芒果视频下载

發現

當(dang)地農民在此發(fa)現了一座(zuo)木槨墓（編號(hao)為(wei)M1），經專業(ye)人員清理出銅器(qi)(qi)20余件，為(wei)春秋時期遺物。墓之附近還發(fa)現過數量不少的(de)馬(ma)銜鑣(biao)之類(lei)的(de)車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)。

出土文物

嘴子前墓群部分出土文物

墓(mu)葬未經盜擾，出土器(qi)物頗豐，多達240余件。其中銅(tong)器(qi)60余件、漆木器(qi)40余件、玉器(qi)和(he)石器(qi)10余件，其他(ta)為陶(tao)器(qi)。

隨(sui)葬(zang)器物中以青銅禮器組合較為顯眼，有(you)七(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)，一套(tao)編(bian)鐘(zhong)（由(you)七(qi)件(jian)甬鐘(zhong)組成）、壺(hu)、盤、匜等。七(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)乃諸侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮數，此(ci)墓中七(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)并(bing)非是嚴格意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)列鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)，在當(dang)時(shi)重(zhong)諸侯輕天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)和(he)風行厚葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，一些貴族以越禮的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式進行自(zi)我標(biao)榜自(zi)我滿足的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)(xiang)十分常(chang)見(jian)，如(ru)諸侯用(yong)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)禮、卿大夫用(yong)諸侯之(zhi)禮。嘴子(zi)(zi)前四號墓用(yong)七(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)大概正是基于此(ci)種形勢(shi)，以不(bu)是很標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)列鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)來張揚(yang)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)虛榮心(xin)，并(bing)且在出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺物中見(jian)有(you)正、背面均(jun)鎏金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)革甲飾(shi)片。鎏金(jin)工藝并(bing)不(bu)是單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝飾(shi)藝術，它能象(xiang)(xiang)征權勢(shi)，不(bu)過還得有(you)相(xiang)當(dang)級(ji)別才能用(yong)，除(chu)非墓主又是僭越用(yong)禮。那么M4墓主是以何種資本來夸張自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)呢？不(bu)妨來看看他的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份如(ru)何。

M4中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)有(you)兩件帶(dai)銘(ming)銅器(qi)(qi)，其一為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)銅盂(yu)(yu)(yu)，刻銘(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“所(suo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)□盂(yu)(yu)(yu)”。其義已(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)學者(zhe)所(suo)考，?釋(shi)作“圣”字(zi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人名；即進獻之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)；為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)即“媯”了(le)，是(shi)諸(zhu)侯陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國之(zhi)(zhi)姓(xing)；即“寢(qin)”字(zi)，下(xia)寢(qin)是(shi)宮(gong)室之(zhi)(zhi)名，盂(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器(qi)(qi)名。整句話的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思是(shi)，圣進獻媯氏(shi)下(xia)寢(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)。另(ling)一銅甗(yan)也有(you)銘(ming)文(wen)，四(si)行(xing)十七(qi)(qi)字(zi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“（陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)）樂(le)君(jun)?，乍（作）其旅獻（甗(yan)）用□眉壽 無(wu)疆永用止”。第(di)(di)一行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)“樂(le)君(jun)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食邑于(yu)樂(le)（地名）的(de)(de)(de)大夫，“?”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人名，即作器(qi)(qi)者(zhe)。第(di)(di)二行(xing)意(yi)思是(shi)作器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甗(yan)。第(di)(di)三、四(si)行(xing)是(shi)套話，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吉祥用語。此兩件器(qi)(qi)物(wu)均與陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國有(you)關，盂(yu)(yu)(yu)銘(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國之(zhi)(zhi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”（媯），甗(yan)銘(ming)則有(you)“?”（陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)）。據(ju)史載(zai)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國地處河南淮水流域，齊桓(huan)公(gong)時(shi)(shi)期，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國內亂，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公(gong)子完逃亡至(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)方齊國避難，齊桓(huan)公(gong)收(shou)留了(le)他(ta)(ta)并(bing)任(ren)他(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)正之(zhi)(zhi)職，于(yu)是(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完不再稱本(ben)國故(gu)號，“改陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)”。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完之(zhi)(zhi)后裔在(zai)齊國日益權重，傳至(zhi)(zhi)第(di)(di)七(qi)(qi)代(dai)田(tian)(tian)常，已(yi)位(wei)至(zhi)(zhi)齊相，權傾朝野，第(di)(di)十代(dai)田(tian)(tian)和，直(zhi)接廢了(le)齊王，自(zi)立為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)齊王，姜齊亡，田(tian)(tian)齊立。由(you)其發家(jia)(jia)史可以看出(chu)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)代(dai)齊之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)在(zai)齊國的(de)(de)(de)張狂氣勢(shi)。海(hai)陽地處膠東(dong)半島，而第(di)(di)七(qi)(qi)代(dai)田(tian)(tian)常曾將整個膠東(dong)半島劃作自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)邑，他(ta)(ta)雖身在(zai)國都，但(dan)(dan)必定遷自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)部分家(jia)(jia)族(zu)去他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)邑，海(hai)陽嘴子前(qian)四(si)號墓(mu)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)應是(shi)某支(zhi)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)貴族(zu)家(jia)(jia)用器(qi)(qi)物(wu)，墓(mu)主人大概在(zai)生(sheng)前(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一方小貴族(zu)，仗本(ben)家(jia)(jia)族(zu)在(zai)朝權勢(shi)，厚葬(zang)僭(jian)禮而無(wu)所(suo)顧忌。嘴子前(qian)墓(mu)地應是(shi)這支(zhi)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)家(jia)(jia)族(zu)墓(mu)地，M1曾遭破壞，遺物(wu)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)流佚，但(dan)(dan)仍出(chu)土(tu)(tu)一套7件銅編鐘，制作較精(jing)致，且在(zai)其附近出(chu)土(tu)(tu)過車(che)馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)具，其級(ji)別應與M4墓(mu)相近，但(dan)(dan)時(shi)(shi)間早晚不同(tong)。M2規(gui)模較小，但(dan)(dan)仍出(chu)土(tu)(tu)少許當時(shi)(shi)視之(zhi)(zhi)貴重的(de)(de)(de)漆器(qi)(qi)。

