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發現

當地農(nong)民在此發現了一座木槨墓(mu)（編號為M1），經專(zhuan)業(ye)人員(yuan)清理出銅器20余件，為春秋時期遺(yi)物。墓(mu)之附近還發現過數量不少的馬銜鑣之類的車馬器。

出土文物

嘴子前墓群部分出土文物

墓葬未經盜擾，出土(tu)器(qi)(qi)物頗豐，多達(da)240余件。其中銅器(qi)(qi)60余件、漆木器(qi)(qi)40余件、玉器(qi)(qi)和(he)石器(qi)(qi)10余件，其他為陶器(qi)(qi)。

隨葬(zang)(zang)器物中以(yi)青銅禮(li)器組合較(jiao)為(wei)顯眼，有(you)七鼎(ding)，一套編鐘(zhong)（由(you)七件(jian)甬鐘(zhong)組成）、壺、盤、匜等。七鼎(ding)乃諸(zhu)(zhu)侯的(de)(de)(de)禮(li)數(shu)，此(ci)(ci)墓(mu)中七鼎(ding)并(bing)非是(shi)嚴格意義上的(de)(de)(de)列鼎(ding)，在當時重諸(zhu)(zhu)侯輕(qing)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)和風行厚葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，一些貴族(zu)以(yi)越禮(li)的(de)(de)(de)方式進行自我(wo)(wo)標(biao)(biao)榜自我(wo)(wo)滿足的(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)十分常見(jian)，如(ru)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯用(yong)(yong)(yong)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)之禮(li)、卿大夫用(yong)(yong)(yong)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯之禮(li)。嘴子(zi)前四號墓(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)七鼎(ding)大概正是(shi)基于(yu)此(ci)(ci)種形勢(shi)，以(yi)不(bu)是(shi)很標(biao)(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)列鼎(ding)來張揚自己的(de)(de)(de)虛(xu)榮(rong)心(xin)，并(bing)且(qie)在出土的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)物中見(jian)有(you)正、背面均(jun)鎏金的(de)(de)(de)革甲(jia)飾片。鎏金工藝(yi)(yi)并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)裝飾藝(yi)(yi)術，它能象(xiang)征(zheng)權勢(shi)，不(bu)過(guo)還得有(you)相當級別才能用(yong)(yong)(yong)，除非墓(mu)主(zhu)又(you)是(shi)僭越用(yong)(yong)(yong)禮(li)。那么(me)M4墓(mu)主(zhu)是(shi)以(yi)何(he)種資本來夸張自己的(de)(de)(de)呢(ni)？不(bu)妨(fang)來看(kan)看(kan)他的(de)(de)(de)身份如(ru)何(he)。

M4中(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)有(you)兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)帶銘銅器(qi)，其(qi)一為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)銅盂(yu)，刻銘為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“所(suo)(suo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)□盂(yu)”。其(qi)義已為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)學者所(suo)(suo)考，?釋作(zuo)“圣”字(zi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人名(ming)(ming)；即(ji)進(jin)獻(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)意；為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)即(ji)“媯”了，是(shi)(shi)(shi)諸侯陳國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)姓；即(ji)“寢(qin)”字(zi)，下(xia)(xia)寢(qin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)宮室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)，盂(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器(qi)名(ming)(ming)。整句話的意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)，圣進(jin)獻(xian)(xian)媯氏下(xia)(xia)寢(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)盂(yu)。另一銅甗(yan)(yan)也有(you)銘文，四行(xing)十(shi)七(qi)字(zi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“（陳）樂君(jun)(jun)?，乍（作(zuo)）其(qi)旅獻(xian)(xian)（甗(yan)(yan)）用□眉壽 無(wu)疆永用止”。第一行(xing)中(zhong)“樂君(jun)(jun)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食邑于(yu)樂（地(di)名(ming)(ming)）的大(da)(da)夫，“?”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人名(ming)(ming)，即(ji)作(zuo)器(qi)者。第二行(xing)意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)器(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甗(yan)(yan)。第三、四行(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)套話，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吉(ji)祥用語。此兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)器(qi)物均與(yu)陳國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)關，盂(yu)銘中(zhong)有(you)陳國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”（媯），甗(yan)(yan)銘則有(you)“?”（陳）。據史(shi)載，陳國(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)處河南淮水(shui)流域(yu)，齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)時期(qi)，陳國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)亂，陳公(gong)(gong)子(zi)完(wan)逃(tao)亡至東方齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)避難，齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)收留了他(ta)并任他(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工正之(zhi)(zhi)職，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳完(wan)不(bu)再稱(cheng)本國(guo)(guo)(guo)故號(hao)，“改陳字(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏”。陳完(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)后裔在(zai)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)日(ri)益權(quan)重，傳至第七(qi)代田(tian)(tian)(tian)常，已位至齊(qi)(qi)相(xiang)，權(quan)傾朝野，第十(shi)代田(tian)(tian)(tian)和，直(zhi)接廢了齊(qi)(qi)王，自立為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)王，姜齊(qi)(qi)亡，田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)立。由其(qi)發家(jia)(jia)史(shi)可(ke)以看出(chu)(chu)(chu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏代齊(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)在(zai)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的張狂(kuang)氣(qi)勢。海陽地(di)處膠(jiao)(jiao)東半(ban)島(dao)，而第七(qi)代田(tian)(tian)(tian)常曾(ceng)將整個膠(jiao)(jiao)東半(ban)島(dao)劃作(zuo)自己(ji)的封邑，他(ta)雖(sui)身在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都，但必定遷自己(ji)的部分家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)去他(ta)的封邑，海陽嘴子(zi)前(qian)四號(hao)墓出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)陳器(qi)應(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)某(mou)支田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏貴族(zu)(zu)(zu)家(jia)(jia)用器(qi)物，墓主人大(da)(da)概(gai)在(zai)生前(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一方小貴族(zu)(zu)(zu)，仗本家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)朝權(quan)勢，厚葬僭(jian)禮而無(wu)所(suo)(suo)顧忌。嘴子(zi)前(qian)墓地(di)應(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這支田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏的家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)墓地(di)，M1曾(ceng)遭(zao)破壞(huai)，遺物有(you)的流佚，但仍(reng)(reng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)一套7件(jian)銅編鐘(zhong)，制(zhi)作(zuo)較精致(zhi)，且在(zai)其(qi)附近出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)過(guo)車馬器(qi)具，其(qi)級別應(ying)(ying)與(yu)M4墓相(xiang)近，但時間早晚不(bu)同(tong)。M2規(gui)模較小，但仍(reng)(reng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)少許當時視之(zhi)(zhi)貴重的漆器(qi)。

