戈(ge)劍鼎(ding)鼓壺濫(lan)(鑒)，文繡素(su)練，大(da)鞅(馬(ma)具(ju))萬領，輿馬(ma)女樂(le)皆具(ju)，曰必(bi)捶土余(使堅實)，差通壟(做墓(mu)道)，雖凡山陵，此為輟民之(zhi)(zhi)事，糜民之(zhi)(zhi)財，不(bu)(bu)可勝(sheng)計(ji)也。”《呂氏春秋》也論：“國彌(mi)大(da)，家彌(mi)富，葬彌(mi)厚(hou)。含珠(zhu)鱗施，夫玩好(hao)貨寶，鐘鼎(ding)壺濫(lan)、輿馬(ma)衣(yi)被戈(ge)劍不(bu)(bu)可勝(sheng)數，諸(zhu)養生之(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)無不(bu)(bu)從者(zhe)。題湊之(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)，棺(guan)槨(guo)數襲(xi)，積(ji)石積(ji)炭，以(yi)環其(qi)(qi)外(wai)。”可見墓(mu)壙規(gui)模，棺(guan)槨(guo)重(zhong)數，車(che)馬(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)葬、鐘鼎(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)葬、器物數量等，均是墓(mu)主身份地位的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)表(biao)征。對照(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)，嘴(zui)子(zi)前墓(mu)群應該是這樣一(yi)處貴(gui)(gui)族墓(mu)地。

膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島(dao)(dao)，在(zai)先(xian)秦(qin)文獻中是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)絕少(shao)被(bei)提到的(de)(de)地方，后代(dai)史家，也往(wang)往(wang)以“萊(lai)夷之(zhi)地”統而言之(zhi)。膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)地區的(de)(de)先(xian)秦(qin)古國(guo)(guo)，聲名(ming)最為(wei)(wei)顯赫的(de)(de)要算是萊(lai)國(guo)(guo)。它在(zai)周初曾與(yu)就封于齊(qi)的(de)(de)太公(gong)呂望“爭營丘”，可見(jian)具有一(yi)(yi)定勢力(li)。萊(lai)的(de)(de)故(gu)地在(zai)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)西北部黃(huang)水(shui)河流(liu)域(yu)，今(jin)龍口市歸城即為(wei)(wei)其故(gu)都遺址。那(nei)里出(chu)土有銘(ming)銅(tong)器(qi)較多，可說是嘴子(zi)前(qian)墓群(qun)發(fa)現之(zhi)前(qian)出(chu)土文物規(gui)格最高的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)地點。但(dan)歸城是人所共知的(de)(de)萊(lai)國(guo)(guo)故(gu)地，而嘴子(zi)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)帶從未聞有何(he)古國(guo)(guo)于此立國(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)統一(yi)(yi)莒萊(lai)后，膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島(dao)(dao)盡為(wei)(wei)齊(qi)地。但(dan)齊(qi)之(zhi)政治中心(xin)自在(zai)濰(wei)淄流(liu)域(yu)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)都臨淄一(yi)(yi)帶，相比之(zhi)下，膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島(dao)(dao)無異是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)遙遠的(de)(de)邊陲之(zhi)地。這(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)偏(pian)僻的(de)(de)地方，緣(yuan)何(he)能出(chu)現嘴子(zi)前(qian)墓群(qun)這(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)貴族墓地呢？