歷史記載

習俗

春(chun)秋戰國(guo)之(zhi)際舊禮日漸崩(beng)潰(kui)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)新的跡象出現。嘴(zui)子前墓葬中除了禮器(qi)(qi)之(zhi)外，還有(you)許多(duo)頗具生活情趣(qu)的日常用(yong)器(qi)(qi)，如(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件銅(tong)帶鉤，作一(yi)(yi)(yi)驚立待(dai)走的小獸形(xing)象，十分逼真可愛。另(ling)有(you)許多(duo)漆(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)，有(you)俎(zu)、罐、勺和梳(shu)子等(deng)。這些(xie)(xie)新氣息的凸現與舊禮制(zhi)的莊嚴肅穆相對(dui)立，正與當時社(she)會上如(ru)(ru)火如(ru)(ru)荼(tu)的改革和開(kai)(kai)放氣息相映，一(yi)(yi)(yi)種新的局(ju)面已經在人們的生活和埋葬習(xi)俗(su)中開(kai)(kai)始出現。

貴族墓地

山東(dong)省海(hai)陽市的(de)(de)(de)嘴子前村(cun)，是(shi)一(yi)處(chu)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)丘陵山鄉。它的(de)(de)(de)北部是(shi)綿延(yan)起伏(fu)的(de)(de)(de)招虎山，往南要經過十(shi)余公里(li)的(de)(de)(de)盤曲山谷才(cai)能到達半島的(de)(de)(de)南海(hai)岸。就是(shi)這樣的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個地點，卻發現了一(yi)處(chu)十(shi)分(fen)重要的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)周墓群，幾(ji)次(ci)出土了大批文物(wu)，其數(shu)量之(zhi)多，規格之(zhi)高，在膠東(dong)地區當屬首次(ci)。

這(zhe)處墓群位(wei)于(yu)嘴子前村東北(bei)的(de)(de)一個山前黃土(tu)臺地(di)上。這(zhe)里(li)大部(bu)分被平整成了農田，少部(bu)分依(yi)然是(shi)溝(gou)壑縱橫(heng)的(de)(de)高臺地(di)。農民在這(zhe)里(li)種地(di)取土(tu)，經(jing)常(chang)可(ke)以發現零星的(de)(de)銅器如箭(jian)頭、馬銜(xian)、車環之(zhi)類，便猜(cai)想這(zhe)是(shi)一處古代(dai)屯兵之(zhi)地(di)，于(yu)是(shi)這(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)地(di)名便被稱作(zuo)“養軍場”。

在七十年代大規模整(zheng)修農田時(shi)，農民曾在這(zhe)里發(fa)(fa)現過(guo)一大批堆放整(zheng)齊的(de)馬銜、車(che)器等(deng)銅器(這(zhe)批器物(wu)曾發(fa)(fa)表在《文物(wu)》1985年第3期上(shang))。

1978年初春，該村農民在此掘毀一(yi)墓(mu)(編號M1)。墓(mu)中有重(zhong)槨(guo)單棺，木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)悉被(bei)丟棄(qi)毀壞(huai)，僅(jin)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)被(bei)文物部分(fen)追(zhui)繳收(shou)回，玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)出土(tu)(tu)數量較少，據稱均為(wei)管、珠(zhu)一(yi)類的(de)小(xiao)飾件，至今(jin)尚(shang)有部分(fen)散存于村民手中。此次出土(tu)(tu)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有盤(pan)、盆、簋、壺(hu)、、削、戈、矛、鏃(zu)、編鐘(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)，收(shou)集到的(de)一(yi)個銅(tong)(tong)鼎蓋和(he)獸(shou)面紋的(de)壺(hu)耳，紋飾都很精(jing)美(mei)，可惜這些鼎、壺(hu)等(deng)十分(fen)重(zhong)要的(de)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)卻(que)至今(jin)不知(zhi)下落。出土(tu)(tu)的(de)編鐘(zhong)(zhong)共有7件，兩件大(da)的(de)為(wei)鈕(niu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)，其余小(xiao)的(de)為(wei)甬鐘(zhong)(zhong)。鈕(niu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)形較大(da)，通(tong)高(gao)43.5厘米，重(zhong)11.6公(gong)斤，氣象莊(zhuang)重(zhong)，紋飾精(jing)美(mei)。

1985年，海陽縣博物(wu)館(guan)搶救清(qing)理了一座(zuo)墓，編(bian)號為(wei)(wei)M2。出(chu)土器物(wu)較少(shao)，大部分為(wei)(wei)陶器，內中有(you)少(shao)數為(wei)(wei)仿銅(tong)(tong)(tong)禮器的(de)，如獸頭匜等。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器只出(chu)土了3件，鼎、盆。 1994年，這里M4的(de)發掘(jue)是(shi)收獲最(zui)為(wei)(wei)豐富的(de)一次。該墓為(wei)(wei)土壙，因青膏(gao)泥(ni)的(de)封護(hu)作用，墓內的(de)重槨單棺保護(hu)基本完好，很多(duo)漆(qi)器、木器如壺(hu)、罐、俎、勺、戈柄等也都形狀依(yi)舊，色澤如新。出(chu)土器物(wu)總數達240余(yu)件，其(qi)中銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器60余(yu)件。主要有(you)鼎7，編(bian)鐘9，壺(hu)、盆、簋(gui)各(ge)2，盂(yu)、甗、匜、各(ge)1。其(qi)它尚(shang)有(you)戈、劍等兵(bing)器。這些器物(wu)形制(zhi)、紋飾有(you)的(de)十分精美。一甗一盂(yu)還(huan)有(you)銘(ming)文。其(qi)中盂(yu)器形碩(shuo)大，通高47厘(li)米，口(kou)徑69.5厘(li)米，四只獸頭形大耳，通體飾華麗的(de)龍(long)紋，是(shi)這批銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器中最(zui)為(wei)(wei)精彩的(de)一件。

由以上出土(tu)(tu)情形可以看(kan)出，嘴(zui)子前(qian)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)是(shi)一處(chu)規(gui)格很高(gao)的(de)貴(gui)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)，僅(jin)僅(jin)發現過三(san)個墓(mu)(mu)，便有兩座墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)使用成(cheng)套(tao)的(de)編鐘(zhong)(zhong)，且有多(duo)重棺(guan)槨(guo)以及其他(ta)貴(gui)重銅禮器。《墨子·節葬》曾(ceng)對當時的(de)貴(gui)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)葬風習做(zuo)(zuo)了如下描繪：“今王公大(da)(da)人之為葬埋，……必大(da)(da)棺(guan)(棺(guan)之在表者也。即槨(guo))中(zhong)棺(guan)，革貴(gui)(革繡(xiu)也)三(san)操(cao)，璧玉即具(ju)，戈劍鼎(ding)鼓壺濫(鑒)，文繡(xiu)素(su)練，大(da)(da)鞅(馬(ma)(ma)具(ju))萬領，輿馬(ma)(ma)女(nv)樂皆具(ju)，曰必捶土(tu)(tu)余(使堅實)，差通壟(做(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)道)，雖凡(fan)山陵，此(ci)為輟民之事，糜民之財，不可勝(sheng)(sheng)計也。”《呂氏春秋(qiu)》也論(lun)：“國彌(mi)大(da)(da)，家(jia)彌(mi)富，葬彌(mi)厚。含珠鱗施，夫玩好貨寶，鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼎(ding)壺濫、輿馬(ma)(ma)衣被戈劍不可勝(sheng)(sheng)數(shu)，諸養生(sheng)之具(ju)無不從者。題湊之室，棺(guan)槨(guo)數(shu)襲，積石積炭(tan)，以環其外(wai)。”可見墓(mu)(mu)壙規(gui)模，棺(guan)槨(guo)重數(shu)，車馬(ma)(ma)之葬、鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼎(ding)之葬、器物數(shu)量等，均是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)主身份地(di)(di)位的(de)重要表征。對照(zhao)之下，嘴(zui)子前(qian)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)應(ying)該是(shi)這樣(yang)一處(chu)貴(gui)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)。