歷史記載

習俗

春秋戰(zhan)國(guo)之際舊禮(li)日漸崩潰，一(yi)些新的(de)(de)跡象出現(xian)(xian)。嘴(zui)子(zi)(zi)前墓葬中除了(le)禮(li)器之外，還有(you)許多頗(po)具生(sheng)活情趣的(de)(de)日常(chang)用器，如一(yi)件銅帶鉤，作一(yi)驚立待走的(de)(de)小獸形象，十分逼真可(ke)愛。另(ling)有(you)許多漆(qi)木器，有(you)俎、罐、勺和梳子(zi)(zi)等(deng)。這些新氣(qi)息的(de)(de)凸現(xian)(xian)與舊禮(li)制的(de)(de)莊嚴肅穆相對立，正與當時社(she)會上如火如荼的(de)(de)改革和開(kai)放氣(qi)息相映(ying)，一(yi)種新的(de)(de)局面已經(jing)在人們(men)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活和埋葬習(xi)俗中開(kai)始出現(xian)(xian)。

貴族墓地

山東(dong)(dong)省海陽市的(de)(de)(de)嘴子前村，是一(yi)處(chu)(chu)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)丘陵山鄉。它的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)部(bu)是綿(mian)延起伏的(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)虎山，往南要(yao)經過十(shi)余(yu)公里的(de)(de)(de)盤曲山谷才能(neng)到(dao)達半島的(de)(de)(de)南海岸。就是這樣的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個地(di)點，卻發現了一(yi)處(chu)(chu)十(shi)分重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)墓群，幾(ji)次(ci)出土了大批文物，其(qi)數量之多，規格之高(gao)，在膠東(dong)(dong)地(di)區當屬首次(ci)。

這(zhe)處墓群位于(yu)嘴子前村東(dong)北(bei)的一(yi)個山前黃(huang)土(tu)臺(tai)地(di)上。這(zhe)里(li)大(da)部分被平整成了農田，少部分依然是(shi)溝壑縱橫的高臺(tai)地(di)。農民在這(zhe)里(li)種地(di)取土(tu)，經常可以(yi)發現零星的銅器如箭(jian)頭、馬銜、車(che)環之類，便猜想這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)處古(gu)代屯兵之地(di)，于(yu)是(shi)這(zhe)里(li)的地(di)名(ming)便被稱(cheng)作“養軍場”。

在七(qi)十年(nian)(nian)代大規模整修(xiu)農田時，農民曾在這里發現過(guo)一(yi)大批堆放整齊的馬銜、車器(qi)等銅器(qi)(這批器(qi)物(wu)曾發表在《文物(wu)》1985年(nian)(nian)第(di)3期(qi)上(shang))。

1978年初春，該村(cun)農(nong)民在此掘毀一墓(mu)(編(bian)(bian)號M1)。墓(mu)中(zhong)有重槨單棺，木器(qi)、陶器(qi)悉被丟(diu)棄毀壞，僅銅器(qi)被文物(wu)部分追繳收(shou)回(hui)，玉器(qi)出土(tu)數(shu)量(liang)較少，據(ju)稱均為(wei)管、珠一類(lei)的(de)小(xiao)飾件(jian)，至(zhi)今尚有部分散存(cun)于村(cun)民手中(zhong)。此次出土(tu)的(de)銅器(qi)有盤、盆、簋(gui)、壺(hu)(hu)、、削、戈、矛、鏃、編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)等，收(shou)集到(dao)的(de)一個銅鼎蓋和獸面紋的(de)壺(hu)(hu)耳，紋飾都很(hen)精美(mei)，可惜這(zhe)些鼎、壺(hu)(hu)等十分重要的(de)銅器(qi)卻至(zhi)今不知下落(luo)。出土(tu)的(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)共有7件(jian)，兩件(jian)大(da)的(de)為(wei)鈕鐘(zhong)，其余小(xiao)的(de)為(wei)甬(yong)鐘(zhong)。鈕鐘(zhong)器(qi)形較大(da)，通高43.5厘米(mi)，重11.6公斤，氣象莊(zhuang)重，紋飾精美(mei)。

