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發現

當地農民在(zai)此發(fa)現了一座木槨墓（編號為M1），經(jing)專業人員清理出銅器20余件，為春秋時(shi)期遺物。墓之(zhi)附近還發(fa)現過(guo)數量不(bu)少的(de)(de)馬銜鑣之(zhi)類的(de)(de)車馬器。

出土文物

嘴子前墓群部分出土文物

墓葬未經盜擾(rao)，出(chu)土(tu)器物頗豐，多(duo)達240余(yu)件(jian)。其中(zhong)銅器60余(yu)件(jian)、漆木(mu)器40余(yu)件(jian)、玉器和石器10余(yu)件(jian)，其他(ta)為(wei)陶器。

隨葬(zang)器物(wu)中以(yi)青銅(tong)禮(li)(li)器組合較(jiao)為顯眼，有七鼎(ding)(ding)，一套編鐘（由七件甬鐘組成）、壺、盤、匜等。七鼎(ding)(ding)乃諸侯(hou)的禮(li)(li)數，此墓(mu)(mu)中七鼎(ding)(ding)并非是嚴格意義上(shang)的列鼎(ding)(ding)，在當時重諸侯(hou)輕(qing)天子和風行(xing)厚(hou)葬(zang)的情況下，一些貴族以(yi)越禮(li)(li)的方(fang)式進行(xing)自(zi)我標(biao)榜(bang)自(zi)我滿足的現象十分常(chang)見，如諸侯(hou)用(yong)天子之禮(li)(li)、卿大(da)夫用(yong)諸侯(hou)之禮(li)(li)。嘴子前四號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)用(yong)七鼎(ding)(ding)大(da)概(gai)正是基于此種形勢(shi)，以(yi)不(bu)(bu)是很標(biao)準(zhun)的列鼎(ding)(ding)來張揚自(zi)己的虛(xu)榮心(xin)，并且在出土的遺物(wu)中見有正、背面均(jun)鎏(liu)金的革甲飾(shi)片。鎏(liu)金工藝(yi)并不(bu)(bu)是單純的裝飾(shi)藝(yi)術，它能象征權勢(shi)，不(bu)(bu)過(guo)還得有相當級(ji)別才能用(yong)，除非墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)又是僭越用(yong)禮(li)(li)。那么M4墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)是以(yi)何種資本來夸張自(zi)己的呢？不(bu)(bu)妨來看看他的身份(fen)如何。

M4中(zhong)出有(you)兩(liang)件(jian)帶(dai)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)一為(wei)銅盂(yu)(yu)，刻銘(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)“所(suo)為(wei)下(xia)□盂(yu)(yu)”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)義已為(wei)學者所(suo)考，?釋作(zuo)“圣(sheng)”字(zi)，為(wei)人名(ming)；即(ji)進(jin)獻(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)意；為(wei)即(ji)“媯”了(le)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)諸侯陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)姓；即(ji)“寢”字(zi)，下(xia)寢是(shi)(shi)(shi)宮室之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)，盂(yu)(yu)為(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)。整(zheng)句話(hua)(hua)的(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)，圣(sheng)進(jin)獻(xian)媯氏(shi)下(xia)寢之(zhi)(zhi)盂(yu)(yu)。另一銅甗也有(you)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文，四(si)行十七字(zi)，為(wei)“（陳(chen)）樂君?，乍(zha)（作(zuo)）其(qi)(qi)(qi)旅獻(xian)（甗）用(yong)□眉(mei)壽 無疆永用(yong)止”。第(di)(di)一行中(zhong)“樂君”為(wei)食邑(yi)于樂（地(di)(di)名(ming)）的(de)大夫(fu)，“?”為(wei)人名(ming)，即(ji)作(zuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者。第(di)(di)二行意思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)甗。第(di)(di)三(san)、四(si)行是(shi)(shi)(shi)套話(hua)(hua)，為(wei)吉祥用(yong)語。此兩(liang)件(jian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物均與陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)關，盂(yu)(yu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)有(you)陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)“為(wei)”（媯），甗銘(ming)(ming)(ming)則有(you)“?”（陳(chen)）。據史載(zai)，陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)(di)處(chu)河南淮水(shui)流域，齊桓公(gong)(gong)時(shi)期，陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)亂，陳(chen)公(gong)(gong)子完逃亡(wang)至(zhi)東(dong)方齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)避難(nan)，齊桓公(gong)(gong)收留了(le)他(ta)并任他(ta)為(wei)工正之(zhi)(zhi)職(zhi)，于是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)完不(bu)(bu)再稱本國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)故號(hao)，“改陳(chen)字(zi)為(wei)田氏(shi)”。陳(chen)完之(zhi)(zhi)后裔(yi)在(zai)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)日益(yi)權重(zhong)(zhong)，傳至(zhi)第(di)(di)七代(dai)(dai)田常，已位至(zhi)齊相，權傾朝野，第(di)(di)十代(dai)(dai)田和，直接(jie)廢(fei)了(le)齊王，自立為(wei)齊王，姜齊亡(wang)，田齊立。由其(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)家史可(ke)以看出田氏(shi)代(dai)(dai)齊之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)在(zai)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)張狂氣勢(shi)。海(hai)陽(yang)地(di)(di)處(chu)膠東(dong)半(ban)島，而(er)第(di)(di)七代(dai)(dai)田常曾將整(zheng)個膠東(dong)半(ban)島劃作(zuo)自己(ji)的(de)封邑(yi)，他(ta)雖身在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都，但必定遷自己(ji)的(de)部分(fen)家族(zu)去他(ta)的(de)封邑(yi)，海(hai)陽(yang)嘴子前(qian)(qian)四(si)號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)出土(tu)陳(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)某支田氏(shi)貴(gui)族(zu)家用(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物，墓(mu)(mu)主人大概在(zai)生前(qian)(qian)為(wei)一方小貴(gui)族(zu)，仗本家族(zu)在(zai)朝權勢(shi)，厚葬僭(jian)禮而(er)無所(suo)顧忌。嘴子前(qian)(qian)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)應(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這支田氏(shi)的(de)家族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)，M1曾遭(zao)破壞，遺物有(you)的(de)流佚，但仍出土(tu)一套7件(jian)銅編鐘，制(zhi)作(zuo)較(jiao)精(jing)致(zhi)，且(qie)在(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)附近(jin)出土(tu)過車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具，其(qi)(qi)(qi)級別應(ying)與M4墓(mu)(mu)相近(jin)，但時(shi)間(jian)早晚不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。M2規模(mo)較(jiao)小，但仍出土(tu)少許當時(shi)視之(zhi)(zhi)貴(gui)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。