膠(jiao)東(dong)半(ban)島(dao)，在(zai)先秦(qin)文獻中是一(yi)個絕少被提(ti)到(dao)的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)，后代(dai)史家，也往(wang)往(wang)以“萊夷之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)”統(tong)而言之(zhi)(zhi)。膠(jiao)東(dong)地(di)(di)區的(de)先秦(qin)古(gu)國，聲名最(zui)為(wei)顯赫的(de)要(yao)算(suan)是萊國。它在(zai)周初曾(ceng)與就封于(yu)齊(qi)的(de)太公呂(lv)望“爭(zheng)營丘(qiu)”，可見(jian)具有一(yi)定勢力(li)。萊的(de)故(gu)(gu)地(di)(di)在(zai)膠(jiao)東(dong)半(ban)島(dao)的(de)西北(bei)部黃水河流域(yu)，今(jin)龍口(kou)市歸(gui)城即為(wei)其(qi)故(gu)(gu)都遺址。那里出土(tu)有銘銅器(qi)較(jiao)多，可說是嘴子前墓群發現(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)前出土(tu)文物規格最(zui)高的(de)一(yi)個地(di)(di)點(dian)。但歸(gui)城是人所共(gong)知的(de)萊國故(gu)(gu)地(di)(di)，而嘴子前一(yi)帶從未聞有何古(gu)國于(yu)此立國。齊(qi)國統(tong)一(yi)莒萊后，膠(jiao)東(dong)半(ban)島(dao)盡為(wei)齊(qi)地(di)(di)。但齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)政治(zhi)中心自(zi)在(zai)濰(wei)淄(zi)流域(yu)的(de)國都臨(lin)淄(zi)一(yi)帶，相比之(zhi)(zhi)下，膠(jiao)東(dong)半(ban)島(dao)無異(yi)是一(yi)個遙遠的(de)邊陲(chui)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)。這(zhe)樣一(yi)個偏僻(pi)的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)，緣何能出現(xian)(xian)嘴子前墓群這(zhe)樣一(yi)個貴(gui)族墓地(di)(di)呢(ni)？

嘴(zui)子前墓(mu)群(qun)M4出土盂、甗上的兩篇銘文，可(ke)能正是回答這個問題的鑰(yao)匙(chi)。

禮器和兵器

嘴子前墓群出土文物

甗(yan)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)甗(yan)內壁(bi)，系鑄成，四(si)行共(gong)十七字(zi)：“敶樂(le)(le)君(jun)豆(dou)乍(zha)(作)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)旅獻(xian)(xian)(甗(yan))，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽(shou)(shou)無(wu)疆(jiang)永用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)止(zhi)”。由文意可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)知，此(ci)甗(yan)系一(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)貴族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)右側有(you)@旁(pang)，當系陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國地(di)在(zai)(zai)今河南淮(huai)陽一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶，以(yi)往曾多(duo)有(you)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)出土(tu)，傳(chuan)世(shi)品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也有(you)許(xu)多(duo)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)著錄，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)寫法均(jun)與(yu)此(ci)甗(yan)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)無(wu)二(er)。齊(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)均(jun)見(jian)加土(tu)如(ru)“@”者，與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“敶”絕不(bu)相混。山東肥城縣小(xiao)王家(jia)(jia)1963年(nian)曾出陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)壺(hu)等(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)曰“敶侯(hou)作@@壺(hu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)萬年(nian)永寶用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)”，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)知是(shi)(shi)陪嫁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)@器(qi)(qi)(qi)，來(lai)源也是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國。1978年(nian)，山東沂水縣劉(liu)家(jia)(jia)店子(zi)@國貴族墓(mu)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)套(tao)鈴鐘(zhong)，共(gong)九件(jian)。鐘(zhong)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“敶大喪史中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)乍(zha)(作)鈴鐘(zhong)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽(shou)(shou)無(wu)疆(jiang)，子(zi)=孫=永寶用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)止(zhi)”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)寫法，文體用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)語均(jun)與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)樂(le)(le)君(jun)甗(yan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)，無(wu)疑也是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。樂(le)(le)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)豆(dou)，應即(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采邑在(zai)(zai)樂(le)(le)，故(gu)稱樂(le)(le)君(jun)，豆(dou)即(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)不(bu)詳，但(dan)(dan)此(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)系陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)無(wu)疑。 盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)(zai)口沿上，系刻成，一(yi)(yi)(yi)行共(gong)七字(zi)：“圣所獻(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)(yu)”。文意為(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)“圣”，當為(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)。第四(si)字(zi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”。前(qian)述陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)侯(hou)壺(hu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)此(ci)字(zi)有(you)女旁(pang)，與(yu)盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”字(zi)形(xing)異義同。文獻(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也見(jian)有(you)這種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)法：“不(bu)圖(tu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)樂(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至于(yu)(yu)(yu)斯也。” 為(wei)(wei)(wei)，虞舜(shun)(shun)居溈內，因(yin)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)。周初(chu)封舜(shun)(shun)后胡公(gong)滿于(yu)(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)奉舜(shun)(shun)祀，后以(yi)國為(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)，故(gu)《左(zuo)傳(chuan)·莊公(gong)二(er)十二(er)年(nian)》注曰：“為(wei)(wei)(wei)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)姓也。”可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)知盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)是(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姓，此(ci)盂(yu)(yu)也為(wei)(wei)(wei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文末(mo)三(san)字(zi)“下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)(yu)”，表明此(ci)盂(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)當為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)稱。《周禮》記(ji)：“宮(gong)人(ren)掌王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修。”《鄭注》：“六(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)者，路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)五(wu)……，路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)治事，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以(yi)時燕(yan)息焉。”又，《賈疏》：“天子(zi)六(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，則諸侯(hou)當有(you)三(san)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，亦(yi)路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，燕(yan)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，側室(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。”《晏子(zi)春秋·外(wai)篇》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)：“景(jing)公(gong)做路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，曰：‘美哉室(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)誰將(jiang)有(you)此(ci)乎？”在(zai)(zai)這里，齊(qi)景(jing)公(gong)是(shi)(shi)出于(yu)(yu)(yu)對齊(qi)國國運的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擔憂而發出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感嘆，謂其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，不(bu)定(ding)由誰來(lai)取而代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，成為(wei)(wei)(wei)路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新(xin)主。換言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這里提(ti)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，便是(shi)(shi)君(jun)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象征(zheng)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)，當是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)國中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泛(fan)稱。宮(gong)廷(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)本來(lai)分類(lei)較繁(fan)，加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國別不(bu)同，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)稱亦(yi)異，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能對寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叫法也各(ge)各(ge)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。除前(qian)文提(ti)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、燕(yan)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，還見(jian)有(you)外(wai)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《儀禮·喪服》)、大寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《禮記(ji)·檀弓(gong)下(xia)》)等(deng)，獨不(bu)見(jian)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱。推測其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)位(wei)當低于(yu)(yu)(yu)路(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)或大寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，但(dan)(dan)總是(shi)(shi)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)。宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，往往與(yu)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”字(zi)連稱。如(ru)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)，銅(tong)戈(ge)(ge)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)見(jian)。“@@@寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)”，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)(ge)戈(ge)(ge)頭(tou)短小(xiao)，長16.5厘(li)米，只(zhi)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)穿，銘(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)(zai)內上。這種(zhong)小(xiao)戈(ge)(ge)有(you)點像嘴(zui)子(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)群(qun)M4中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)件(jian)戈(ge)(ge)。M4之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戈(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)柄(bing)長度僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.08米，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)是(shi)(shi)短兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)，不(bu)宜野戰，應為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內護衛使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。《左(zuo)傳(chuan)·襄(xiang)公(gong)二(er)十八年(nian)》有(you)“王何執(zhi)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)”，《正義》：寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)，親近(jin)兵杖也。由以(yi)上數例，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)知寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)廷(ting)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵。類(lei)此(ci)，寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱當系宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)名(ming)稱。M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這件(jian)形(xing)質碩(shuo)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)盂(yu)(yu)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)原來(lai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)重(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