1985年(nian)，海陽(yang)縣博物館搶(qiang)救清理了一(yi)座墓，編號為(wei)(wei)M2。出(chu)土器(qi)(qi)(qi)物較(jiao)少(shao)，大(da)(da)部(bu)分為(wei)(wei)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)，內中有(you)少(shao)數為(wei)(wei)仿銅(tong)(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)，如(ru)獸頭匜(yi)等。銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)只出(chu)土了3件(jian)，鼎、盆。 1994年(nian)，這(zhe)里M4的(de)(de)(de)發掘是收獲最為(wei)(wei)豐富的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)次。該墓為(wei)(wei)土壙，因青膏泥的(de)(de)(de)封護作用，墓內的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)槨單棺保護基本完好，很多(duo)漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)、木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)如(ru)壺(hu)、罐、俎、勺、戈柄等也(ye)都形(xing)狀依舊，色澤(ze)如(ru)新(xin)。出(chu)土器(qi)(qi)(qi)物總(zong)數達240余(yu)件(jian)，其(qi)中銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)60余(yu)件(jian)。主要有(you)鼎7，編鐘9，壺(hu)、盆、簋各(ge)2，盂(yu)、甗(yan)、匜(yi)、各(ge)1。其(qi)它尚(shang)有(you)戈、劍(jian)等兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)。這(zhe)些器(qi)(qi)(qi)物形(xing)制、紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)十分精(jing)美。一(yi)甗(yan)一(yi)盂(yu)還有(you)銘(ming)文。其(qi)中盂(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)碩(shuo)大(da)(da)，通高47厘米，口徑69.5厘米，四只獸頭形(xing)大(da)(da)耳，通體飾(shi)華(hua)麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)龍紋(wen)(wen)，是這(zhe)批銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中最為(wei)(wei)精(jing)彩(cai)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)。

由以上出土情形(xing)可(ke)(ke)以看(kan)出，嘴子前(qian)墓群是一(yi)處(chu)規(gui)格(ge)很高的(de)貴(gui)族墓地，僅僅發現(xian)過三個(ge)墓，便有(you)兩座墓中(zhong)使(shi)用成套的(de)編鐘(zhong)，且有(you)多重棺(guan)槨(guo)(guo)以及其他貴(gui)重銅禮器(qi)。《墨子·節葬(zang)》曾對當時(shi)的(de)貴(gui)族墓葬(zang)風習做了如下描繪：“今王(wang)公大人之(zhi)(zhi)為葬(zang)埋，……必(bi)大棺(guan)(棺(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)在表者(zhe)也。即槨(guo)(guo))中(zhong)棺(guan)，革(ge)貴(gui)(革(ge)繡(xiu)也)三操，璧玉即具(ju)，戈劍鼎鼓壺(hu)濫(lan)(鑒)，文繡(xiu)素練，大鞅(馬具(ju))萬領，輿馬女樂皆具(ju)，曰必(bi)捶土余(使(shi)堅實)，差通壟(做墓道(dao))，雖凡山陵，此為輟民之(zhi)(zhi)事，糜民之(zhi)(zhi)財，不(bu)可(ke)(ke)勝計(ji)也。”《呂氏春秋》也論：“國彌(mi)(mi)大，家彌(mi)(mi)富，葬(zang)彌(mi)(mi)厚。含珠鱗施(shi)，夫玩好貨寶(bao)，鐘(zhong)鼎壺(hu)濫(lan)、輿馬衣被戈劍不(bu)可(ke)(ke)勝數(shu)(shu)(shu)，諸養生之(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)無不(bu)從者(zhe)。題湊之(zhi)(zhi)室，棺(guan)槨(guo)(guo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)襲，積(ji)石積(ji)炭，以環其外。”可(ke)(ke)見墓壙規(gui)模，棺(guan)槨(guo)(guo)重數(shu)(shu)(shu)，車馬之(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)、鐘(zhong)鼎之(zhi)(zhi)葬(zang)、器(qi)物數(shu)(shu)(shu)量等，均是墓主身(shen)份地位(wei)的(de)重要表征(zheng)。對照之(zhi)(zhi)下，嘴子前(qian)墓群應該(gai)是這(zhe)樣一(yi)處(chu)貴(gui)族墓地。

膠(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)半島(dao)，在(zai)先秦(qin)文獻(xian)中是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)絕少被提到的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)，后(hou)代史家，也往(wang)往(wang)以(yi)“萊(lai)夷之(zhi)地(di)(di)”統而(er)言之(zhi)。膠(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)先秦(qin)古國(guo)(guo)，聲名(ming)最為顯(xian)赫(he)的(de)(de)要(yao)算是(shi)(shi)萊(lai)國(guo)(guo)。它在(zai)周初(chu)曾與就(jiu)封于齊(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)太公(gong)呂望“爭營丘”，可見具有一定勢力。萊(lai)的(de)(de)故地(di)(di)在(zai)膠(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)半島(dao)的(de)(de)西(xi)北部黃水河流域(yu)(yu)，今龍口市歸城即為其故都遺址。那里出(chu)土(tu)有銘銅器較多，可說是(shi)(shi)嘴(zui)子(zi)(zi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)墓群發現之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)出(chu)土(tu)文物規格最高(gao)的(de)(de)一個(ge)地(di)(di)點(dian)。但(dan)歸城是(shi)(shi)人所共(gong)知的(de)(de)萊(lai)國(guo)(guo)故地(di)(di)，而(er)嘴(zui)子(zi)(zi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)一帶從未聞(wen)有何古國(guo)(guo)于此立國(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)統一莒萊(lai)后(hou)，膠(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)半島(dao)盡為齊(qi)(qi)地(di)(di)。但(dan)齊(qi)(qi)之(zhi)政治(zhi)中心自在(zai)濰淄流域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)都臨(lin)淄一帶，相(xiang)比之(zhi)下，膠(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)半島(dao)無異是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)遙遠的(de)(de)邊陲之(zhi)地(di)(di)。這(zhe)樣一個(ge)偏(pian)僻的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)，緣何能出(chu)現嘴(zui)子(zi)(zi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)墓群這(zhe)樣一個(ge)貴族墓地(di)(di)呢？