歷史記載

習俗

春秋戰(zhan)國之際舊禮(li)日漸崩潰(kui)，一些(xie)新(xin)的(de)(de)跡象出現。嘴子前(qian)墓葬中(zhong)除了禮(li)器(qi)之外，還有許多頗(po)具生活情趣(qu)的(de)(de)日常用(yong)器(qi)，如(ru)一件銅帶鉤，作一驚立待走的(de)(de)小獸形象，十分逼真(zhen)可愛。另(ling)有許多漆木器(qi)，有俎、罐、勺和(he)梳子等(deng)。這些(xie)新(xin)氣息(xi)的(de)(de)凸現與舊禮(li)制(zhi)的(de)(de)莊嚴肅穆相對立，正與當時社會上如(ru)火如(ru)荼的(de)(de)改革和(he)開(kai)放氣息(xi)相映，一種新(xin)的(de)(de)局面已(yi)經在人們的(de)(de)生活和(he)埋葬習俗中(zhong)開(kai)始出現。

貴族墓地

山(shan)東省(sheng)海陽市的(de)嘴子前村，是一(yi)處(chu)典型的(de)丘陵山(shan)鄉。它的(de)北部是綿(mian)延起伏的(de)招虎山(shan)，往南要經過十(shi)余公里的(de)盤(pan)曲山(shan)谷(gu)才能到達半島(dao)的(de)南海岸。就是這樣的(de)一(yi)個地(di)點(dian)，卻發現了一(yi)處(chu)十(shi)分重要的(de)東周墓群(qun)，幾次(ci)出土了大批文物，其數(shu)量之多，規格之高，在膠東地(di)區當(dang)屬首次(ci)。

這(zhe)處墓群位于(yu)(yu)嘴子前村東北的(de)一(yi)個山前黃土臺(tai)地(di)上(shang)。這(zhe)里(li)(li)大部分被(bei)平整成(cheng)了農(nong)田(tian)，少部分依(yi)然是溝(gou)壑縱橫的(de)高臺(tai)地(di)。農(nong)民在(zai)這(zhe)里(li)(li)種地(di)取土，經常可以(yi)發現零(ling)星的(de)銅器(qi)如箭頭(tou)、馬銜(xian)、車(che)環之(zhi)類，便猜想這(zhe)是一(yi)處古代屯兵之(zhi)地(di)，于(yu)(yu)是這(zhe)里(li)(li)的(de)地(di)名便被(bei)稱作“養軍場”。

在七十年(nian)代大(da)(da)規模整修農田時，農民曾在這(zhe)里發(fa)(fa)現過一(yi)大(da)(da)批堆放整齊的(de)馬銜、車(che)器(qi)等銅器(qi)(這(zhe)批器(qi)物曾發(fa)(fa)表在《文物》1985年(nian)第3期(qi)上)。

1978年初春，該(gai)村農民(min)在此(ci)掘毀(hui)一墓(編號M1)。墓中(zhong)有重槨單棺，木器(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)悉被(bei)丟棄毀(hui)壞，僅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)被(bei)文物(wu)部(bu)分(fen)追繳收(shou)回，玉器(qi)出土數量(liang)較(jiao)少，據稱均(jun)為(wei)(wei)管、珠一類的(de)(de)小飾件(jian)，至今尚有部(bu)分(fen)散(san)存(cun)于村民(min)手中(zhong)。此(ci)次出土的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)有盤、盆、簋、壺(hu)、、削、戈、矛(mao)、鏃、編鐘(zhong)等(deng)，收(shou)集到(dao)的(de)(de)一個(ge)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼎蓋(gai)和(he)獸面紋(wen)的(de)(de)壺(hu)耳，紋(wen)飾都很精美，可(ke)惜(xi)這些鼎、壺(hu)等(deng)十分(fen)重要的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)卻至今不知下落。出土的(de)(de)編鐘(zhong)共有7件(jian)，兩件(jian)大的(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)鈕鐘(zhong)，其余(yu)小的(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)甬(yong)鐘(zhong)。鈕鐘(zhong)器(qi)形(xing)較(jiao)大，通高43.5厘米(mi)，重11.6公斤，氣象莊重，紋(wen)飾精美。

1985年，海陽縣博物(wu)(wu)館搶救清理了一(yi)座墓，編(bian)號為(wei)(wei)(wei)M2。出土(tu)(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)較少，大(da)部分為(wei)(wei)(wei)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，內中(zhong)有少數為(wei)(wei)(wei)仿銅禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的，如(ru)(ru)獸(shou)頭(tou)匜(yi)(yi)等。銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)只出土(tu)(tu)(tu)了3件(jian)，鼎、盆。 1994年，這(zhe)里M4的發掘是收獲(huo)最為(wei)(wei)(wei)豐富的一(yi)次。該墓為(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壙(kuang)，因青膏泥(ni)的封護作用，墓內的重槨單棺保護基本完好，很多漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、木器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)如(ru)(ru)壺(hu)、罐、俎、勺(shao)、戈柄等也(ye)都形狀依舊，色(se)澤如(ru)(ru)新(xin)。出土(tu)(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)總數達240余件(jian)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)60余件(jian)。主要有鼎7，編(bian)鐘9，壺(hu)、盆、簋(gui)各2，盂、甗、匜(yi)(yi)、各1。其(qi)(qi)它尚有戈、劍(jian)等兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。這(zhe)些器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)形制、紋(wen)飾有的十分精美。一(yi)甗一(yi)盂還有銘文。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)盂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形碩大(da)，通(tong)高47厘米，口徑69.5厘米，四只獸(shou)頭(tou)形大(da)耳，通(tong)體飾華(hua)麗的龍紋(wen)，是這(zhe)批銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)最為(wei)(wei)(wei)精彩的一(yi)件(jian)。

由(you)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)出土情形可以(yi)(yi)看出，嘴(zui)子(zi)前墓(mu)群是一處(chu)規格很高(gao)的(de)貴族墓(mu)地(di)，僅僅發現過三個墓(mu)，便有兩(liang)座墓(mu)中使(shi)用成套的(de)編鐘，且有多(duo)重(zhong)棺(guan)槨以(yi)(yi)及其他貴重(zhong)銅禮(li)器(qi)。《墨(mo)子(zi)·節葬(zang)》曾對當時的(de)貴族墓(mu)葬(zang)風習做(zuo)了(le)如下描繪(hui)：“今王公(gong)大(da)人之(zhi)(zhi)為葬(zang)埋，……必大(da)棺(guan)(棺(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)表者(zhe)也。即槨)中棺(guan)，革(ge)貴(革(ge)繡也)三操，璧玉(yu)即具，戈劍鼎鼓壺濫(lan)(鑒)，文繡素練，大(da)鞅(馬(ma)(ma)具)萬領，輿(yu)馬(ma)(ma)女樂皆具，曰必捶土余(使(shi)堅實)，差通(tong)壟(做(zuo)墓(mu)道)，雖凡山陵，此為輟民之(zhi)(zhi)事，糜民之(zhi)(zhi)財，不可勝計也。”《呂氏春秋》也論：“國彌大(da)，家(jia)彌富，葬(zang)彌厚(hou)。含(han)珠(zhu)鱗施，夫(fu)玩好貨寶，鐘鼎壺濫(lan)、輿(yu)馬(ma)(ma)衣被戈劍不可勝數，諸(zhu)養(yang)生之(zhi)(zhi)具無不從(cong)者(zhe)。題湊之(zhi)(zhi)室，棺(guan)槨數襲，積(ji)石積(ji)炭，以(yi)(yi)環其外(wai)。”可見墓(mu)壙(kuang)規模(mo)，棺(guan)槨重(zhong)數，車馬(ma)(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)、鐘鼎之(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)、器(qi)物數量等，均是墓(mu)主身(shen)份(fen)地(di)位的(de)重(zhong)要表征。對照(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)下，嘴(zui)子(zi)前墓(mu)群應該是這(zhe)樣(yang)一處(chu)貴族墓(mu)地(di)。