M4出(chu)土的(de)(de)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中還有一些，如花紋精美繁(fan)復(fu)的(de)(de)，如形制特異的(de)(de)鈹，都(dou)是具(ju)有陳楚(chu)風格特點(dian)的(de)(de)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)，加(jia)上前(qian)述的(de)(de)盂、甗(yan)，可知如此眾多數量的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物，竟都(dou)來(lai)自陳國！

宮廷變亂

由以上(shang)對甗、盂銘文和一些器物(wu)特征(zheng)的認識，可知嘴(zui)子(zi)前墓群的許(xu)多重(zhong)要器物(wu)甚至(zhi)宮廷禮儀重(zhong)器均(jun)屬(shu)陳國(guo)(guo)。那么，它們(men)如何來到遙遠東方的齊國(guo)(guo)東鄙之地？披(pi)閱陳國(guo)(guo)史葉，原來這與陳國(guo)(guo)宮廷的兩次變(bian)亂有關。

第(di)一次變(bian)亂發(fa)生在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)672年(齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)四年，陳(chen)(chen)宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)一年)。陳(chen)(chen)宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)欲(yu)立寵姬之(zhi)子而(er)殺(sha)太子御(yu)寇，陳(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子完(wan)(wan)與(yu)太子交好，恐怕“禍及(ji)己(ji)，乃奔(ben)齊” 。楚齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)“欲(yu)使以(yi)為(wei)(wei)卿(qing)(qing)，讓。于(yu)是以(yi)為(wei)(wei)工正(zheng)”。工正(zheng)是掌管匠作百工的(de)官職(zhi)。陳(chen)(chen)楚一帶(dai)南方地區(qu)制造(zao)工藝發(fa)達已被(bei)今天(tian)的(de)考古發(fa)現所證(zheng)明，嘴子前(qian)墓群中出(chu)土陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)器的(de)精(jing)美也是絕好例證(zheng)。陳(chen)(chen)完(wan)(wan)奔(ben)齊，可能也帶(dai)來先(xian)進(jin)的(de)工藝技術。當(dang)時的(de)齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)管仲輔佐下，正(zheng)雄心(xin)勃勃建立其(qi)“九(jiu)合(he)諸侯，一匡天(tian)下”之(zhi)霸業(ye)。他招(zhao)賢納士，任用(yong)陳(chen)(chen)完(wan)(wan)為(wei)(wei)掌管百工的(de)工正(zheng)也并(bing)非無(wu)稽之(zhi)談。但說意欲(yu)任用(yong)陳(chen)(chen)完(wan)(wan)為(wei)(wei)卿(qing)(qing)，先(xian)輩學(xue)者已指(zhi)出(chu)可能與(yu)事實不符(fu)。這與(yu)史(shi)籍中卜辭所言“有(you)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)后(hou)，將育(yu)于(yu)姜，五(wu)世其(qi)昌(chang)，并(bing)與(yu)正(zheng)卿(qing)(qing)，八(ba)世之(zhi)后(hou)，莫之(zhi)與(yu)京(jing)”一樣，恐怕都(dou)是田氏(shi)在(zai)其(qi)族顯(xian)榮之(zhi)后(hou)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)祖先(xian)附會編(bian)造(zao)的(de)過(guo)譽(yu)之(zhi)詞(ci)。但無(wu)論(lun)如何，陳(chen)(chen)完(wan)(wan)奔(ben)齊，打(da)下了陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)日后(hou)在(zai)齊國(guo)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)根基。自此，陳(chen)(chen)完(wan)(wan)之(zhi)族“不欲(yu)稱本(ben)國(guo)故號，故改陳(chen)(chen)字為(wei)(wei)田氏(shi)。”改田之(zhi)因由，有(you)云是“食菜地于(yu)田，由是改姓(xing)田氏(shi)”，有(you)云是“以(yi)陳(chen)(chen)、田二字聲相(xiang)近，遂以(yi)為(wei)(wei)田氏(shi)”。