嘴子前墓群M4出(chu)土盂、甗上的兩篇(pian)銘(ming)文(wen)，可能正(zheng)是回答(da)這個問題的鑰匙。

禮器和兵器

嘴子前墓群出土文物

甗銘(ming)(ming)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)甗內(nei)(nei)壁，系(xi)鑄成(cheng)，四(si)行共十七字(zi)(zi)：“敶(zhen)樂(le)君豆(dou)乍(zha)(作(zuo))其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)旅獻(甗)，用(yong)旂(祈)眉(mei)壽(shou)無疆永(yong)(yong)用(yong)止”。由(you)文(wen)意可(ke)(ke)知，此(ci)甗系(xi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)貴(gui)族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)(zi)右側有(you)(you)(you)@旁，當(dang)系(xi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)地在(zai)今河南淮陽一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)，以往(wang)曾多有(you)(you)(you)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)銅器(qi)出土(tu)，傳(chuan)世品中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)許多陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)見(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)著(zhu)錄，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)(zi)寫(xie)(xie)法(fa)均與(yu)(yu)此(ci)甗銘(ming)(ming)無二。齊國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般均見(jian)(jian)加土(tu)如“@”者，與(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“敶(zhen)”絕不(bu)(bu)(bu)相混。山(shan)東肥城縣小(xiao)王家1963年(nian)(nian)曾出陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)壺等器(qi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)銘(ming)(ming)曰(yue)“敶(zhen)侯作(zuo)@@壺，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)萬(wan)年(nian)(nian)永(yong)(yong)寶(bao)用(yong)”，可(ke)(ke)知是(shi)陪嫁的(de)(de)(de)(de)@器(qi)，來(lai)(lai)源也(ye)(ye)是(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)。1978年(nian)(nian)，山(shan)東沂(yi)水(shui)縣劉家店(dian)子(zi)(zi)@國(guo)貴(gui)族墓(mu)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅器(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)套鈴鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，共九件。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)銘(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“敶(zhen)大(da)喪史中(zhong)高(gao)乍(zha)(作(zuo))鈴鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，用(yong)旂(祈)眉(mei)壽(shou)無疆，子(zi)(zi)=孫=永(yong)(yong)寶(bao)用(yong)止”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)(zi)寫(xie)(xie)法(fa)，文(wen)體用(yong)語均與(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)樂(le)君甗一(yi)(yi)(yi)致，無疑也(ye)(ye)是(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)。樂(le)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)豆(dou)，應(ying)即(ji)器(qi)主，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采邑在(zai)樂(le)，故(gu)稱(cheng)樂(le)君，豆(dou)即(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名(ming)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)詳，但此(ci)器(qi)系(xi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)無疑。 盂銘(ming)(ming)在(zai)口(kou)沿(yan)上(shang)(shang)，系(xi)刻成(cheng)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)行共七字(zi)(zi)：“圣所獻為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂”。文(wen)意為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)獻器(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞(ci)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)“圣”，當(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)獻器(qi)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)。第(di)四(si)字(zi)(zi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”。前(qian)述陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)侯壺銘(ming)(ming)中(zhong)此(ci)字(zi)(zi)有(you)(you)(you)女旁，與(yu)(yu)盂銘(ming)(ming)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”字(zi)(zi)形異義同。文(wen)獻中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)見(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)這種(zhong)用(yong)法(fa)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)圖為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)樂(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至于(yu)(yu)(yu)斯也(ye)(ye)。” 為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，虞舜(shun)居溈內(nei)(nei)，因(yin)以為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)。周初封舜(shun)后(hou)(hou)胡公(gong)(gong)滿(man)于(yu)(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以奉(feng)舜(shun)祀，后(hou)(hou)以國(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)，故(gu)《左傳(chuan)·莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)二十二年(nian)(nian)》注曰(yue)：“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)姓也(ye)(ye)。”可(ke)(ke)知盂銘(ming)(ming)中(zhong)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”即(ji)是(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姓，此(ci)盂也(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器(qi)。銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)末三字(zi)(zi)“下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂”，表(biao)明此(ci)盂為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)中(zhong)用(yong)器(qi)。寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)當(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮室(shi)名(ming)稱(cheng)。《周禮(li)》記：“宮人掌王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修(xiu)。”《鄭(zheng)注》：“六(liu)(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)者，路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)五(wu)……，路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以治事，小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)以時燕息焉。”又，《賈疏》：“天(tian)子(zi)(zi)六(liu)(liu)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，則諸侯當(dang)有(you)(you)(you)三寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，亦路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，燕寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，側室(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。”《晏子(zi)(zi)春(chun)秋·外(wai)篇(pian)》中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)：“景(jing)公(gong)(gong)做路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，曰(yue)：‘美哉(zai)室(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)誰將有(you)(you)(you)此(ci)乎(hu)？”在(zai)這里(li)，齊景(jing)公(gong)(gong)是(shi)出于(yu)(yu)(yu)對齊國(guo)國(guo)運的(de)(de)(de)(de)擔憂而發出的(de)(de)(de)(de)感嘆，謂其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)定由(you)誰來(lai)(lai)取而代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新主。換言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這里(li)提到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，便是(shi)君權的(de)(de)(de)(de)象征。可(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)，當(dang)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)中(zhong)宮室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)泛稱(cheng)。宮廷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)本來(lai)(lai)分類較繁，加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)別不(bu)(bu)(bu)同，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)稱(cheng)亦異，可(ke)(ke)能對寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)叫法(fa)也(ye)(ye)各(ge)各(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。除前(qian)文(wen)提到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、燕寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，還見(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)外(wai)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《儀(yi)禮(li)·喪服》)、大(da)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、小(xiao)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(《禮(li)記·檀弓下(xia)》)等，獨不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)下(xia)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)。推測(ce)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地位(wei)當(dang)低(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)路寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)或(huo)大(da)寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，但總是(shi)宮室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)。宮室(shi)用(yong)器(qi)，往(wang)往(wang)與(yu)(yu)“寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)”字(zi)(zi)連稱(cheng)。如寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)，銅戈(ge)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)中(zhong)多見(jian)(jian)。“@@@寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)”，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)戈(ge)頭短(duan)(duan)小(xiao)，長16.5厘米(mi)，只有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)穿，銘(ming)(ming)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)上(shang)(shang)。這種(zhong)小(xiao)戈(ge)有(you)(you)(you)點像(xiang)嘴子(zi)(zi)前(qian)墓(mu)群(qun)M4中(zhong)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二件戈(ge)。M4之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戈(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)木柄長度僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1.08米(mi)，可(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)是(shi)短(duan)(duan)兵(bing)器(qi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)野(ye)戰，應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮室(shi)內(nei)(nei)護衛使用(yong)。《左傳(chuan)·襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)二十八年(nian)(nian)》有(you)(you)(you)“王何執寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)”，《正義》：寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)，親(qin)近兵(bing)杖也(ye)(ye)。由(you)以上(shang)(shang)數例，可(ke)(ke)知寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)戈(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮廷專用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)。類此(ci)，寢(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)盂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)當(dang)系(xi)宮室(shi)用(yong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專用(yong)名(ming)稱(cheng)。M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)這件形質碩(shuo)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅盂就是(shi)原來(lai)(lai)使用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)宮室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件重器(qi)。