嘴子前墓群M4出(chu)土盂、甗(yan)上的兩篇銘文，可能正是回答(da)這(zhe)個問題(ti)的鑰匙。

禮器和兵器

嘴子前墓群出土文物

甗(yan)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)位(wei)于(yu)甗(yan)內(nei)(nei)壁，系鑄成(cheng)(cheng)，四(si)行(xing)共(gong)十(shi)七字(zi)：“敶(zhen)樂(le)(le)君(jun)豆乍(作(zuo)(zuo))其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)旅獻(xian)(甗(yan))，用(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽無疆永用(yong)止”。由(you)(you)文(wen)意可(ke)知(zhi)，此甗(yan)系一(yi)位(wei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)貴族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)右(you)側有(you)@旁，當(dang)系陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)在(zai)今河南淮陽一(yi)帶，以(yi)往曾(ceng)多(duo)有(you)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)銅器(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)，傳世品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)許多(duo)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)見(jian)于(yu)著錄，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)寫法均與(yu)此甗(yan)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)無二(er)(er)。齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)一(yi)般均見(jian)加土(tu)如“@”者(zhe)(zhe)，與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“敶(zhen)”絕不(bu)(bu)相混。山東肥城縣小(xiao)王(wang)家(jia)1963年曾(ceng)出(chu)(chu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)壺等(deng)器(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)曰“敶(zhen)侯(hou)作(zuo)(zuo)@@壺，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)萬(wan)年永寶用(yong)”，可(ke)知(zhi)是(shi)陪嫁(jia)的(de)(de)@器(qi)(qi)，來源也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。1978年，山東沂水縣劉家(jia)店子(zi)(zi)(zi)@國(guo)(guo)(guo)貴族墓出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一(yi)套鈴(ling)鐘(zhong)，共(gong)九件(jian)(jian)。鐘(zhong)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“敶(zhen)大(da)喪史中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高乍(作(zuo)(zuo))鈴(ling)鐘(zhong)，用(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽無疆，子(zi)(zi)(zi)=孫=永寶用(yong)止”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)寫法，文(wen)體(ti)用(yong)語均與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)樂(le)(le)君(jun)甗(yan)一(yi)致，無疑也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)。樂(le)(le)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)豆，應(ying)即(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)主，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)邑在(zai)樂(le)(le)，故稱(cheng)(cheng)樂(le)(le)君(jun)，豆即(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)詳，但此器(qi)(qi)系陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)無疑。 盂(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)口沿上，系刻成(cheng)(cheng)，一(yi)行(xing)共(gong)七字(zi)：“圣所(suo)獻(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)”。文(wen)意為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)器(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞。第(di)一(yi)字(zi)“圣”，當(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)器(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)。第(di)四(si)字(zi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)(ji)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”。前述陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)侯(hou)壺銘(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)此字(zi)有(you)女旁，與(yu)盂(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”字(zi)形異義同。文(wen)獻(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)見(jian)有(you)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)用(yong)法：“不(bu)(bu)圖為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)樂(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)于(yu)斯也(ye)(ye)(ye)。” 為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，虞舜居溈(gui)內(nei)(nei)，因以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)。周(zhou)初封舜后胡公(gong)(gong)滿(man)于(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)奉舜祀，后以(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)，故《左(zuo)(zuo)傳·莊公(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)二(er)(er)年》注曰：“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)姓也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”可(ke)知(zhi)盂(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)(ji)是(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姓，此盂(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)。銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)末三(san)字(zi)“下寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)”，表明此盂(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)器(qi)(qi)。寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)當(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)。《周(zhou)禮(li)》記：“宮(gong)人(ren)掌王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修(xiu)。”《鄭注》：“六寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)者(zhe)(zhe)，路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)五……，路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)治事，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)時燕息焉。”又，《賈(jia)疏》：“天子(zi)(zi)(zi)六寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，則(ze)諸侯(hou)當(dang)有(you)三(san)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，亦路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)，燕寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)，側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)。”《晏子(zi)(zi)(zi)春秋·外篇(pian)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)：“景公(gong)(gong)做路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，曰：‘美哉(zai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)誰(shui)將有(you)此乎？”在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)里，齊景公(gong)(gong)是(shi)出(chu)(chu)于(yu)對齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)運的(de)(de)擔憂而發出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)感嘆(tan)，謂其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，不(bu)(bu)定由(you)(you)誰(shui)來取(qu)而代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新主。換言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這(zhe)(zhe)里提(ti)到的(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，便是(shi)君(jun)權(quan)的(de)(de)象征。可(ke)見(jian)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)，當(dang)是(shi)一(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)泛稱(cheng)(cheng)。宮(gong)廷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本來分類較繁，加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)別不(bu)(bu)同，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)稱(cheng)(cheng)亦異，可(ke)能對寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)叫法也(ye)(ye)(ye)各各不(bu)(bu)一(yi)。除前文(wen)提(ti)到的(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、燕寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，還見(jian)有(you)外寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《儀禮(li)·喪服》)、大(da)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《禮(li)記·檀弓下》)等(deng)，獨不(bu)(bu)見(jian)下寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)(cheng)。推測其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)位(wei)當(dang)低于(yu)路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)或(huo)大(da)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，但總是(shi)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)種(zhong)。宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)器(qi)(qi)，往往與(yu)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”字(zi)連稱(cheng)(cheng)。如寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)，銅戈(ge)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)見(jian)。“@@@寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)”，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)戈(ge)頭短小(xiao)，長16.5厘米，只有(you)一(yi)穿(chuan)，銘(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)上。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)小(xiao)戈(ge)有(you)點像嘴子(zi)(zi)(zi)前墓群M4中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)二(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)戈(ge)。M4之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戈(ge)的(de)(de)木柄長度(du)僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1.08米，可(ke)見(jian)是(shi)短兵器(qi)(qi)，不(bu)(bu)宜野戰，應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)護衛使用(yong)。《左(zuo)(zuo)傳·襄公(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)八年》有(you)“王(wang)何(he)執寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)”，《正義》：寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)，親近兵杖也(ye)(ye)(ye)。由(you)(you)以(yi)上數(shu)例(li)，可(ke)知(zhi)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)廷專用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵。類此，寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)系宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)專用(yong)名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)。M4的(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)件(jian)(jian)形質碩大(da)的(de)(de)銅盂(yu)就是(shi)原來使用(yong)于(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)重(zhong)器(qi)(qi)。

M4出土的銅(tong)器中還有(you)(you)一些(xie)，如(ru)花紋精(jing)美(mei)繁復的，如(ru)形制特異的鈹，都是具有(you)(you)陳(chen)楚風格特點的禮(li)器和兵器，加上前述的盂、甗，可知如(ru)此眾多數量的器物，竟都來自(zi)陳(chen)國！