田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族在田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)完之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，至田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)桓子(zi)(zi)(zi)無(wu)宇時逐漸發展起來。他(ta)大(da)約是一(yi)個(ge)孔武有力的(de)武夫(fu)，“事莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)，甚有寵”。六世田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)僖子(zi)(zi)(zi)乞(qi)，“事景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)大(da)夫(fu)”。“其收賦稅于(yu)(yu)民以(yi)小斗受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其稟于(yu)(yu)民以(yi)大(da)斗，行陰(yin)德(de)于(yu)(yu)民……由此(ci)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)得齊(qi)(qi)(qi)眾心，宗(zong)(zong)族益強(qiang)”。并“樹黨于(yu)(yu)諸侯”。可見這是一(yi)個(ge)心懷異志(zhi)、深(shen)謀遠(yuan)慮的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)家(jia)。一(yi)帶名(ming)相(xiang)晏(yan)嬰(ying)(ying)對此(ci)洞若觀(guan)火，深(shen)明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)心。“晏(yan)嬰(ying)(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晉(jin)，與(yu)叔(shu)向私語(yu)曰：‘齊(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)卒(zu)歸(gui)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)雖無(wu)大(da)德(de)，以(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)權(quan)私，有德(de)于(yu)(yu)民，民愛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’”果然不(bu)出(chu)晏(yan)嬰(ying)(ying)所(suo)料(liao)，在齊(qi)(qi)(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)死后，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)殺(sha)(sha)高(gao)昭子(zi)(zi)(zi)、國(guo)惠子(zi)(zi)(zi)兩大(da)強(qiang)宗(zong)(zong)，在私宅(zhai)中以(yi)脅迫手段擁立(li)(li)新君(齊(qi)(qi)(qi)悼公(gong)(gong)(gong))，并廢殺(sha)(sha)國(guo)君晏(yan)孺(ru)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，“為(wei)相(xiang)，專(zhuan)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)”。七世田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成子(zi)(zi)(zi)常是一(yi)個(ge)歷史上人所(suo)熟知的(de)人物(wu)，在田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)姜(jiang)(jiang)的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)變中起了(le)相(xiang)當關鍵的(de)作用(yong)。他(ta)的(de)形跡略如乃父(fu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)。一(yi)方面“復僖子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)”，延攬民心，一(yi)方面在宮(gong)廷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內排除異己。殺(sha)(sha)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)監止及(ji)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)簡公(gong)(gong)(gong)，立(li)(li)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)，又“盡誅(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)者”，終于(yu)(yu)使“齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)歸(gui)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常”。其后八世襄子(zi)(zi)(zi)盤、九(jiu)世莊子(zi)(zi)(zi)白、十(shi)世太公(gong)(gong)(gong)和均世為(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)，獨擅(shan)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)，確實(shi)“莫(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)京”。京，意即高(gao)、大(da)、數多。莫(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)京，言其齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內，無(wu)人能與(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)匹敵(di)。姜(jiang)(jiang)姓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)成了(le)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家(jia)天下，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)姜(jiang)(jiang)實(shi)際(ji)上只一(yi)個(ge)時機問題(ti)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前391年，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)和廢掉姜(jiang)(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)末代(dai)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)君康(kang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)貸(dai)，又過五年，“立(li)(li)為(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)侯，列于(yu)(yu)周(zhou)室”。至此(ci)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)姜(jiang)(jiang)的(de)一(yi)場大(da)政(zheng)(zheng)變，終于(yu)(yu)劃上了(le)句號(hao)。

在(zai)田氏逐步發展的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，田氏依(yi)恃其(qi)強權地位也(ye)在(zai)不斷擴大(da)(da)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)邑。史(shi)載(zai)田常子系龐大(da)(da)。“田常乃選齊國中(zhong)女子長七尺以(yi)(yi)上為(wei)后宮，后宮為(wei)百數(shu)，而使賓客舍人出(chu)入后宮者不禁。及田常卒(zu)，有(you)七十余(yu)男”。另有(you)記載(zai)謂(wei)田常“有(you)數(shu)十婦”，“生(sheng)男百余(yu)人”。這(zhe)些說法未(wei)必屬實，也(ye)可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不滿田常弒君擅權的(de)(de)(de)譏謗之(zhi)詞，但總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)由此(ci)看出(chu)其(qi)宗族的(de)(de)(de)繁盛。與(yu)此(ci)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)則必然是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封(feng)(feng)邑的(de)(de)(de)眾(zhong)多。田常曾(ceng)“割齊自(zi)(zi)(zi)安(an)平以(yi)(yi)東(dong)至瑯邪(xie)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)封(feng)(feng)邑，封(feng)(feng)邑大(da)(da)于平公之(zhi)所食。”《史(shi)記·正義》云：“安(an)平以(yi)(yi)東(dong)，萊、登、沂、密等州皆自(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)田常封(feng)(feng)邑也(ye)”。安(an)平在(zai)臨淄(zi)以(yi)(yi)東(dong)十九里，幾乎等于說就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊都以(yi)(yi)東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)廣袤大(da)(da)地，自(zi)(zi)(zi)然也(ye)包括東(dong)方的(de)(de)(de)膠東(dong)半島。至此(ci)，海陽嘴子前墓(mu)群的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)樣一(yi)處(chu)高規格的(de)(de)(de)貴族墓(mu)葬便(bian)找(zhao)到了(le)合理的(de)(de)(de)歸(gui)屬：這(zhe)應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)處(chu)遠在(zai)東(dong)方的(de)(de)(de)田氏封(feng)(feng)邑的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)地。

田氏族墓

嘴(zui)子(zi)前墓地既是田氏之(zhi)族墓，那么，M4所出的盂、甗銘(ming)文為什么不作田氏之(zhi)陳(chen)而作陳(chen)國之(zhi)敶呢？這可能與(yu)陳(chen)國的另一(yi)次(ci)大變亂有(you)關。