M4出土(tu)的(de)(de)銅器(qi)中還有(you)一些，如花(hua)紋精美繁復的(de)(de)，如形制(zhi)特異的(de)(de)鈹，都是(shi)具有(you)陳(chen)楚風格特點的(de)(de)禮(li)器(qi)和兵器(qi)，加上前(qian)述的(de)(de)盂、甗，可知(zhi)如此(ci)眾多數量(liang)的(de)(de)器(qi)物，竟都來自陳(chen)國！

宮廷變亂

由以上(shang)對甗、盂銘文和一些器物(wu)特征的(de)認(ren)識，可知(zhi)嘴子前(qian)墓群的(de)許多(duo)重(zhong)要器物(wu)甚至宮廷(ting)禮儀(yi)重(zhong)器均(jun)屬陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)。那(nei)么，它們(men)如何來到遙遠東(dong)方的(de)齊國(guo)(guo)東(dong)鄙之地(di)？披閱陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)史葉，原來這與(yu)陳(chen)國(guo)(guo)宮廷(ting)的(de)兩次變(bian)亂有關。

第一(yi)次變(bian)亂發生在(zai)公元前(qian)672年(齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公十(shi)四年，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)宣公二十(shi)一(yi)年)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)宣公欲立寵(chong)姬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)而殺太子(zi)(zi)御寇，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公子(zi)(zi)完(wan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)太子(zi)(zi)交好(hao)，恐(kong)怕“禍及己，乃奔(ben)齊(qi)” 。楚(chu)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公“欲使以(yi)為卿，讓(rang)。于是(shi)(shi)以(yi)為工(gong)正(zheng)”。工(gong)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)管匠作百(bai)工(gong)的(de)(de)官職。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)楚(chu)一(yi)帶南方地區制(zhi)造工(gong)藝發達已被今天的(de)(de)考古發現所證(zheng)明，嘴(zui)子(zi)(zi)前(qian)墓群中(zhong)出土陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)的(de)(de)精(jing)美也(ye)是(shi)(shi)絕好(hao)例證(zheng)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)奔(ben)齊(qi)，可能也(ye)帶來(lai)先進的(de)(de)工(gong)藝技(ji)術。當時的(de)(de)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公在(zai)管仲輔佐下(xia)，正(zheng)雄心勃(bo)(bo)勃(bo)(bo)建立其“九(jiu)合諸侯，一(yi)匡天下(xia)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)霸業。他招賢(xian)納士，任用陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)為掌(zhang)管百(bai)工(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)正(zheng)也(ye)并非(fei)無(wu)稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)談(tan)。但說意欲任用陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)為卿，先輩學者已指出可能與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)事(shi)實不(bu)符。這與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)史籍中(zhong)卜辭所言“有為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，將(jiang)育(yu)于姜，五世其昌，并與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)正(zheng)卿，八世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)京(jing)”一(yi)樣，恐(kong)怕都是(shi)(shi)田氏(shi)在(zai)其族顯榮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后為其祖先附會編造的(de)(de)過(guo)譽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞(ci)。但無(wu)論如何，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)奔(ben)齊(qi)，打下(xia)了陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)日后在(zai)齊(qi)國(guo)發展的(de)(de)根(gen)基。自此，陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)完(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族“不(bu)欲稱本國(guo)故(gu)號，故(gu)改陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)字(zi)為田氏(shi)。”改田之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)因由(you)，有云是(shi)(shi)“食菜地于田，由(you)是(shi)(shi)改姓田氏(shi)”，有云是(shi)(shi)“以(yi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)、田二字(zi)聲(sheng)相近，遂(sui)以(yi)為田氏(shi)”。