宮廷變亂

由以(yi)上對甗、盂銘文(wen)和一(yi)些器(qi)物特征的認(ren)識，可知嘴子(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)群(qun)的許多重要器(qi)物甚至宮廷禮儀重器(qi)均(jun)屬陳(chen)(chen)國。那么，它們(men)如何(he)來(lai)到遙遠東(dong)方(fang)的齊國東(dong)鄙之地(di)？披閱(yue)陳(chen)(chen)國史葉，原來(lai)這與陳(chen)(chen)國宮廷的兩(liang)次變亂有關。

第(di)一(yi)次(ci)變亂發生在公(gong)(gong)元前672年(齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)十四年，陳(chen)(chen)宣公(gong)(gong)二十一(yi)年)。陳(chen)(chen)宣公(gong)(gong)欲立寵(chong)姬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)而殺太(tai)子(zi)御寇(kou)，陳(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)完與(yu)太(tai)子(zi)交好，恐怕“禍及己，乃奔齊(qi)” 。楚齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)“欲使以(yi)為卿，讓。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)”。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)掌管匠作(zuo)百工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)官職(zhi)。陳(chen)(chen)楚一(yi)帶南方(fang)地區(qu)制造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝發達已(yi)被今天的(de)考古發現所(suo)(suo)證(zheng)明，嘴子(zi)前墓群中(zhong)出土陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器的(de)精美(mei)也是(shi)(shi)絕(jue)好例證(zheng)。陳(chen)(chen)完奔齊(qi)，可(ke)(ke)能也帶來先(xian)進的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)術。當時的(de)齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)在管仲輔佐(zuo)下，正(zheng)(zheng)雄心(xin)勃勃建立其(qi)“九合諸(zhu)侯(hou)，一(yi)匡天下”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)霸業(ye)。他招(zhao)賢納士，任用陳(chen)(chen)完為掌管百工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)也并(bing)非無稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)談(tan)。但說意欲任用陳(chen)(chen)完為卿，先(xian)輩學者已(yi)指出可(ke)(ke)能與(yu)事實不符。這與(yu)史籍中(zhong)卜(bu)辭所(suo)(suo)言“有為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，將育于(yu)(yu)姜，五(wu)世(shi)其(qi)昌，并(bing)與(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)卿，八世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)京”一(yi)樣，恐怕都是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏在其(qi)族顯榮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)為其(qi)祖先(xian)附(fu)會編造的(de)過譽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞。但無論如何，陳(chen)(chen)完奔齊(qi)，打下了陳(chen)(chen)氏日后(hou)(hou)(hou)在齊(qi)國(guo)發展的(de)根(gen)基。自此，陳(chen)(chen)完之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族“不欲稱本國(guo)故號，故改(gai)(gai)陳(chen)(chen)字為田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏。”改(gai)(gai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)因由，有云是(shi)(shi)“食菜地于(yu)(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)，由是(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)姓田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏”，有云是(shi)(shi)“以(yi)陳(chen)(chen)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)二字聲相(xiang)近，遂以(yi)為田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏”。

田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)之(zhi)族(zu)在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)完(wan)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，至田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)桓子(zi)(zi)無(wu)宇(yu)時逐漸發展起來。他大(da)(da)約是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)孔武有(you)力的(de)武夫，“事莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，甚有(you)寵(chong)”。六世(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)僖子(zi)(zi)乞(qi)(qi)，“事景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)夫”。“其(qi)收賦稅于(yu)(yu)民(min)以(yi)小斗(dou)受之(zhi)，其(qi)稟(bing)于(yu)(yu)民(min)以(yi)大(da)(da)斗(dou)，行陰德于(yu)(yu)民(min)……由此(ci)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)得齊(qi)眾心，宗(zong)族(zu)益強”。并“樹(shu)黨于(yu)(yu)諸侯(hou)”。可(ke)見這是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)心懷異志、深謀遠慮(lv)的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治家(jia)。一(yi)(yi)帶名(ming)相(xiang)晏(yan)嬰對此(ci)洞若觀火，深明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)用心。“晏(yan)嬰之(zhi)晉，與(yu)叔向(xiang)私(si)語曰：‘齊(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)卒歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)雖(sui)無(wu)大(da)(da)德，以(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)權私(si)，有(you)德于(yu)(yu)民(min)，民(min)愛之(zhi)。’”果然不出(chu)晏(yan)嬰所(suo)料，在(zai)齊(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死后(hou)(hou)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)殺高昭子(zi)(zi)、國(guo)(guo)惠子(zi)(zi)兩大(da)(da)強宗(zong)，在(zai)私(si)宅(zhai)中以(yi)脅迫(po)手段擁(yong)立(li)新君(齊(qi)悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong))，并廢殺國(guo)(guo)君晏(yan)孺子(zi)(zi)，“為(wei)(wei)相(xiang)，專齊(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)”。七世(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成子(zi)(zi)常(chang)是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)歷史上人(ren)所(suo)熟(shu)知(zhi)的(de)人(ren)物，在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)代(dai)姜(jiang)的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)變中起了(le)相(xiang)當關鍵(jian)的(de)作用。他的(de)形跡略如乃父田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)。一(yi)(yi)方面“復僖子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)”，延攬民(min)心，一(yi)(yi)方面在(zai)宮廷之(zhi)內排除(chu)異己。殺齊(qi)相(xiang)監(jian)止(zhi)及齊(qi)簡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，立(li)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，又(you)“盡誅(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)族(zu)之(zhi)強者”，終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)使“齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)”。其(qi)后(hou)(hou)八世(shi)(shi)襄子(zi)(zi)盤、九世(shi)(shi)莊子(zi)(zi)白、十世(shi)(shi)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和均世(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)齊(qi)相(xiang)，獨擅(shan)齊(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)，確實“莫(mo)之(zhi)與(yu)京”。京，意即(ji)高、大(da)(da)、數多。莫(mo)之(zhi)與(yu)京，言其(qi)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)內，無(wu)人(ren)能與(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)匹敵。姜(jiang)姓之(zhi)國(guo)(guo)成了(le)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)之(zhi)家(jia)天下，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)代(dai)姜(jiang)實際上只一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)時機問題。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前391年(nian)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)和廢掉姜(jiang)氏(shi)末(mo)代(dai)齊(qi)君康公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)貸，又(you)過五年(nian)，“立(li)為(wei)(wei)齊(qi)侯(hou)，列于(yu)(yu)周室”。至此(ci)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)代(dai)姜(jiang)的(de)一(yi)(yi)場大(da)(da)政(zheng)(zheng)變，終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)劃上了(le)句號(hao)。