公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)534年(齊景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十四(si)年，陳(chen)(chen)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十五年)，陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)宮廷(ting)又發生(sheng)了斷送陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)命(ming)脈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)。關于這(zhe)場(chang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)，《左(zuo)傳·昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八年》有(you)(you)(you)(you)如下(xia)(xia)記載：“陳(chen)(chen)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元妃(fei)(fei)鄭(zheng)姬生(sheng)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃師，二妃(fei)(fei)生(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)，下(xia)(xia)妃(fei)(fei)生(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。二妃(fei)(fei)嬖，留(liu)(liu)(liu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)寵，屬諸司徒招與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過(guo)。哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)廢疾(ji)。三月(yue)甲(jia)申，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)招、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過(guo)殺(sha)掉(diao)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃師，而(er)(er)立公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)。夏四(si)月(yue)辛(xin)亥，哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)縊。干(gan)(gan)征(zheng)師赴于楚(chu)，且告有(you)(you)(you)(you)立君(jun)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)愬于楚(chu)，楚(chu)人(ren)(ren)執(干(gan)(gan)征(zheng)師)而(er)(er)殺(sha)之(zhi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)奔鄭(zheng)。……九月(yue)，楚(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄疾(ji)帥(shuai)師奉(feng)孫吳圍(wei)陳(chen)(chen)……滅(mie)(mie)陳(chen)(chen)。”這(zhe)段史實，《史記·陳(chen)(chen)杞世家(jia)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文字，所(suo)異者只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)妃(fei)(fei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)四(si)而(er)(er)非三；長(chang)(chang)姬生(sheng)悼太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)師，少(shao)姬生(sheng)偃，長(chang)(chang)妾(qie)生(sheng)留(liu)(liu)(liu)，少(shao)妾(qie)生(sheng)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。新君(jun)留(liu)(liu)(liu)派使者赴楚(chu)希望(wang)得到承認(ren)，而(er)(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則不(bu)(bu)滿此(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)也赴楚(chu)請其(qi)(qi)主持公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道。結(jie)果楚(chu)早有(you)(you)(you)(you)吞并(bing)之(zhi)心，而(er)(er)帥(shuai)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄疾(ji)又正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那個誅忠(zhong)臣伍(wu)員之(zhi)族、弒父(fu)(fu)弒君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴虐人(ren)(ren)物(后(hou)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)平王)，便(bian)借機干(gan)(gan)脆將(jiang)陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)滅(mie)(mie)掉(diao)。這(zhe)個結(jie)果應該(gai)說是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)始料不(bu)(bu)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對這(zhe)場(chang)滅(mie)(mie)國(guo)毀(hui)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災(zai)難，他有(you)(you)(you)(you)引狼(lang)入(ru)室(shi)之(zhi)責。這(zhe)次(ci)事(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)中(zhong)(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)奔鄭(zheng)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則從此(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)見史載。按常理推之(zhi)，他也有(you)(you)(you)(you)出奔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)。若(ruo)此(ci)(ci)，他所(suo)出奔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去處最可(ke)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊。因為(wei)齊之(zhi)田氏是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)宗(zong)，此(ci)(ci)時(shi)田乞在政治上(shang)正(zheng)初露頭角，從血緣上(shang)、政治條(tiao)件上(shang)都可(ke)使這(zhe)位失國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得到庇護。據山(shan)東大(da)學馬(ma)良民師考證，“勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”、“圣”古音相近，同(tong)(tong)為(wei)書紐雙聲(sheng)。盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獻(xian)器(qi)者圣很(hen)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)母，不(bu)(bu)管是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如《左(zuo)傳》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)妃(fei)(fei)，還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《史記》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)妾(qie)，地(di)位在后(hou)妃(fei)(fei)中(zhong)(zhong)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，故(gu)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)居稱(cheng)為(wei)“下(xia)(xia)寢”也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。若(ruo)此(ci)(ci)，這(zhe)件珍貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)盂(yu)(yu)，原來應該(gai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居室(shi)用器(qi)，在公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)逃難時(shi)攜來齊國(guo)。這(zhe)種(zhong)情形，在史籍中(zhong)(zhong)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屢(lv)見不(bu)(bu)鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。敵國(guo)入(ru)侵，宮室(shi)重器(qi)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擄掠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點。“王往(wang)而(er)(er)征(zheng)之(zhi)……殺(sha)其(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu)兄，累其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弟(di)，毀(hui)其(qi)(qi)宗(zong)廟(miao)，遷其(qi)(qi)重器(qi)”。“晉軍(jun)追齊至馬(ma)陵，齊侯請以(yi)寶器(qi)謝”，“燕將(jiang)樂毅遂入(ru)臨淄，盡取齊之(zhi)寶藏(zang)器(qi)”。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在國(guo)破(po)家(jia)亡(wang)之(zhi)際，攜生(sheng)母所(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮室(shi)重器(qi)出奔當(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。此(ci)(ci)盂(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文系后(hou)刻(ke)而(er)(er)成，分析(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獻(xian)器(qi)時(shi)所(suo)刻(ke)。盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)稱(cheng)“為(wei)”(女為(wei))而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)稱(cheng)“陳(chen)(chen)”，當(dang)時(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)意(yi)避(bi)諱­——因為(wei)受器(qi)者也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(陳(chen)(chen))氏。這(zhe)與(yu)田敬仲完奔齊改陳(chen)(chen)氏為(wei)田氏一樣，同(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“不(bu)(bu)欲(yu)稱(cheng)本國(guo)故(gu)號”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理所(suo)致。這(zhe)也反(fan)證，嘴子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)前(qian)M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)主必(bi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)田氏族中(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)物。按時(shi)間推算，以(yi)田乞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)性最大(da)。正(zheng)因為(wei)如此(ci)(ci)，盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)名器(qi)名而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)見任何慶(qing)祝語——受器(qi)雖喜，而(er)(er)同(tong)(tong)宗(zong)之(zhi)國(guo)滅(mie)(mie)卻終(zhong)非可(ke)賀之(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)啊！

研究結果

綜述

由以(yi)上羅列的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)實，我們可以(yi)認(ren)定嘴(zui)子前墓(mu)群(qun)就是田氏(shi)(shi)之族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)地。該墓(mu)地的(de)(de)(de)一些(xie)特點，與史(shi)記中田氏(shi)(shi)宗族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)行跡(ji)也有(you)諸多關合之處：

墓群與田氏發跡之時代

嘴子(zi)(zi)(zi)前墓(mu)群(qun)M4的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)，發(fa)掘簡報已有推斷，認為屬于春秋晚期早段，M1的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)相較則(ze)(ze)稍晚一些。這與(yu)(yu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)所處的(de)(de)年(nian)代(dai)也(ye)是(shi)相當(dang)的(de)(de)。值(zhi)此時(shi)(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)齊國(guo)政壇，正是(shi)齊景公(gong)在位(wei)之初。而齊國(guo)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)的(de)(de)代(dai)表人物則(ze)(ze)是(shi)振興(xing)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)之族的(de)(de)能臣田(tian)(tian)乞。田(tian)(tian)乞是(shi)田(tian)(tian)完之第六世，田(tian)(tian)完與(yu)(yu)陳(chen)宣公(gong)杵臼為叔伯弟兄。公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)則(ze)(ze)是(shi)陳(chen)宣公(gong)之第七世，對于田(tian)(tian)乞，公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)是(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)侄輩，盂(yu)銘中(zhong)簡單的(de)(de)刻上一個“圣”字，當(dang)也(ye)符合身份。凡(fan)此種種，都證明嘴子(zi)(zi)(zi)前墓(mu)群(qun)M4的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)與(yu)(yu)公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)、田(tian)(tian)乞所處年(nian)代(dai)是(shi)一致的(de)(de)。當(dang)然，公(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)攜器(qi)奔齊的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間與(yu)(yu)M4墓(mu)主下葬年(nian)代(dai)應有一段距離，但墓(mu)中(zhong)陶器(qi)表明，這年(nian)代(dai)不會(hui)晚至田(tian)(tian)常執(zhi)政的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期。