田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族在田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)完之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，至(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)桓子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)無宇時(shi)逐漸發展(zhan)起(qi)來。他大約是(shi)一個孔武有力的(de)(de)武夫(fu)，“事莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)，甚(shen)有寵(chong)”。六世(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)僖子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)乞(qi)(qi)，“事景公(gong)(gong)(gong)為大夫(fu)”。“其(qi)(qi)(qi)收賦稅于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)以小(xiao)斗受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)稟于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)以大斗，行陰德(de)(de)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)……由此田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)得齊(qi)(qi)眾心，宗族益強”。并(bing)“樹黨于(yu)(yu)諸侯”。可見這(zhe)是(shi)一個心懷異志、深謀(mou)遠慮的(de)(de)政治(zhi)家。一帶名(ming)相晏嬰(ying)對(dui)此洞若觀火，深明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)用心。“晏嬰(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晉(jin)，與(yu)叔向(xiang)私(si)語曰：‘齊(qi)(qi)政卒歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)雖(sui)無大德(de)(de)，以公(gong)(gong)(gong)權私(si)，有德(de)(de)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)，民(min)(min)愛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’”果然(ran)不出晏嬰(ying)所(suo)料，在齊(qi)(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)死后，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)殺(sha)高昭子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、國惠子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)兩大強宗，在私(si)宅中以脅迫手(shou)段擁(yong)立(li)新君(齊(qi)(qi)悼(dao)公(gong)(gong)(gong))，并(bing)廢殺(sha)國君晏孺子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，“為相，專齊(qi)(qi)政”。七世(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)常是(shi)一個歷史上人所(suo)熟(shu)知的(de)(de)人物(wu)，在田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)代姜(jiang)的(de)(de)政變中起(qi)了(le)相當(dang)關鍵的(de)(de)作用。他的(de)(de)形跡略如(ru)乃父田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)(qi)。一方面(mian)(mian)“復(fu)僖子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政”，延攬民(min)(min)心，一方面(mian)(mian)在宮廷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內排除異己(ji)。殺(sha)齊(qi)(qi)相監止及齊(qi)(qi)簡公(gong)(gong)(gong)，立(li)平公(gong)(gong)(gong)，又(you)“盡(jin)誅(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)族之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強者”，終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)使“齊(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政歸田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)后八世(shi)襄子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)盤、九世(shi)莊子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)白、十(shi)世(shi)太公(gong)(gong)(gong)和均(jun)世(shi)為齊(qi)(qi)相，獨擅(shan)齊(qi)(qi)政，確實(shi)“莫(mo)(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)京”。京，意即高、大、數多。莫(mo)(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)京，言其(qi)(qi)(qi)齊(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內，無人能與(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)匹敵。姜(jiang)姓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國成了(le)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家天下，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)代姜(jiang)實(shi)際上只(zhi)一個時(shi)機問(wen)題。公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前391年，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)和廢掉姜(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)末代齊(qi)(qi)君康公(gong)(gong)(gong)貸，又(you)過五年，“立(li)為齊(qi)(qi)侯，列于(yu)(yu)周室(shi)”。至(zhi)此，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)代姜(jiang)的(de)(de)一場(chang)大政變，終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)劃上了(le)句號(hao)。

在田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)逐步發展(zhan)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)依恃其(qi)(qi)強權地位也(ye)在不(bu)(bu)斷擴(kuo)大(da)(da)自(zi)己的(de)(de)封邑。史載田(tian)(tian)(tian)常子系龐大(da)(da)。“田(tian)(tian)(tian)常乃選齊國(guo)中(zhong)女子長七尺(chi)以(yi)上為(wei)(wei)后(hou)宮(gong)，后(hou)宮(gong)為(wei)(wei)百數，而(er)使賓客舍人出入后(hou)宮(gong)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)禁。及田(tian)(tian)(tian)常卒(zu)，有(you)七十(shi)余(yu)男”。另有(you)記載謂田(tian)(tian)(tian)常“有(you)數十(shi)婦”，“生男百余(yu)人”。這些說法(fa)未必(bi)屬(shu)(shu)實，也(ye)可能是不(bu)(bu)滿(man)田(tian)(tian)(tian)常弒君擅(shan)權的(de)(de)譏(ji)謗之詞，但(dan)總(zong)是可以(yi)由此看出其(qi)(qi)宗族的(de)(de)繁(fan)盛。與(yu)此相應的(de)(de)則必(bi)然是封邑的(de)(de)眾多(duo)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)常曾“割齊自(zi)安(an)平以(yi)東(dong)至瑯(lang)邪(xie)，自(zi)為(wei)(wei)封邑，封邑大(da)(da)于平公之所食。”《史記·正(zheng)義》云：“安(an)平以(yi)東(dong)，萊、登(deng)、沂、密等州皆自(zi)為(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)常封邑也(ye)”。安(an)平在臨淄以(yi)東(dong)十(shi)九(jiu)里，幾乎等于說就是齊都以(yi)東(dong)的(de)(de)廣(guang)袤大(da)(da)地，自(zi)然也(ye)包括東(dong)方的(de)(de)膠(jiao)東(dong)半島(dao)。至此，海陽嘴(zui)子前墓群(qun)的(de)(de)這樣(yang)一(yi)處高規格(ge)的(de)(de)貴族墓葬便找到了合理的(de)(de)歸(gui)屬(shu)(shu)：這應該是一(yi)處遠在東(dong)方的(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)封邑的(de)(de)墓地。