在田氏逐(zhu)步發展的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，田氏依恃其強權地位(wei)也(ye)在不(bu)斷擴(kuo)大自(zi)己的(de)(de)封(feng)邑。史載田常(chang)子(zi)(zi)系龐(pang)大。“田常(chang)乃(nai)選(xuan)齊(qi)國(guo)中(zhong)女子(zi)(zi)長七(qi)尺(chi)以(yi)上為(wei)后宮(gong)(gong)，后宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)百數，而使(shi)賓客舍人出(chu)(chu)入后宮(gong)(gong)者不(bu)禁(jin)。及(ji)田常(chang)卒，有(you)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)余(yu)(yu)男(nan)”。另有(you)記載謂田常(chang)“有(you)數十(shi)(shi)婦(fu)”，“生男(nan)百余(yu)(yu)人”。這(zhe)些說法未必屬實(shi)，也(ye)可能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)滿田常(chang)弒君擅權的(de)(de)譏謗之詞，但總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可以(yi)由此看出(chu)(chu)其宗族的(de)(de)繁盛。與此相(xiang)應的(de)(de)則必然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封(feng)邑的(de)(de)眾多。田常(chang)曾(ceng)“割齊(qi)自(zi)安平(ping)以(yi)東至(zhi)瑯邪，自(zi)為(wei)封(feng)邑，封(feng)邑大于平(ping)公之所食(shi)。”《史記·正義》云(yun)：“安平(ping)以(yi)東，萊、登、沂、密等(deng)州(zhou)皆自(zi)為(wei)田常(chang)封(feng)邑也(ye)”。安平(ping)在臨(lin)淄以(yi)東十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)里(li)，幾乎等(deng)于說就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)都以(yi)東的(de)(de)廣袤大地，自(zi)然(ran)也(ye)包括東方的(de)(de)膠(jiao)東半島。至(zhi)此，海陽嘴子(zi)(zi)前墓群的(de)(de)這(zhe)樣一處(chu)高規(gui)格的(de)(de)貴族墓葬便找到(dao)了合理的(de)(de)歸屬：這(zhe)應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一處(chu)遠在東方的(de)(de)田氏封(feng)邑的(de)(de)墓地。

田氏族墓

嘴子前墓地既是田(tian)氏(shi)之族墓，那(nei)么，M4所(suo)出(chu)的盂、甗銘文為(wei)什(shen)么不(bu)作(zuo)田(tian)氏(shi)之陳(chen)而作(zuo)陳(chen)國(guo)之敶呢(ni)？這(zhe)可能與陳(chen)國(guo)的另一次大變亂有關。