膠東半(ban)(ban)島，在先秦(qin)文獻(xian)中(zhong)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個絕(jue)少被(bei)提到(dao)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方，后代史家(jia)，也往(wang)往(wang)以(yi)“萊(lai)(lai)夷之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)”統而言之(zhi)(zhi)。膠東地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)先秦(qin)古國(guo)(guo)(guo)，聲名最為顯赫的(de)(de)要算(suan)是(shi)萊(lai)(lai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。它在周(zhou)初曾(ceng)與(yu)就封于(yu)(yu)齊(qi)的(de)(de)太公呂望“爭營(ying)丘”，可見具有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定勢(shi)力。萊(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)故(gu)地(di)(di)在膠東半(ban)(ban)島的(de)(de)西(xi)北部黃水河流(liu)域，今龍口市歸城即(ji)為其故(gu)都遺址。那里出土(tu)有(you)銘銅器較多，可說是(shi)嘴子(zi)前墓群發現(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)前出土(tu)文物規格最高的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個地(di)(di)點。但歸城是(shi)人(ren)所(suo)共知的(de)(de)萊(lai)(lai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)故(gu)地(di)(di)，而嘴子(zi)前一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶從未(wei)聞有(you)何古國(guo)(guo)(guo)于(yu)(yu)此(ci)立國(guo)(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)莒萊(lai)(lai)后，膠東半(ban)(ban)島盡為齊(qi)地(di)(di)。但齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)治中(zhong)心(xin)自(zi)在濰(wei)淄流(liu)域的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都臨淄一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶，相(xiang)比(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)下，膠東半(ban)(ban)島無異(yi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個遙遠的(de)(de)邊陲之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)。這樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個偏(pian)僻的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方，緣(yuan)何能(neng)出現(xian)嘴子(zi)前墓群這樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個貴族墓地(di)(di)呢？

嘴子前(qian)墓群M4出土盂(yu)、甗上(shang)的(de)兩(liang)篇(pian)銘文，可能(neng)正(zheng)是回(hui)答這個問題的(de)鑰匙。

禮器和兵器

嘴子前墓群出土文物

甗(yan)(yan)(yan)銘(ming)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)甗(yan)(yan)(yan)內(nei)壁，系(xi)鑄成(cheng)，四行共(gong)十(shi)七字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：“敶(zhen)樂(le)(le)(le)君(jun)豆(dou)乍(作)其(qi)(qi)旅獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(甗(yan)(yan)(yan))，用(yong)(yong)(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽無疆永用(yong)(yong)(yong)止”。由(you)文意(yi)可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)(zhi)，此(ci)甗(yan)(yan)(yan)系(xi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)貴族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)右側(ce)有(you)@旁(pang)，當(dang)(dang)系(xi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)地在今(jin)河南淮陽一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶，以往(wang)曾多有(you)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，傳(chuan)世品中(zhong)也(ye)有(you)許多陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)見(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)著錄，其(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)寫(xie)法(fa)均與(yu)(yu)此(ci)甗(yan)(yan)(yan)銘(ming)無二(er)(er)。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)均見(jian)(jian)加土(tu)(tu)(tu)如“@”者，與(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“敶(zhen)”絕不(bu)(bu)相混。山東肥城縣(xian)(xian)小王(wang)(wang)家1963年(nian)曾出(chu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)壺(hu)等(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)銘(ming)曰“敶(zhen)侯(hou)作@@壺(hu)，其(qi)(qi)萬年(nian)永寶用(yong)(yong)(yong)”，可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)陪嫁的(de)@器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，來源也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。1978年(nian)，山東沂水縣(xian)(xian)劉家店子@國(guo)(guo)(guo)貴族墓(mu)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)套鈴鐘，共(gong)九件。鐘銘(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“敶(zhen)大(da)喪史中(zhong)高乍(作)鈴鐘，用(yong)(yong)(yong)旂(qi)(祈)眉壽無疆，子=孫=永寶用(yong)(yong)(yong)止”。其(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)寫(xie)法(fa)，文體用(yong)(yong)(yong)語均與(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)樂(le)(le)(le)君(jun)甗(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致，無疑(yi)(yi)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。樂(le)(le)(le)其(qi)(qi)豆(dou)，應(ying)即(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)，其(qi)(qi)采邑在樂(le)(le)(le)，故(gu)稱樂(le)(le)(le)君(jun)，豆(dou)即(ji)其(qi)(qi)名(ming)(ming)。其(qi)(qi)地其(qi)(qi)人不(bu)(bu)詳，但此(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)無疑(yi)(yi)。 盂(yu)銘(ming)在口(kou)沿上，系(xi)刻成(cheng)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行共(gong)七字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：“圣(sheng)所獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)”。文意(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“圣(sheng)”，當(dang)(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)。第四字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”。前述陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)侯(hou)壺(hu)銘(ming)中(zhong)此(ci)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)女(nv)旁(pang)，與(yu)(yu)盂(yu)銘(ming)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形異義(yi)同。文獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)也(ye)見(jian)(jian)有(you)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)法(fa)：“不(bu)(bu)圖為(wei)(wei)(wei)樂(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至于(yu)(yu)(yu)斯也(ye)。” 為(wei)(wei)(wei)，虞舜居(ju)溈(gui)內(nei)，因以為(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)。周(zhou)初封舜后(hou)胡公(gong)(gong)滿于(yu)(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以奉(feng)舜祀，后(hou)以國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)，故(gu)《左傳(chuan)·莊公(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)》注曰：“為(wei)(wei)(wei)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)姓也(ye)。”可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)(zhi)盂(yu)銘(ming)中(zhong)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姓，此(ci)盂(yu)也(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。銘(ming)文末三字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)”，表明此(ci)盂(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)中(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)當(dang)(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)稱。《周(zhou)禮》記：“宮(gong)人掌王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修。”《鄭注》：“六(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)者，路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，小寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)五……，路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以治(zhi)事，小寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以時燕(yan)息焉(yan)。”又(you)，《賈疏》：“天子六(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，則諸(zhu)侯(hou)當(dang)(dang)有(you)三寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，亦路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，燕(yan)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，側(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。”《晏子春秋·外篇(pian)》中(zhong)有(you)：“景(jing)公(gong)(gong)做路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，曰：‘美哉室(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)(qi)誰將有(you)此(ci)乎(hu)？”在這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里，齊(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)出(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)對齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)運的(de)擔憂而(er)(er)發(fa)出(chu)的(de)感(gan)嘆，謂其(qi)(qi)身死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，不(bu)(bu)定由(you)誰來取而(er)(er)代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新主(zhu)。換言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里提(ti)到(dao)的(de)路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，便是(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)權的(de)象征。可(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)，當(dang)(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)泛稱。宮(gong)廷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)本來分類較(jiao)繁，加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)別(bie)不(bu)(bu)同，其(qi)(qi)稱亦異，可(ke)(ke)能對寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)叫法(fa)也(ye)各各不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。除前文提(ti)到(dao)的(de)路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、燕(yan)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，還見(jian)(jian)有(you)外寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《儀禮·喪服》)、大(da)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、小寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《禮記·檀(tan)弓下(xia)》)等(deng)，獨不(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱。推測(ce)其(qi)(qi)地位(wei)當(dang)(dang)低于(yu)(yu)(yu)路(lu)(lu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)或大(da)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，但總(zong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)。宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，往(wang)往(wang)與(yu)(yu)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)連稱。如寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)，銅(tong)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)銘(ming)文中(zhong)多見(jian)(jian)。“@@@寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)”，其(qi)(qi)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)頭短小，長16.5厘米，只(zhi)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)穿，銘(ming)在內(nei)上。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)小戈(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)點像嘴子前墓(mu)群M4中(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)二(er)(er)件戈(ge)(ge)(ge)。M4之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)木柄長度僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.08米，可(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)短兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，不(bu)(bu)宜野戰(zhan)，應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)護衛使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。《左傳(chuan)·襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)八年(nian)》有(you)“王(wang)(wang)何執寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)”，《正(zheng)義(yi)》：寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)，親近兵杖也(ye)。由(you)以上數例，可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)(zhi)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)(ge)(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)廷專用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵。類此(ci)，寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱當(dang)(dang)系(xi)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)名(ming)(ming)稱。M4的(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)件形質碩大(da)的(de)銅(tong)盂(yu)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)原來使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)宮(gong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件重器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。