田氏族墓

嘴子前墓地既是田(tian)氏之族墓，那么，M4所(suo)出的盂(yu)、甗銘文為什么不作(zuo)田(tian)氏之陳而作(zuo)陳國之敶呢(ni)？這可能與陳國的另(ling)一(yi)次大(da)變(bian)亂有(you)關。

公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)534年(nian)(齊(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十四(si)年(nian)，陳(chen)(chen)哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十五年(nian))，陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)宮廷又發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了斷送陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)命脈(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大事變(bian)。關于(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)場(chang)事變(bian)，《左傳·昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)》有(you)如下(xia)(xia)記載：“陳(chen)(chen)哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)妃(fei)鄭姬(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃(yan)師(shi)(shi)，二妃(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留，下(xia)(xia)妃(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)。二妃(fei)嬖(bi)，留有(you)寵，屬諸司(si)徒(tu)招與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過。哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)廢疾。三月甲申，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)招、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過殺掉太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)偃(yan)師(shi)(shi)，而立(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留。夏四(si)月辛亥，哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)縊(yi)。干(gan)征(zheng)師(shi)(shi)赴(fu)于(yu)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)，且告有(you)立(li)君。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)愬于(yu)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)人(ren)執(干(gan)征(zheng)師(shi)(shi))而殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留奔(ben)(ben)鄭。……九月，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄疾帥(shuai)師(shi)(shi)奉孫吳圍陳(chen)(chen)……滅(mie)陳(chen)(chen)。”這(zhe)(zhe)段(duan)史實，《史記·陳(chen)(chen)杞世(shi)家》有(you)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文字，所(suo)(suo)異者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)哀(ai)(ai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妃(fei)有(you)四(si)而非(fei)三；長姬(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)悼太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)師(shi)(shi)，少姬(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)偃(yan)，長妾(qie)生(sheng)(sheng)留，少妾(qie)生(sheng)(sheng)勝(sheng)(sheng)。新君留派使(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)赴(fu)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)希(xi)望得到承認(ren)，而公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)則(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)滿此(ci)事也(ye)(ye)赴(fu)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)請其(qi)主(zhu)持(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道。結(jie)果(guo)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)早有(you)吞并之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，而帥(shuai)師(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)棄疾又正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那個誅忠臣伍員(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族、弒父(fu)弒君的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴虐人(ren)物(后來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)平王(wang))，便借(jie)機干(gan)脆將陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)滅(mie)掉。這(zhe)(zhe)個結(jie)果(guo)應該說是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)(suo)始料(liao)不(bu)(bu)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對這(zhe)(zhe)場(chang)滅(mie)國(guo)(guo)毀(hui)宗(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災難，他(ta)(ta)有(you)引狼入室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責。這(zhe)(zhe)次事變(bian)中(zhong)(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留奔(ben)(ben)鄭，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)則(ze)(ze)從此(ci)不(bu)(bu)見史載。按常理(li)推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，他(ta)(ta)也(ye)(ye)有(you)出(chu)奔(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能。若此(ci)，他(ta)(ta)所(suo)(suo)出(chu)奔(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去處最(zui)可能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)便是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)。因為齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)氏是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)宗(zong)(zong)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)田(tian)乞(qi)在(zai)政治(zhi)上正初(chu)露頭角，從血緣(yuan)上、政治(zhi)條件(jian)上都(dou)可使(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)位失國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)(chen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得到庇護。據山(shan)東大學馬良(liang)民師(shi)(shi)考證(zheng)，“勝(sheng)(sheng)”、“圣”古音相(xiang)近，同(tong)為書紐雙聲(sheng)。盂(yu)銘中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獻器(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)圣很可能就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母，不(bu)(bu)管是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如《左傳》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)妃(fei)，還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《史記》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少妾(qie)，地位在(zai)后妃(fei)中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，故其(qi)所(suo)(suo)居稱為“下(xia)(xia)寢”也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。若此(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)件(jian)珍貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大盂(yu)，原來(lai)應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)母親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居室用器(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)逃難時(shi)(shi)攜(xie)來(lai)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情形(xing)，在(zai)史籍中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屢(lv)見不(bu)(bu)鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。敵國(guo)(guo)入侵(qin)，宮室重器(qi)(qi)(qi)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擄掠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點。“王(wang)往(wang)而征(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)……殺其(qi)父(fu)兄，累其(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弟，毀(hui)其(qi)宗(zong)(zong)廟，遷其(qi)重器(qi)(qi)(qi)”。“晉軍追齊(qi)至馬陵，齊(qi)侯請以寶(bao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)謝”，“燕(yan)將樂毅遂(sui)入臨淄，盡取齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶(bao)藏(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)”。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)勝(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)破家亡(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際(ji)，攜(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)母所(suo)(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮室重器(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)奔(ben)(ben)當是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。此(ci)盂(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘文系后刻而成，分析是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獻器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)刻。盂(yu)銘中(zhong)(zhong)稱“為”(女為)而不(bu)(bu)稱“陳(chen)(chen)”，當時(shi)(shi)有(you)意(yi)避諱­——因為受器(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)宗(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(陳(chen)(chen))氏。這(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)田(tian)敬仲完奔(ben)(ben)齊(qi)改陳(chen)(chen)氏為田(tian)氏一樣，同(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“不(bu)(bu)欲稱本國(guo)(guo)故號(hao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)所(suo)(suo)致。這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)反(fan)證(zheng)，嘴子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)前(qian)M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓主(zhu)必是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)田(tian)氏族中(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)物。按時(shi)(shi)間推算，以田(tian)乞(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性最(zui)大。正因為如此(ci)，盂(yu)銘中(zhong)(zhong)僅有(you)人(ren)名器(qi)(qi)(qi)名而不(bu)(bu)見任何慶(qing)祝語——受器(qi)(qi)(qi)雖喜，而同(tong)宗(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)滅(mie)卻(que)終非(fei)可賀(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事啊！