公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前534年(nian)(nian)(齊(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十四年(nian)(nian)，陳(chen)哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十五年(nian)(nian))，陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)宮(gong)(gong)廷(ting)又(you)發生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)斷送陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)命脈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)變。關于這(zhe)場事(shi)(shi)(shi)變，《左傳·昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)》有(you)如下(xia)記(ji)(ji)載：“陳(chen)哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元妃(fei)(fei)(fei)鄭(zheng)姬(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃師(shi)，二妃(fei)(fei)(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，下(xia)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。二妃(fei)(fei)(fei)嬖，留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有(you)寵，屬諸司(si)徒招(zhao)(zhao)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過(guo)。哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)廢疾(ji)。三月甲(jia)申，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)招(zhao)(zhao)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過(guo)殺(sha)掉(diao)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃師(shi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。夏(xia)四月辛亥(hai)，哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)縊。干征師(shi)赴于楚(chu)(chu)，且告(gao)有(you)立(li)君。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)愬(su)于楚(chu)(chu)，楚(chu)(chu)人執(干征師(shi))而(er)(er)(er)(er)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)奔(ben)鄭(zheng)。……九月，楚(chu)(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄(qi)疾(ji)帥師(shi)奉孫(sun)吳圍陳(chen)……滅陳(chen)。”這(zhe)段史(shi)實，《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)·陳(chen)杞世家》有(you)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文字，所(suo)(suo)(suo)異者只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)有(you)四而(er)(er)(er)(er)非三；長姬(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)悼太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)師(shi)，少姬(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)偃，長妾(qie)(qie)生(sheng)(sheng)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，少妾(qie)(qie)生(sheng)(sheng)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。新君留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)派使(shi)者赴楚(chu)(chu)希(xi)望得到(dao)承認(ren)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則(ze)不(bu)滿此(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)赴楚(chu)(chu)請(qing)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)持公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道。結(jie)果楚(chu)(chu)早有(you)吞(tun)并之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)帥師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄(qi)疾(ji)又(you)正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那個誅忠臣伍員之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族、弒(shi)父弒(shi)君的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴虐人物(后(hou)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)平王)，便借機干脆將陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)滅掉(diao)。這(zhe)個結(jie)果應該說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)(suo)(suo)始(shi)料不(bu)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對這(zhe)場滅國(guo)(guo)毀宗(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災難，他有(you)引狼入室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責。這(zhe)次事(shi)(shi)(shi)變中，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)奔(ben)鄭(zheng)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則(ze)從(cong)此(ci)不(bu)見(jian)(jian)史(shi)載。按(an)常理推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，他也(ye)(ye)有(you)出奔(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)。若(ruo)此(ci)，他所(suo)(suo)(suo)出奔(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去處(chu)最(zui)可能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)便是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)。因為(wei)(wei)齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)宗(zong)(zong)，此(ci)時田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)在(zai)政治上正初露頭(tou)角，從(cong)血緣上、政治條件(jian)上都可使(shi)這(zhe)位(wei)失國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得到(dao)庇護。據(ju)山東大(da)學馬良(liang)民師(shi)考證，“勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”、“圣”古音相近，同(tong)為(wei)(wei)書紐雙(shuang)聲。盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獻器(qi)(qi)(qi)者圣很可能(neng)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)，不(bu)管是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如《左傳》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)，還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少妾(qie)(qie)，地位(wei)在(zai)后(hou)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)中都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，故(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)居(ju)稱為(wei)(wei)“下(xia)寢”也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。若(ruo)此(ci)，這(zhe)件(jian)珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)盂(yu)(yu)，原來(lai)應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)室用器(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)逃(tao)難時攜來(lai)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)。這(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)形，在(zai)史(shi)籍中也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屢見(jian)(jian)不(bu)鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。敵國(guo)(guo)入侵，宮(gong)(gong)室重器(qi)(qi)(qi)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擄掠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點。“王往(wang)(wang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)征之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)……殺(sha)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)父兄，累其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弟(di)，毀其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)宗(zong)(zong)廟(miao)，遷其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重器(qi)(qi)(qi)”。“晉(jin)軍追齊(qi)至馬陵，齊(qi)侯(hou)請(qing)以寶器(qi)(qi)(qi)謝”，“燕(yan)將樂(le)毅遂入臨(lin)淄，盡取齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶藏器(qi)(qi)(qi)”。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)破家亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際，攜生(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)(gong)室重器(qi)(qi)(qi)出奔(ben)當(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。此(ci)盂(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文系(xi)后(hou)刻而(er)(er)(er)(er)成，分析是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獻器(qi)(qi)(qi)時所(suo)(suo)(suo)刻。盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)中稱“為(wei)(wei)”(女為(wei)(wei))而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)稱“陳(chen)”，當(dang)時有(you)意避諱(hui)­——因為(wei)(wei)受(shou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)者也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)宗(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(陳(chen))氏(shi)。這(zhe)與田(tian)(tian)敬仲完奔(ben)齊(qi)改陳(chen)氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)一樣，同(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“不(bu)欲稱本國(guo)(guo)故(gu)號”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理所(suo)(suo)(suo)致。這(zhe)也(ye)(ye)反證，嘴(zui)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)前M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓主(zhu)必是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)族中人物。按(an)時間推算，以田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性最(zui)大(da)。正因為(wei)(wei)如此(ci)，盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)中僅有(you)人名器(qi)(qi)(qi)名而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)見(jian)(jian)任何(he)慶祝(zhu)語——受(shou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)雖喜，而(er)(er)(er)(er)同(tong)宗(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)滅卻終非可賀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)啊！