M4的規格與田乞之族

M4種使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)多重(zhong)棺槨、七鼎、九(jiu)鐘，顯然(ran)是(shi)貴族(zu)氣派(pai)。當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)列國(guo)形勢，已經是(shi)周室式微(wei)，禮(li)崩樂壞(huai)。埋(mai)(mai)葬中越禮(li)僭制現象是(shi)十分(fen)普遍的(de)(de)(de)。即(ji)如九(jiu)鼎之(zhi)(zhi)制，依禮(li)本為(wei)天子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)制。此時(shi)不但列國(guo)諸侯，而(er)且一些大(da)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)卿(qing)(qing)也(ye)紛(fen)紛(fen)使(shi)用(yong)。如河(he)南(nan)琉璃閣M甲、M60(晉卿(qing)(qing)范子(zi)(zi))、河(he)南(nan)汲縣山彪(biao)鎮M1(晉卿(qing)(qing)魏襄子(zi)(zi))、山西太原金勝(sheng)村M251(晉卿(qing)(qing)趙(zhao)子(zi)(zi))等。這(zhe)(zhe)些人物都(dou)是(shi)世(shi)(shi)代卿(qing)(qing)相(xiang)，長期執掌(zhang)一國(guo)權柄，所(suo)(suo)以其墓不但越制使(shi)用(yong)九(jiu)鼎之(zhi)(zhi)葬，而(er)且其它隨葬品也(ye)十分(fen)豪華(hua)驚人。相(xiang)形之(zhi)(zhi)下，嘴子(zi)(zi)前(qian)(qian)M4的(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)(mai)葬規格就低一些。這(zhe)(zhe)種情形，可(ke)能(neng)正(zheng)是(shi)田乞一族(zu)當時(shi)地位的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)映。景公時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)田氏還是(shi)一個處于上(shang)升階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)新興貴族(zu)，終景公一世(shi)(shi)，田乞也(ye)沒(mei)有達(da)到上(shang)卿(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)位。所(suo)(suo)以，他們所(suo)(suo)能(neng)夠使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)(mai)葬規格，自然(ran)也(ye)不能(neng)與(yu)前(qian)(qian)述各國(guo)世(shi)(shi)家貴族(zu)相(xiang)比(bi)。即(ji)使(shi)在(zai)齊(qi)國(guo)，當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)氏、高(gao)氏、鮑氏、晏(yan)氏等也(ye)都(dou)超過田氏。嘴子(zi)(zi)前(qian)(qian)M4的(de)(de)(de)鼎數(shu)雖然(ran)為(wei)七，但從形制上(shang)看，并不符(fu)合正(zheng)規的(de)(de)(de)列鼎配伍之(zhi)(zhi)制。這(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)能(neng)也(ye)恰(qia)恰(qia)反(fan)(fan)映出田氏追求較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)等級而(er)實際上(shang)又(you)尚(shang)未達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)一種特(te)殊狀況。

嘴子前墓群的位置

正如本文開首所述，嘴子前墓群(qun)所處的(de)位置是一(yi)個十分偏遠的(de)地(di)方，這里遠離齊都臨淄近千里之遙(yao)，且又山水阻(zu)隔，交通不便。一(yi)處貴族墓地(di)選擇于此，確(que)實令人費解。其中原因(yin)，可能(neng)還是田氏一(yi)族身處之政治環(huan)境使然。

史籍中對田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)代(dai)田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)、田(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)留下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)筆(bi)墨較(jiao)多(duo)，就(jiu)中可以看出他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個顯著特點(dian)：胸懷(huai)大志、深謀遠慮。他(ta)們代(dai)表(biao)著當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)股新興勢(shi)力，有著強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)取心(xin)，甚(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)圖謀篡權竊國。齊(qi)(qi)景(jing)公算是(shi)一(yi)個有作(zuo)為的(de)(de)(de)(de)人物，但他(ta)“喜(xi)奢而(er)忘儉”，“好治宮室聚狗馬(ma)”。臨淄景(jing)公墓的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個殉馬(ma)坑，埋葬(zang)馬(ma)匹總數約在(zai)(zai)600頭之(zhi)多(duo)，其人奢靡可見一(yi)斑！田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)從這(zhe)種表(biao)面繁榮(rong)中看到了姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)統(tong)治者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒落之(zhi)象，他(ta)不(bu)是(shi)像賢相晏嬰那樣屢屢規諫，而(er)是(shi)乘(cheng)機(ji)以小斗受、以大斗予的(de)(de)(de)(de)手法(fa)“行陰德于民(min)”，使(shi)“民(min)思(si)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)”。數世后孟(meng)嘗君(jun)田(tian)(tian)文在(zai)(zai)薛地(di)(di)焚契銷(xiao)債(zhai)，以營狡(jiao)兔三窟(ku)，真是(shi)頗得乃(nai)祖(zu)真傳(chuan)。 但田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)們前(qian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道路又是(shi)殺(sha)機(ji)四伏(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)統(tong)治者(zhe)乃(nai)數百年之(zhi)基業，樹大根(gen)深，是(shi)周(zhou)王朝分封的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)統(tong)。當時(shi)(shi)周(zhou)室雖然王權衰落，但列國諸侯(hou)(hou)依然奉為一(yi)塊(kuai)金字(zi)招牌。齊(qi)(qi)國田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)欲得逞異志，諸侯(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)也是(shi)他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)腹之(zhi)憂(you)。至(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)，齊(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)政(zheng)盡歸田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，殺(sha)簡公，立平公，為相。在(zai)(zai)齊(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)內(nei)可謂一(yi)手遮(zhe)天。但對列國諸侯(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)還是(shi)心(xin)存顧忌(ji)。田(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)“懼諸侯(hou)(hou)共誅己，乃(nai)盡歸魯、衛(wei)侵地(di)(di)，西約晉韓、魏、趙氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、南通吳、越之(zhi)使(shi)，修功行賞(shang)，親(qin)于百姓，以故齊(qi)(qi)復定(ding)。”在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)種外部環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脅迫下(xia)，田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)奪取政(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)每一(yi)步都(dou)需小心(xin)行事，不(bu)能肆無忌(ji)憚。