M4出(chu)土的(de)銅器(qi)中還有一些(xie)，如花紋(wen)精(jing)美繁(fan)復(fu)的(de)，如形制特異的(de)鈹，都是具有陳楚風格特點的(de)禮器(qi)和兵器(qi)，加上(shang)前述的(de)盂、甗，可知如此眾多數量的(de)器(qi)物，竟都來自陳國！

宮廷變亂

由以上對甗、盂(yu)銘文(wen)和一些器物特(te)征的(de)(de)認識(shi)，可知嘴子前墓(mu)群(qun)的(de)(de)許多重要器物甚至宮(gong)(gong)廷禮儀(yi)重器均屬陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)。那么(me)，它(ta)們如何來到遙遠東方(fang)的(de)(de)齊國(guo)東鄙之地？披閱(yue)陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)史葉(xie)，原來這與陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)宮(gong)(gong)廷的(de)(de)兩(liang)次(ci)變亂(luan)有(you)關。

第一(yi)次變(bian)亂發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)公元(yuan)前672年(nian)(nian)(齊桓公十四年(nian)(nian)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)宣(xuan)公二十一(yi)年(nian)(nian))。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)宣(xuan)公欲(yu)(yu)(yu)立寵姬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)而殺太(tai)子(zi)御寇，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公子(zi)完(wan)與太(tai)子(zi)交好，恐怕“禍及己(ji)，乃(nai)奔齊” 。楚齊桓公“欲(yu)(yu)(yu)使(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)卿(qing)(qing)(qing)，讓。于(yu)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)正(zheng)”。工(gong)(gong)正(zheng)是(shi)掌管匠作百(bai)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)官職。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)楚一(yi)帶南方地區制(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝發(fa)(fa)達已被今天(tian)的(de)(de)考古(gu)發(fa)(fa)現所證明，嘴子(zi)前墓群中出土陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器的(de)(de)精美也(ye)是(shi)絕好例證。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)奔齊，可能(neng)也(ye)帶來先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝技術。當時的(de)(de)齊桓公在(zai)(zai)管仲輔佐下，正(zheng)雄心勃勃建(jian)立其(qi)(qi)“九(jiu)合諸侯，一(yi)匡天(tian)下”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)霸業。他招賢納士，任用陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)為(wei)(wei)掌管百(bai)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)正(zheng)也(ye)并非無稽(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)談。但說意(yi)欲(yu)(yu)(yu)任用陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)為(wei)(wei)卿(qing)(qing)(qing)，先(xian)輩學者已指(zhi)出可能(neng)與事實(shi)不(bu)符。這與史(shi)籍中卜(bu)辭所言(yan)“有(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，將育(yu)于(yu)姜，五世其(qi)(qi)昌，并與正(zheng)卿(qing)(qing)(qing)，八(ba)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，莫(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與京”一(yi)樣，恐怕都是(shi)田(tian)(tian)氏在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)族顯榮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后為(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)祖(zu)先(xian)附(fu)會(hui)編造(zao)的(de)(de)過(guo)譽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞。但無論(lun)如何，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)奔齊，打(da)下了陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)氏日后在(zai)(zai)齊國發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)根基。自此，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族“不(bu)欲(yu)(yu)(yu)稱本國故號，故改陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字為(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)氏。”改田(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)因由(you)，有(you)(you)云是(shi)“食(shi)菜(cai)地于(yu)田(tian)(tian)，由(you)是(shi)改姓田(tian)(tian)氏”，有(you)(you)云是(shi)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)、田(tian)(tian)二字聲相近，遂(sui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)氏”。