研究結果

綜述

由以(yi)上羅列(lie)的史(shi)(shi)實，我們可(ke)以(yi)認定(ding)嘴子(zi)前墓(mu)(mu)群就是田氏(shi)之族的墓(mu)(mu)地(di)。該墓(mu)(mu)地(di)的一些特點，與史(shi)(shi)記中田氏(shi)宗(zong)族的行跡也有諸多關合(he)之處：

墓群與田氏發跡之時代

嘴子(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)(mu)群M4的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)，發掘簡報已有推斷，認為(wei)屬(shu)于春秋晚(wan)期早(zao)段，M1的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)相較則稍晚(wan)一些。這(zhe)與(yu)公子(zi)勝(sheng)所處的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)相當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)。值此(ci)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國政壇，正是(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)景(jing)公在位之(zhi)初(chu)。而(er)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表人物則是(shi)(shi)(shi)振(zhen)興(xing)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)之(zhi)族的(de)(de)(de)能臣(chen)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)完之(zhi)第六世，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)完與(yu)陳(chen)宣公杵臼為(wei)叔伯弟(di)兄。公子(zi)勝(sheng)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)宣公之(zhi)第七世，對(dui)于田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)，公子(zi)勝(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)侄輩，盂銘中簡單的(de)(de)(de)刻上一個“圣”字，當(dang)也符(fu)合(he)身份。凡(fan)此(ci)種種，都證(zheng)明嘴子(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)(mu)群M4的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)與(yu)公子(zi)勝(sheng)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)所處年(nian)(nian)代(dai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)然，公子(zi)勝(sheng)攜器(qi)奔齊(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間與(yu)M4墓(mu)(mu)主下葬年(nian)(nian)代(dai)應有一段距離(li)，但墓(mu)(mu)中陶(tao)器(qi)表明，這(zhe)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)不會晚(wan)至田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常執政的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)期。

M4的規格與田乞之族

M4種(zhong)使用的(de)(de)多(duo)重棺槨、七鼎、九(jiu)鐘(zhong)，顯(xian)然是貴(gui)(gui)族氣(qi)派。當時(shi)的(de)(de)列國(guo)形勢，已經是周(zhou)室式微(wei)，禮崩樂壞(huai)。埋葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)越禮僭制(zhi)現象是十分(fen)普遍的(de)(de)。即如九(jiu)鼎之(zhi)制(zhi)，依禮本(ben)為天子(zi)之(zhi)制(zhi)。此時(shi)不(bu)但(dan)列國(guo)諸(zhu)侯，而(er)且一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)大國(guo)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)卿(qing)(qing)也(ye)紛紛使用。如河(he)南琉璃(li)閣M甲、M60(晉(jin)卿(qing)(qing)范子(zi))、河(he)南汲縣山(shan)彪鎮M1(晉(jin)卿(qing)(qing)魏襄子(zi))、山(shan)西太(tai)原金(jin)勝村(cun)M251(晉(jin)卿(qing)(qing)趙子(zi))等。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)人(ren)物都(dou)是世(shi)代卿(qing)(qing)相，長期(qi)(qi)執(zhi)掌一(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)權柄，所以(yi)其墓不(bu)但(dan)越制(zhi)使用九(jiu)鼎之(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)，而(er)且其它隨葬(zang)(zang)品也(ye)十分(fen)豪華驚人(ren)。相形之(zhi)下，嘴子(zi)前(qian)M4的(de)(de)埋葬(zang)(zang)規(gui)格就低一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情形，可能正(zheng)(zheng)是田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞一(yi)(yi)(yi)族當時(shi)地位(wei)的(de)(de)反映(ying)。景(jing)公(gong)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)還是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個處于上(shang)(shang)升階段的(de)(de)新興貴(gui)(gui)族，終(zhong)景(jing)公(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)世(shi)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞也(ye)沒(mei)有達到上(shang)(shang)卿(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)位(wei)。所以(yi)，他們所能夠使用的(de)(de)埋葬(zang)(zang)規(gui)格，自然也(ye)不(bu)能與(yu)前(qian)述(shu)各國(guo)世(shi)家貴(gui)(gui)族相比。即使在(zai)齊國(guo)，當時(shi)的(de)(de)國(guo)氏(shi)、高(gao)(gao)氏(shi)、鮑氏(shi)、晏氏(shi)等也(ye)都(dou)超過田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)。嘴子(zi)前(qian)M4的(de)(de)鼎數(shu)雖然為七，但(dan)從形制(zhi)上(shang)(shang)看，并(bing)不(bu)符合正(zheng)(zheng)規(gui)的(de)(de)列鼎配伍(wu)之(zhi)制(zhi)。這(zhe)(zhe)可能也(ye)恰(qia)恰(qia)反映(ying)出田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)追求較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)等級而(er)實際上(shang)(shang)又尚未達到的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)特殊狀況。