當(dang)(dang)然，田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治對手(shou)還是(shi)來(lai)自(zi)國(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)宗大(da)族，他(ta)們(men)才是(shi)其(qi)崛起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真正障礙。田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擅(shan)齊(qi)政的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要斗爭(zheng)都發生在田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)常兩代。當(dang)(dang)其(qi)時，齊(qi)國(guo)政壇上不但有崔杼、慶封(feng)、監(jian)(jian)止一(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擅(shan)權風云人(ren)(ren)物，而(er)(er)且更有高氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、國(guo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、欒氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鮑氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、晏氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等大(da)批公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)族世家。面對這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政敵，田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“欲為亂”，稍稍不慎，便會落得身死、家破、族滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)怕下場。對這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)等是(shi)有充分估計與(yu)(yu)準(zhun)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。“景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒，兩相高、國(guo)立荼，是(shi)為晏孺子，而(er)(er)田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)不說。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)此時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)不及高、國(guo)二(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死后，在私宅中，田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)改立悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)場賭(du)博似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事政變，險(xian)些(xie)(xie)被鮑氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(鮑牧)當(dang)(dang)場砸鍋(guo)。說明田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)并不具(ju)有壟(long)斷政局(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)與(yu)(yu)勢(shi)(shi)力(li)。對于權勢(shi)(shi)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卿相，他(ta)則(ze)以“尺蠖之屈以求(qiu)伸也”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)，“偽(wei)事高、國(guo)者(zhe)”，最終將(jiang)高、國(guo)二(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)殺一(yi)逐，取得了勝利。田(tian)(tian)(tian)常之時，齊(qi)國(guo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)族勢(shi)(shi)力(li)已大(da)大(da)削弱了，但仍不是(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獨家專(zhuan)政的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)(ju)面。齊(qi)簡(jian)(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時，“田(tian)(tian)(tian)常成子與(yu)(yu)監(jian)(jian)止俱為左右相……監(jian)(jian)止幸于簡(jian)(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。田(tian)(tian)(tian)常不唯不能專(zhuan)政，而(er)(er)且是(shi)一(yi)個失(shi)勢(shi)(shi)者(zhe)。“于是(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)常復修@子之政，以大(da)斗出貸(dai)，以小(xiao)斗收。齊(qi)人(ren)(ren)歌之曰：‘嫗乎采@，歸乎田(tian)(tian)(tian)成子。”這(zhe)(zhe)表明田(tian)(tian)(tian)常在宮廷斗爭(zheng)不利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)勢(shi)(shi)下所做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略(lve)轉移(yi)，其(qi)目標所向，是(shi)撼動姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立國(guo)根(gen)基。一(yi)段齊(qi)人(ren)(ren)之歌，無異姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)貴族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)歌。齊(qi)國(guo)有識之士(shi)均知“田(tian)(tian)(tian)、監(jian)(jian)不可(ke)并也”。終于被田(tian)(tian)(tian)常“盡誅鮑、晏、監(jian)(jian)止及公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)族之強(qiang)者(zhe)”。齊(qi)國(guo)之內，能與(yu)(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)抗(kang)衡匹敵者(zhe)終被翦滅殆盡。

在這一場生(sheng)死角逐中(zhong)，田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)對(dui)相反的(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)當也(ye)(ye)是(shi)有(you)(you)所準備的(de)(de)(de)。尤其田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)，他當時所處環境尤為險惡，幾乎(hu)是(shi)在逆境中(zhong)節節搏殺(sha)。鑒于此，他把自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)封邑(yi)和族(zu)墓(mu)選(xuan)擇在遠(yuan)離(li)齊都的(de)(de)(de)東方(fang)(fang)海隅(yu)，也(ye)(ye)就可以理解(jie)了(le)。這里畢竟天(tian)高皇帝遠(yuan)，如果(guo)自己(ji)在都城的(de)(de)(de)政治格殺(sha)中(zhong)落敗，或是(shi)據(ju)有(you)(you)膠東偏安一隅(yu)，或是(shi)蓄勢(shi)待機日后(hou)卷土(tu)重來也(ye)(ye)未可知。田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)既以膠東半島為后(hou)方(fang)(fang)根據(ju)地(di)，必(bi)然有(you)(you)所經營。他的(de)(de)(de)諸多(duo)恩惠陰(yin)德(de)，肯定也(ye)(ye)是(shi)施予(yu)他的(de)(de)(de)東方(fang)(fang)封邑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)。如此，狡(jiao)(jiao)兔三(san)窟(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)(de)發明者，便是(shi)孟嘗(chang)君的(de)(de)(de)這位祖先了(le)。在田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)東方(fang)(fang)封邑(yi)中(zhong)，不但“民(min)思田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)”，而且情愿追隨田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)與姜齊國君作(zuo)對(dui)。景(jing)公(gong)(gong)將死，“逐群(qun)公(gong)(gong)子，遷之(zhi)(zhi)萊。景(jing)公(gong)(gong)卒……群(qun)公(gong)(gong)子畏誅皆出(chu)亡(wang)……萊人歌(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)曰：‘景(jing)公(gong)(gong)死乎(hu)弗與埋(mai)，三(san)軍事乎(hu)弗與謀，師乎(hu)師乎(hu)，胡黨之(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)？’”萊，多(duo)認為是(shi)齊東鄙邑(yi)，可能正是(shi)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)“施陰(yin)德(de)”的(de)(de)(de)東方(fang)(fang)封邑(yi)。這里的(de)(de)(de)萊人敢于譏刺國君之(zhi)(zhi)政唱出(chu)憤懣之(zhi)(zhi)聲———田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)在東方(fang)(fang)狡(jiao)(jiao)兔三(san)窟(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)(de)經營至此收到了(le)投桃報李(li)之(zhi)(zhi)效。

總結

以上(shang)所述，是對嘴(zui)子前墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)的(de)(de)特(te)殊地理位置、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規格(ge)的(de)(de)不(bu)尋常(chang)情形(xing)結合齊、陳等國與墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬年代相當(dang)時期的(de)(de)史實做(zuo)(zuo)了(le)一些比較分析，從而做(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)了(le)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)是屬于田氏族墓(mu)(mu)(mu)這樣一個結論。至(zhi)于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)中某(mou)(mou)座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬與田氏族中某(mou)(mou)個特(te)定人(ren)物的(de)(de)關(guan)系，還只是一種(zhong)初(chu)步推(tui)測，有(you)待于今后更(geng)新的(de)(de)發現來檢驗印證。尤是M4甗銘中的(de)(de)作器者，至(zhi)今尚(shang)未有(you)更(geng)深認(ren)(ren)識。此(ci)人(ren)的(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)定考察，或許會對嘴(zui)子前墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)的(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)識判斷，產生舉足(zu)輕重的(de)(de)作用(yong)。對此(ci)，謹(jin)希望(wang)專家學者不(bu)吝賜教。