田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)族(zu)(zu)在田(tian)(tian)(tian)完之(zhi)(zhi)后，至田(tian)(tian)(tian)桓子(zi)(zi)(zi)無宇時(shi)逐漸發展起來(lai)。他(ta)大(da)(da)約是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)孔武(wu)有力的(de)武(wu)夫，“事莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，甚有寵”。六世田(tian)(tian)(tian)僖(xi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)乞，“事景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為大(da)(da)夫”。“其(qi)(qi)收(shou)賦稅于(yu)民(min)(min)以小(xiao)斗受之(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)(qi)稟于(yu)民(min)(min)以大(da)(da)斗，行陰德于(yu)民(min)(min)……由此(ci)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)得齊(qi)眾心(xin)，宗族(zu)(zu)益(yi)強(qiang)”。并“樹黨于(yu)諸(zhu)侯”。可見這是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)心(xin)懷異志、深謀遠慮的(de)政(zheng)治家。一(yi)(yi)帶名相(xiang)晏(yan)嬰(ying)(ying)對此(ci)洞若觀火，深明田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)用(yong)心(xin)。“晏(yan)嬰(ying)(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)晉，與叔向私(si)語曰：‘齊(qi)政(zheng)卒歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)雖無大(da)(da)德，以公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)權私(si)，有德于(yu)民(min)(min)，民(min)(min)愛之(zhi)(zhi)。’”果然不出晏(yan)嬰(ying)(ying)所料，在齊(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si)后，田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞殺高(gao)昭子(zi)(zi)(zi)、國(guo)惠子(zi)(zi)(zi)兩大(da)(da)強(qiang)宗，在私(si)宅中(zhong)以脅(xie)迫(po)手段(duan)擁立(li)新(xin)君(齊(qi)悼公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong))，并廢殺國(guo)君晏(yan)孺子(zi)(zi)(zi)，“為相(xiang)，專齊(qi)政(zheng)”。七世田(tian)(tian)(tian)成子(zi)(zi)(zi)常(chang)是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)歷(li)史上(shang)人所熟知的(de)人物，在田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)代姜(jiang)的(de)政(zheng)變(bian)中(zhong)起了(le)相(xiang)當關(guan)鍵的(de)作用(yong)。他(ta)的(de)形跡略如乃父田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞。一(yi)(yi)方面“復僖(xi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)”，延攬民(min)(min)心(xin)，一(yi)(yi)方面在宮(gong)廷之(zhi)(zhi)內排除異己。殺齊(qi)相(xiang)監止及齊(qi)簡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，立(li)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，又(you)“盡誅公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)族(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)者(zhe)”，終于(yu)使“齊(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)”。其(qi)(qi)后八(ba)世襄子(zi)(zi)(zi)盤、九世莊子(zi)(zi)(zi)白、十(shi)世太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和均世為齊(qi)相(xiang)，獨擅齊(qi)政(zheng)，確(que)實(shi)“莫(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)與京(jing)”。京(jing)，意即(ji)高(gao)、大(da)(da)、數多。莫(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)與京(jing)，言其(qi)(qi)齊(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)內，無人能與田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)匹敵。姜(jiang)姓(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)成了(le)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)家天下，田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)代姜(jiang)實(shi)際上(shang)只一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)時(shi)機問題(ti)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前391年(nian)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)和廢掉(diao)姜(jiang)氏(shi)末代齊(qi)君康公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)貸，又(you)過(guo)五(wu)年(nian)，“立(li)為齊(qi)侯，列(lie)于(yu)周(zhou)室”。至此(ci)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)代姜(jiang)的(de)一(yi)(yi)場大(da)(da)政(zheng)變(bian)，終于(yu)劃上(shang)了(le)句號。

在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)逐(zhu)步發展(zhan)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)依(yi)恃其強(qiang)權(quan)地(di)位(wei)也(ye)(ye)在(zai)不(bu)斷擴大(da)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)邑。史(shi)載田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)子(zi)系龐大(da)。“田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)乃(nai)選齊國中女子(zi)長七(qi)尺以上(shang)為(wei)后宮，后宮為(wei)百(bai)(bai)數，而使(shi)賓(bin)客舍人出入(ru)后宮者不(bu)禁。及田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)卒，有(you)七(qi)十余(yu)男(nan)”。另有(you)記載謂田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)“有(you)數十婦”，“生男(nan)百(bai)(bai)余(yu)人”。這(zhe)些說法未必屬實，也(ye)(ye)可能(neng)是(shi)不(bu)滿田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)弒(shi)君擅權(quan)的(de)(de)譏(ji)謗(bang)之(zhi)(zhi)詞，但總是(shi)可以由此看出其宗族的(de)(de)繁(fan)盛。與此相應(ying)的(de)(de)則必然(ran)是(shi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)邑的(de)(de)眾多。田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)曾“割齊自(zi)(zi)(zi)安平(ping)以東(dong)(dong)至瑯邪，自(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)封(feng)(feng)(feng)邑，封(feng)(feng)(feng)邑大(da)于(yu)平(ping)公之(zhi)(zhi)所食。”《史(shi)記·正義》云(yun)：“安平(ping)以東(dong)(dong)，萊(lai)、登、沂、密等(deng)州皆(jie)自(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)封(feng)(feng)(feng)邑也(ye)(ye)”。安平(ping)在(zai)臨淄以東(dong)(dong)十九里，幾(ji)乎等(deng)于(yu)說就是(shi)齊都以東(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)廣袤(mao)大(da)地(di)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)也(ye)(ye)包括(kuo)東(dong)(dong)方的(de)(de)膠東(dong)(dong)半島。至此，海(hai)陽嘴(zui)子(zi)前墓(mu)群的(de)(de)這(zhe)樣一(yi)處高規格的(de)(de)貴族墓(mu)葬便找到了合理的(de)(de)歸屬：這(zhe)應(ying)該(gai)是(shi)一(yi)處遠在(zai)東(dong)(dong)方的(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)邑的(de)(de)墓(mu)地(di)。

田氏族墓

嘴(zui)子前墓地既(ji)是田氏之族墓，那么，M4所出的盂(yu)、甗銘文為(wei)什(shen)么不(bu)作(zuo)田氏之陳而作(zuo)陳國之敶呢(ni)？這可能與(yu)陳國的另一次大變亂有關。