嘴子前墓群的位置

正如本(ben)文開首(shou)所述，嘴子前墓群所處(chu)(chu)的位置是一個十分偏遠的地方，這里遠離(li)齊都臨淄近(jin)千(qian)里之遙，且又山(shan)水(shui)阻隔，交通不便。一處(chu)(chu)貴族墓地選擇(ze)于此，確實令(ling)人費(fei)解。其(qi)中(zhong)原(yuan)因(yin)，可能(neng)還是田(tian)氏(shi)一族身處(chu)(chu)之政治(zhi)環境(jing)使然。

史籍中(zhong)對(dui)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩代田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)常留下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)筆(bi)墨較多，就中(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看(kan)出他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個顯著(zhu)特點：胸懷大(da)(da)志(zhi)、深謀遠慮。他們代表著(zhu)當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一股新興(xing)勢力，有著(zhu)強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)取(qu)心(xin)(xin)，甚至圖謀篡權竊國(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)景公(gong)算是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個有作為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人物，但他“喜奢而(er)忘儉”，“好治宮室(shi)聚狗馬(ma)”。臨淄景公(gong)墓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個殉馬(ma)坑(keng)，埋葬(zang)馬(ma)匹總數(shu)(shu)約(yue)在600頭之(zhi)(zhi)多，其人奢靡可(ke)見(jian)一斑！田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)從這種(zhong)表面繁榮中(zhong)看(kan)到了姜氏統治者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沒(mei)落之(zhi)(zhi)象，他不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)像賢(xian)相晏嬰(ying)那樣屢屢規(gui)諫，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)乘機以(yi)(yi)小斗(dou)受(shou)、以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)斗(dou)予的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)法“行陰德于民”，使“民思田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏”。數(shu)(shu)世后孟嘗君田(tian)(tian)(tian)文在薛(xue)地(di)焚契銷債，以(yi)(yi)營狡(jiao)兔三窟，真是(shi)(shi)(shi)頗得(de)乃(nai)祖真傳。 但田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)們前(qian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道路又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)殺機四伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。姜氏統治者乃(nai)數(shu)(shu)百(bai)年之(zhi)(zhi)基業，樹大(da)(da)根深，是(shi)(shi)(shi)周王朝分封(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正統。當時(shi)周室(shi)雖然王權衰落，但列國(guo)(guo)諸侯(hou)依然奉為一塊金字(zi)招牌。齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏欲得(de)逞異(yi)志(zhi)，諸侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)腹之(zhi)(zhi)憂。至田(tian)(tian)(tian)常時(shi)，齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)政盡歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏，殺簡公(gong)，立平公(gong)，為相。在齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)可(ke)謂一手(shou)遮天。但對(dui)列國(guo)(guo)諸侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)心(xin)(xin)存顧忌。田(tian)(tian)(tian)常“懼諸侯(hou)共誅己，乃(nai)盡歸魯、衛侵地(di)，西約(yue)晉韓、魏、趙氏、南(nan)通吳、越之(zhi)(zhi)使，修功行賞，親于百(bai)姓，以(yi)(yi)故(gu)齊(qi)(qi)復(fu)定。”在這種(zhong)外部環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脅迫下，田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏奪取(qu)政權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每一步都需小心(xin)(xin)行事，不(bu)能肆(si)無忌憚。

當然，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治對手還是來自國(guo)(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)宗(zong)大(da)(da)族，他們(men)才(cai)是其(qi)崛起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真正障礙(ai)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)擅(shan)(shan)齊(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要斗爭(zheng)都發生(sheng)在田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)兩代。當其(qi)時，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)壇上不(bu)(bu)但有崔杼(zhu)、慶封(feng)、監(jian)止(zhi)一(yi)(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擅(shan)(shan)權風云人(ren)物，而且更(geng)有高氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、國(guo)(guo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、欒氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、鮑(bao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、晏氏(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)大(da)(da)批公(gong)(gong)(gong)族世家。面對這(zhe)些(xie)強(qiang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)敵，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)“欲(yu)為(wei)亂”，稍(shao)稍(shao)不(bu)(bu)慎，便會落(luo)得(de)身(shen)死(si)、家破、族滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可怕(pa)下(xia)場(chang)。對這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)等(deng)是有充分估計與(yu)(yu)準備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。“景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒，兩相(xiang)高、國(guo)(guo)立荼，是為(wei)晏孺子，而田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)說。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)此時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位不(bu)(bu)及高、國(guo)(guo)二(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si)后，在私宅中，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)改立悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)是一(yi)(yi)場(chang)賭博似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)變，險(xian)些(xie)被(bei)鮑(bao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(鮑(bao)牧)當場(chang)砸鍋(guo)。說明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)并不(bu)(bu)具有壟斷政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)局的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位與(yu)(yu)勢(shi)力。對于(yu)權勢(shi)強(qiang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卿相(xiang)，他則(ze)以(yi)“尺蠖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屈(qu)以(yi)求伸也(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)度，“偽(wei)事高、國(guo)(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)”，最(zui)終將高、國(guo)(guo)二(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)殺一(yi)(yi)逐(zhu)，取得(de)了勝利(li)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)族勢(shi)力已大(da)(da)大(da)(da)削弱了，但仍不(bu)(bu)是田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)獨家專政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局面。齊(qi)簡(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)時，“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)成(cheng)子與(yu)(yu)監(jian)止(zhi)俱為(wei)左右相(xiang)……監(jian)止(zhi)幸(xing)于(yu)簡(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)”。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)不(bu)(bu)唯(wei)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)專政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，而且是一(yi)(yi)個失勢(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)。“于(yu)是田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)復修@子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，以(yi)大(da)(da)斗出貸(dai)，以(yi)小斗收。齊(qi)人(ren)歌(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰：‘嫗(yu)乎采@，歸(gui)乎田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成(cheng)子。”這(zhe)表明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)在宮廷斗爭(zheng)不(bu)(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情勢(shi)下(xia)所做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略轉移，其(qi)目標所向，是撼動(dong)姜(jiang)(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立國(guo)(guo)根基。一(yi)(yi)段(duan)齊(qi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)(ge)，無(wu)異姜(jiang)(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)貴族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚歌(ge)(ge)。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)有識之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士均知“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、監(jian)不(bu)(bu)可并也(ye)”。終于(yu)被(bei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)“盡(jin)誅鮑(bao)、晏、監(jian)止(zhi)及公(gong)(gong)(gong)族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)者(zhe)(zhe)”。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內，能(neng)與(yu)(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)抗衡匹敵者(zhe)(zhe)終被(bei)翦滅殆盡(jin)。