公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前534年(nian)(齊景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十四年(nian)，陳(chen)(chen)哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十五年(nian))，陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)宮廷又發生(sheng)(sheng)了斷送陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)命脈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)事(shi)變。關于這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)場(chang)事(shi)變，《左傳(chuan)·昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八(ba)年(nian)》有(you)(you)(you)如(ru)下(xia)記載(zai)：“陳(chen)(chen)哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)鄭姬生(sheng)(sheng)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)偃(yan)師(shi)(shi)，二妃(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)，下(xia)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。二妃(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)嬖，留(liu)有(you)(you)(you)寵(chong)，屬諸司徒招與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)過(guo)(guo)。哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)廢疾(ji)(ji)。三月(yue)甲申，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)招、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)過(guo)(guo)殺(sha)掉(diao)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)偃(yan)師(shi)(shi)，而(er)(er)(er)立(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)。夏四月(yue)辛亥，哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)縊(yi)。干征師(shi)(shi)赴(fu)于楚(chu)，且告(gao)有(you)(you)(you)立(li)君(jun)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)愬(su)于楚(chu)，楚(chu)人執(干征師(shi)(shi))而(er)(er)(er)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)奔(ben)(ben)鄭。……九月(yue)，楚(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)棄疾(ji)(ji)帥(shuai)師(shi)(shi)奉孫吳圍(wei)陳(chen)(chen)……滅(mie)陳(chen)(chen)。”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)段史(shi)實，《史(shi)記·陳(chen)(chen)杞世家》有(you)(you)(you)相似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文字，所(suo)(suo)異者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)有(you)(you)(you)四而(er)(er)(er)非三；長姬生(sheng)(sheng)悼太子(zi)(zi)(zi)師(shi)(shi)，少姬生(sheng)(sheng)偃(yan)，長妾(qie)生(sheng)(sheng)留(liu)，少妾(qie)生(sheng)(sheng)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。新君(jun)留(liu)派使者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)赴(fu)楚(chu)希望得(de)到承認，而(er)(er)(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則(ze)不(bu)滿此(ci)事(shi)也(ye)赴(fu)楚(chu)請(qing)其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)持公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道(dao)。結果楚(chu)早有(you)(you)(you)吞并之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，而(er)(er)(er)帥(shuai)師(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)棄疾(ji)(ji)又正是(shi)(shi)(shi)那(nei)個誅忠臣伍員之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族、弒父弒君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)虐人物(后(hou)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)平(ping)王)，便(bian)借機(ji)干脆將陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)滅(mie)掉(diao)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個結果應該說是(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)(suo)始(shi)料不(bu)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)場(chang)滅(mie)國(guo)毀(hui)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災難，他(ta)有(you)(you)(you)引狼入(ru)室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)次事(shi)變中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)奔(ben)(ben)鄭，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則(ze)從此(ci)不(bu)見史(shi)載(zai)。按常理推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，他(ta)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)出(chu)奔(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能。若(ruo)此(ci)，他(ta)所(suo)(suo)出(chu)奔(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去處最(zui)可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)齊。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)氏是(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)宗(zong)，此(ci)時田(tian)乞在政(zheng)治(zhi)上正初露頭(tou)角，從血緣上、政(zheng)治(zhi)條件(jian)上都可(ke)使這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)位失國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)到庇護。據山(shan)東(dong)大(da)學馬良民(min)師(shi)(shi)考證，“勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”、“圣”古音相近，同(tong)為(wei)(wei)書紐雙聲。盂(yu)銘(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獻器(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)圣很可(ke)能就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)，不(bu)管是(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)《左傳(chuan)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，還是(shi)(shi)(shi)《史(shi)記》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少妾(qie)，地位在后(hou)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，故(gu)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)居(ju)稱為(wei)(wei)“下(xia)寢(qin)”也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)適宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。若(ruo)此(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)件(jian)珍貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)盂(yu)，原(yuan)來(lai)應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)室用器(qi)，在公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)逃難時攜(xie)來(lai)齊國(guo)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)形(xing)，在史(shi)籍(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)屢見不(bu)鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。敵國(guo)入(ru)侵，宮室重(zhong)器(qi)往往是(shi)(shi)(shi)擄掠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點。“王往而(er)(er)(er)征之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)……殺(sha)其(qi)(qi)父兄(xiong)，累其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟，毀(hui)其(qi)(qi)宗(zong)廟，遷其(qi)(qi)重(zhong)器(qi)”。“晉軍(jun)追齊至馬陵，齊侯(hou)請(qing)以寶器(qi)謝”，“燕(yan)將樂毅遂入(ru)臨淄(zi)，盡(jin)取齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶藏器(qi)”。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在國(guo)破家亡(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際，攜(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)所(suo)(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮室重(zhong)器(qi)出(chu)奔(ben)(ben)當是(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。此(ci)盂(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文系后(hou)刻而(er)(er)(er)成，分(fen)析是(shi)(shi)(shi)獻器(qi)時所(suo)(suo)刻。盂(yu)銘(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)稱“為(wei)(wei)”(女為(wei)(wei))而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)稱“陳(chen)(chen)”，當時有(you)(you)(you)意避諱­——因(yin)為(wei)(wei)受(shou)器(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(陳(chen)(chen))氏。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)與田(tian)敬(jing)仲完奔(ben)(ben)齊改陳(chen)(chen)氏為(wei)(wei)田(tian)氏一(yi)樣，同(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“不(bu)欲稱本國(guo)故(gu)號”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理所(suo)(suo)致。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)反證，嘴子(zi)(zi)(zi)前M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)主(zhu)必是(shi)(shi)(shi)田(tian)氏族中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人物。按時間推算，以田(tian)乞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能性最(zui)大(da)。正因(yin)為(wei)(wei)如(ru)此(ci)，盂(yu)銘(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)僅有(you)(you)(you)人名器(qi)名而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)見任何慶祝語(yu)——受(shou)器(qi)雖喜，而(er)(er)(er)同(tong)宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)滅(mie)卻終(zhong)非可(ke)賀(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)啊(a)！

研究結果

綜述

由以上羅列的(de)史實，我們可以認定嘴子前墓(mu)群就是田(tian)氏(shi)之族的(de)墓(mu)地。該墓(mu)地的(de)一些特(te)點，與(yu)史記中(zhong)田(tian)氏(shi)宗(zong)族的(de)行跡也有諸(zhu)多關合之處：

墓群與田氏發跡之時代

嘴子(zi)(zi)前墓群(qun)M4的時(shi)代(dai)，發掘簡(jian)報已有推斷(duan)，認為屬于春秋晚期早段(duan)，M1的時(shi)代(dai)相(xiang)較則稍晚一些。這與(yu)公子(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)處的年(nian)代(dai)也是(shi)相(xiang)當(dang)的。值(zhi)此時(shi)期的齊國政壇，正是(shi)齊景公在位之(zhi)初。而齊國田(tian)(tian)氏的代(dai)表人(ren)物(wu)則是(shi)振興(xing)田(tian)(tian)氏之(zhi)族(zu)的能臣田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)。田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)是(shi)田(tian)(tian)完(wan)之(zhi)第六世(shi)，田(tian)(tian)完(wan)與(yu)陳宣公杵臼(jiu)為叔伯弟兄(xiong)。公子(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則是(shi)陳宣公之(zhi)第七世(shi)，對(dui)于田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)，公子(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)子(zi)(zi)侄輩，盂銘中(zhong)簡(jian)單的刻上一個(ge)“圣(sheng)”字，當(dang)也符合(he)身(shen)份。凡此種種，都證明嘴子(zi)(zi)前墓群(qun)M4的時(shi)代(dai)與(yu)公子(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、田(tian)(tian)乞(qi)所(suo)處年(nian)代(dai)是(shi)一致(zhi)的。當(dang)然，公子(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)攜(xie)器(qi)奔(ben)齊的時(shi)間與(yu)M4墓主下葬年(nian)代(dai)應有一段(duan)距離，但(dan)墓中(zhong)陶器(qi)表明，這年(nian)代(dai)不(bu)會晚至田(tian)(tian)常(chang)執政的時(shi)期。

M4的規格與田乞之族

M4種使用的(de)(de)多(duo)重棺槨(guo)、七鼎(ding)、九鐘(zhong)，顯然是(shi)(shi)貴(gui)族氣派。當時的(de)(de)列國(guo)(guo)形(xing)(xing)勢，已經是(shi)(shi)周室式(shi)微，禮崩樂(le)壞。埋(mai)葬(zang)中(zhong)越禮僭制(zhi)(zhi)現象是(shi)(shi)十(shi)分普遍的(de)(de)。即如九鼎(ding)之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)，依禮本為天子(zi)之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)。此時不但列國(guo)(guo)諸侯，而且(qie)(qie)一些大國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)卿也(ye)紛紛使用。如河南琉璃(li)閣M甲(jia)、M60(晉卿范子(zi))、河南汲縣(xian)山(shan)彪鎮M1(晉卿魏襄(xiang)子(zi))、山(shan)西太原金勝村M251(晉卿趙子(zi))等。這些人物都是(shi)(shi)世代(dai)卿相(xiang)，長(chang)期執掌一國(guo)(guo)權柄，所以其墓不但越制(zhi)(zhi)使用九鼎(ding)之(zhi)葬(zang)，而且(qie)(qie)其它隨葬(zang)品(pin)也(ye)十(shi)分豪華(hua)驚人。相(xiang)形(xing)(xing)之(zhi)下(xia)，嘴子(zi)前(qian)M4的(de)(de)埋(mai)葬(zang)規格就低一些。這種情形(xing)(xing)，可能(neng)正是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)乞一族當時地位的(de)(de)反映。景公時期的(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)還是(shi)(shi)一個處(chu)于上(shang)(shang)升階段(duan)的(de)(de)新興貴(gui)族，終景公一世，田(tian)(tian)乞也(ye)沒有達(da)到上(shang)(shang)卿的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)位。所以，他們所能(neng)夠使用的(de)(de)埋(mai)葬(zang)規格，自然也(ye)不能(neng)與前(qian)述各國(guo)(guo)世家貴(gui)族相(xiang)比。即使在(zai)齊國(guo)(guo)，當時的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)氏(shi)、高(gao)(gao)氏(shi)、鮑氏(shi)、晏氏(shi)等也(ye)都超過(guo)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)。嘴子(zi)前(qian)M4的(de)(de)鼎(ding)數雖(sui)然為七，但從形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)看，并不符合正規的(de)(de)列鼎(ding)配伍之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)。這可能(neng)也(ye)恰恰反映出田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)追求較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)等級而實際上(shang)(shang)又(you)尚未達(da)到的(de)(de)一種特殊狀況(kuang)。

嘴子前墓群的位置

正如本(ben)文開首所述，嘴子前墓群(qun)所處(chu)(chu)的位置是一(yi)個十分偏(pian)遠(yuan)的地方，這里遠(yuan)離齊(qi)都臨淄(zi)近千里之遙，且又山水阻隔(ge)，交(jiao)通不便。一(yi)處(chu)(chu)貴(gui)族墓地選擇于(yu)此，確實(shi)令人(ren)費解。其中原因，可能還(huan)是田氏一(yi)族身(shen)處(chu)(chu)之政治環境(jing)使然(ran)。

史(shi)籍中對田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)中的(de)(de)兩代田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)留下的(de)(de)筆墨(mo)較多(duo)，就(jiu)中可(ke)以看出(chu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)顯著特點：胸(xiong)懷大(da)(da)志、深謀(mou)(mou)遠慮。他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)代表著當時(shi)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)股新興勢(shi)力，有(you)著強烈的(de)(de)進取心，甚至(zhi)圖謀(mou)(mou)篡權竊國(guo)(guo)。齊景(jing)公算(suan)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)有(you)作(zuo)為的(de)(de)人物(wu)，但他(ta)(ta)(ta)“喜奢(she)而忘儉”，“好治宮室聚狗馬(ma)”。臨淄(zi)景(jing)公墓(mu)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)殉馬(ma)坑(keng)，埋葬馬(ma)匹(pi)總數約(yue)在(zai)600頭之多(duo)，其人奢(she)靡可(ke)見一(yi)(yi)斑！田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)從這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)表面繁榮中看到了姜氏(shi)統(tong)治者的(de)(de)沒(mei)落之象，他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)像賢相晏嬰那樣屢屢規諫，而是(shi)乘機以小斗受、以大(da)(da)斗予的(de)(de)手(shou)法“行(xing)陰德于民”，使“民思(si)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)”。數世(shi)后孟嘗君田(tian)(tian)(tian)文在(zai)薛(xue)地焚契銷債(zhai)，以營狡(jiao)兔三窟(ku)，真是(shi)頗得乃祖真傳。 但田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)們(men)前進的(de)(de)道(dao)路又(you)是(shi)殺(sha)機四伏的(de)(de)。姜氏(shi)統(tong)治者乃數百(bai)年(nian)之基業，樹大(da)(da)根深，是(shi)周王朝分封的(de)(de)正統(tong)。當時(shi)周室雖然王權衰(shuai)落，但列國(guo)(guo)諸(zhu)侯(hou)依然奉為一(yi)(yi)塊金字招牌。齊國(guo)(guo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)欲(yu)得逞異志，諸(zhu)侯(hou)的(de)(de)態度(du)也(ye)是(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)心腹(fu)之憂(you)。至(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)時(shi)，齊國(guo)(guo)之政盡歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)，殺(sha)簡公，立(li)平公，為相。在(zai)齊國(guo)(guo)之內可(ke)謂一(yi)(yi)手(shou)遮天。但對列國(guo)(guo)諸(zhu)侯(hou)的(de)(de)態度(du)還是(shi)心存(cun)顧忌。田(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)“懼諸(zhu)侯(hou)共誅己，乃盡歸魯、衛侵地，西約(yue)晉韓(han)、魏、趙氏(shi)、南通(tong)吳、越之使，修功行(xing)賞，親于百(bai)姓，以故齊復定(ding)。”在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)外部環境的(de)(de)脅迫下，田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)奪(duo)取政權的(de)(de)每一(yi)(yi)步都需小心行(xing)事(shi)，不(bu)(bu)能肆無忌憚。