在這一場生死角逐中(zhong)，田(tian)氏對相反的(de)(de)(de)結果當也是(shi)(shi)有所(suo)(suo)準(zhun)備的(de)(de)(de)。尤其(qi)田(tian)乞，他(ta)(ta)當時所(suo)(suo)處(chu)環境尤為險惡，幾(ji)乎(hu)(hu)是(shi)(shi)在逆境中(zhong)節節搏殺。鑒(jian)于此，他(ta)(ta)把自己的(de)(de)(de)封邑(yi)和(he)族墓選擇在遠離齊都的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)海隅，也就可(ke)以理解了。這里畢竟天(tian)高皇帝遠，如(ru)果自己在都城的(de)(de)(de)政治格殺中(zhong)落敗，或是(shi)(shi)據有膠東(dong)(dong)偏(pian)安(an)一隅，或是(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)勢(shi)待(dai)機日后卷(juan)土重來(lai)也未可(ke)知。田(tian)乞既以膠東(dong)(dong)半島為后方(fang)(fang)根據地，必然有所(suo)(suo)經營。他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)諸多(duo)恩惠陰(yin)德，肯定也是(shi)(shi)施(shi)予他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)封邑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)此，狡兔三(san)(san)窟(ku)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明者，便是(shi)(shi)孟(meng)嘗(chang)君的(de)(de)(de)這位祖先了。在田(tian)氏的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)封邑(yi)中(zhong)，不(bu)但(dan)“民思田(tian)氏”，而且(qie)情愿追隨田(tian)氏與(yu)姜齊國君作對。景(jing)公將死，“逐群公子，遷之(zhi)(zhi)萊(lai)。景(jing)公卒……群公子畏誅皆出(chu)亡……萊(lai)人(ren)(ren)歌之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)：‘景(jing)公死乎(hu)(hu)弗(fu)與(yu)埋，三(san)(san)軍事(shi)乎(hu)(hu)弗(fu)與(yu)謀，師乎(hu)(hu)師乎(hu)(hu)，胡黨之(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)(hu)？’”萊(lai)，多(duo)認為是(shi)(shi)齊東(dong)(dong)鄙邑(yi)，可(ke)能正是(shi)(shi)田(tian)氏“施(shi)陰(yin)德”的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)封邑(yi)。這里的(de)(de)(de)萊(lai)人(ren)(ren)敢于譏刺國君之(zhi)(zhi)政唱出(chu)憤懣之(zhi)(zhi)聲———田(tian)氏在東(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)狡兔三(san)(san)窟(ku)的(de)(de)(de)經營至此收到(dao)了投(tou)桃報李之(zhi)(zhi)效。

總結

以上所述(shu)，是對嘴(zui)子前墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群的特(te)殊地理位(wei)置、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規(gui)格的不(bu)尋常情(qing)形結合齊、陳等國與(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬年代相當(dang)時期的史實(shi)做(zuo)了一些比較分析，從而做(zuo)出了該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群是屬于田氏族墓(mu)(mu)(mu)這樣一個(ge)(ge)結論。至于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群中某座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬與(yu)田氏族中某個(ge)(ge)特(te)定人物的關系，還只是一種初步(bu)推測，有待于今后(hou)更(geng)新(xin)的發現來檢驗印證。尤是M4甗銘中的作器者，至今尚(shang)未有更(geng)深認識。此人的認定考察(cha)，或(huo)許會(hui)對嘴(zui)子前墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群的認識判斷，產(chan)生舉足輕(qing)重的作用。對此，謹希(xi)望專家學者不(bu)吝賜教。