當然(ran)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主要的政(zheng)治對(dui)手還(huan)是(shi)(shi)來自(zi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內的強(qiang)宗大族(zu)(zu)，他(ta)們才是(shi)(shi)其崛起(qi)的真正障礙。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擅(shan)(shan)齊(qi)政(zheng)的主要斗爭(zheng)都發生在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常兩(liang)代。當其時，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)壇上(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)但(dan)有(you)崔(cui)杼(zhu)、慶(qing)封、監(jian)止(zhi)一(yi)(yi)類的擅(shan)(shan)權風云人(ren)(ren)(ren)物，而且(qie)更有(you)高(gao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、欒氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鮑(bao)(bao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、晏(yan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等大批公(gong)(gong)族(zu)(zu)世家(jia)。面對(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)強(qiang)大的政(zheng)敵(di)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“欲為(wei)亂”，稍稍不(bu)(bu)(bu)慎，便會落得身死、家(jia)破、族(zu)(zu)滅(mie)的可怕下場(chang)。對(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)等是(shi)(shi)有(you)充分(fen)估計(ji)與準備的。“景(jing)公(gong)(gong)卒，兩(liang)相高(gao)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)立(li)荼，是(shi)(shi)為(wei)晏(yan)孺子，而田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)說(shuo)。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)此時的地(di)位不(bu)(bu)(bu)及高(gao)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)二氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。景(jing)公(gong)(gong)死后，在(zai)私宅(zhai)中，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)改立(li)悼公(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)場(chang)賭博似的軍事政(zheng)變，險些(xie)被(bei)鮑(bao)(bao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(鮑(bao)(bao)牧)當場(chang)砸鍋。說(shuo)明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)具有(you)壟斷政(zheng)局的地(di)位與勢(shi)(shi)力(li)。對(dui)于權勢(shi)(shi)強(qiang)大的卿相，他(ta)則以“尺蠖(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)屈(qu)以求伸也”的態度，“偽事高(gao)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)”，最終將高(gao)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)二氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)殺一(yi)(yi)逐，取得了(le)勝利。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常之(zhi)(zhi)時，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)的公(gong)(gong)族(zu)(zu)勢(shi)(shi)力(li)已(yi)大大削弱了(le)，但(dan)仍(reng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獨家(jia)專政(zheng)的局面。齊(qi)簡(jian)公(gong)(gong)時，“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常成(cheng)子與監(jian)止(zhi)俱為(wei)左右相……監(jian)止(zhi)幸于簡(jian)公(gong)(gong)”。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常不(bu)(bu)(bu)唯不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)專政(zheng)，而且(qie)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個失勢(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)。“于是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常復修@子之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)，以大斗出貸，以小斗收。齊(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)歌之(zhi)(zhi)曰：‘嫗乎采@，歸乎田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成(cheng)子。”這(zhe)(zhe)表明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常在(zai)宮廷斗爭(zheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)利的情勢(shi)(shi)下所做的戰(zhan)略轉移，其目標所向(xiang)，是(shi)(shi)撼動姜(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的立(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)根(gen)基。一(yi)(yi)段齊(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)歌，無異姜(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)貴族(zu)(zu)的晚歌。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)識之(zhi)(zhi)士均知“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、監(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可并也”。終于被(bei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常“盡(jin)誅鮑(bao)(bao)、晏(yan)、監(jian)止(zhi)及公(gong)(gong)族(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)者(zhe)(zhe)”。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)內，能(neng)與田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)抗衡匹敵(di)者(zhe)(zhe)終被(bei)翦滅(mie)殆盡(jin)。

在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)場生死角逐中，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)對相(xiang)反的(de)(de)結果(guo)當也(ye)是(shi)(shi)有所準(zhun)備的(de)(de)。尤(you)其田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)，他當時所處環境(jing)(jing)尤(you)為(wei)險惡，幾乎是(shi)(shi)在(zai)逆境(jing)(jing)中節節搏殺。鑒于此(ci)，他把(ba)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)封邑(yi)和族(zu)墓選擇在(zai)遠(yuan)離齊(qi)都的(de)(de)東方(fang)海隅，也(ye)就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)理解了(le)。這(zhe)里(li)畢竟天高(gao)皇帝遠(yuan)，如(ru)果(guo)自(zi)己(ji)在(zai)都城的(de)(de)政治格殺中落敗(bai)，或是(shi)(shi)據有膠(jiao)東偏(pian)安一(yi)隅，或是(shi)(shi)蓄勢待機(ji)日后卷(juan)土重來也(ye)未(wei)可(ke)知。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)既以(yi)膠(jiao)東半島為(wei)后方(fang)根據地(di)，必然有所經(jing)營。他的(de)(de)諸多恩(en)惠陰(yin)德，肯定也(ye)是(shi)(shi)施(shi)予他的(de)(de)東方(fang)封邑(yi)的(de)(de)。如(ru)此(ci)，狡兔三窟的(de)(de)發明者，便是(shi)(shi)孟(meng)嘗(chang)君的(de)(de)這(zhe)位(wei)祖先了(le)。在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)東方(fang)封邑(yi)中，不但“民思(si)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)”，而(er)且情愿(yuan)追隨田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)與(yu)姜齊(qi)國君作對。景公(gong)(gong)將死，“逐群公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)，遷之萊(lai)。景公(gong)(gong)卒……群公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)畏誅(zhu)皆出亡……萊(lai)人(ren)歌之曰：‘景公(gong)(gong)死乎弗(fu)與(yu)埋，三軍事乎弗(fu)與(yu)謀，師乎師乎，胡黨之乎？’”萊(lai)，多認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)齊(qi)東鄙邑(yi)，可(ke)能(neng)正是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)“施(shi)陰(yin)德”的(de)(de)東方(fang)封邑(yi)。這(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)萊(lai)人(ren)敢(gan)于譏刺國君之政唱出憤懣(men)之聲———田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)在(zai)東方(fang)狡兔三窟的(de)(de)經(jing)營至此(ci)收到了(le)投桃報李(li)之效。

總結

以上所述(shu)，是對嘴(zui)子前墓群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊地理(li)位(wei)置、墓葬(zang)(zang)規格的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)尋常情形結(jie)合齊、陳(chen)等國與墓葬(zang)(zang)年代相(xiang)當時期的(de)(de)(de)史實(shi)做(zuo)(zuo)了(le)一些比(bi)較分析，從而做(zuo)(zuo)出了(le)該墓群(qun)是屬于(yu)田(tian)氏族(zu)墓這樣(yang)一個結(jie)論。至于(yu)墓群(qun)中某座墓葬(zang)(zang)與田(tian)氏族(zu)中某個特(te)定(ding)人(ren)物的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系，還只是一種初步推測，有待于(yu)今后更新的(de)(de)(de)發現來檢驗(yan)印(yin)證。尤是M4甗銘中的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)器者，至今尚(shang)未有更深認(ren)識。此(ci)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)定(ding)考(kao)察，或許(xu)會對嘴(zui)子前墓群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識判斷，產生舉足輕重的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。對此(ci)，謹希望(wang)專家(jia)學者不(bu)吝(lin)賜教(jiao)。