研究結果

綜述

由(you)以上羅(luo)列的(de)史實，我們可(ke)以認定(ding)嘴子前墓(mu)群就是(shi)田(tian)氏(shi)之族的(de)墓(mu)地。該墓(mu)地的(de)一些特點(dian)，與(yu)史記中田(tian)氏(shi)宗(zong)族的(de)行跡也(ye)有諸多關合之處：

墓群與田氏發跡之時代

嘴子前墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)M4的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)，發(fa)掘簡報已有推斷(duan)，認(ren)為屬于(yu)春(chun)秋晚期(qi)早段，M1的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)相較則稍晚一些(xie)。這與公(gong)子勝(sheng)所(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)相當的(de)(de)(de)。值此時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)國政壇，正是(shi)齊(qi)景公(gong)在(zai)位之(zhi)初。而齊(qi)國田(tian)氏的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表人物則是(shi)振(zhen)興田(tian)氏之(zhi)族的(de)(de)(de)能臣田(tian)乞(qi)。田(tian)乞(qi)是(shi)田(tian)完之(zhi)第六世，田(tian)完與陳宣公(gong)杵臼為叔伯弟兄。公(gong)子勝(sheng)則是(shi)陳宣公(gong)之(zhi)第七世，對于(yu)田(tian)乞(qi)，公(gong)子勝(sheng)是(shi)子侄輩，盂(yu)銘中(zhong)簡單的(de)(de)(de)刻上一個“圣”字，當也(ye)(ye)符合身份(fen)。凡此種種，都證明(ming)嘴子前墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)M4的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)與公(gong)子勝(sheng)、田(tian)乞(qi)所(suo)處年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)是(shi)一致的(de)(de)(de)。當然，公(gong)子勝(sheng)攜器(qi)奔齊(qi)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)與M4墓(mu)(mu)主下葬(zang)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)應有一段距(ju)離(li)，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)陶器(qi)表明(ming)，這年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)不會晚至田(tian)常執政的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)期(qi)。

M4的規格與田乞之族

M4種使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)重(zhong)棺槨、七鼎、九(jiu)鐘，顯然是(shi)貴族氣派。當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)列(lie)國(guo)(guo)形(xing)勢(shi)，已(yi)經(jing)是(shi)周室(shi)式微，禮崩樂壞(huai)。埋葬(zang)中越禮僭制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現象是(shi)十(shi)分普遍的(de)(de)(de)(de)。即如(ru)九(jiu)鼎之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，依禮本為天子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此時(shi)不但列(lie)國(guo)(guo)諸侯，而且一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)大國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上卿也(ye)紛紛使(shi)用。如(ru)河(he)南(nan)琉璃閣M甲、M60(晉(jin)卿范(fan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi))、河(he)南(nan)汲縣山彪鎮(zhen)M1(晉(jin)卿魏襄子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi))、山西太(tai)原(yuan)金勝村M251(晉(jin)卿趙子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi))等(deng)。這些(xie)人物都是(shi)世代卿相，長期執掌一(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)權(quan)柄，所以其墓不但越制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)用九(jiu)鼎之(zhi)葬(zang)，而且其它(ta)隨葬(zang)品也(ye)十(shi)分豪華驚人。相形(xing)之(zhi)下，嘴(zui)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)前(qian)M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬(zang)規(gui)(gui)格(ge)就低(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)。這種情(qing)形(xing)，可(ke)能(neng)正是(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞一(yi)(yi)(yi)族當(dang)時(shi)地位的(de)(de)(de)(de)反映。景公時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)還是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個處于上升(sheng)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)新興貴族，終景公一(yi)(yi)(yi)世，田(tian)(tian)(tian)乞也(ye)沒(mei)有達(da)到上卿的(de)(de)(de)(de)高位。所以，他們(men)所能(neng)夠使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)埋葬(zang)規(gui)(gui)格(ge)，自然也(ye)不能(neng)與(yu)前(qian)述各國(guo)(guo)世家(jia)貴族相比(bi)。即使(shi)在齊國(guo)(guo)，當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)氏(shi)(shi)、高氏(shi)(shi)、鮑氏(shi)(shi)、晏(yan)氏(shi)(shi)等(deng)也(ye)都超過田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)。嘴(zui)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)前(qian)M4的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼎數雖然為七，但從形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上看，并不符合正規(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)列(lie)鼎配伍之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這可(ke)能(neng)也(ye)恰恰反映出田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)追(zhui)求較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)等(deng)級而實際上又(you)尚(shang)未達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種特殊狀況。

嘴子前墓群的位置

正如本文開(kai)首所(suo)述，嘴子(zi)前墓群所(suo)處的位置是一(yi)個十分偏遠(yuan)(yuan)的地(di)方，這里遠(yuan)(yuan)離(li)齊都臨淄近千里之遙(yao)，且又山(shan)水阻(zu)隔，交通不(bu)便。一(yi)處貴族(zu)墓地(di)選擇于此，確實令人(ren)費解。其中原因，可(ke)能(neng)還是田氏一(yi)族(zu)身處之政治環境使然。

史籍中對(dui)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩代(dai)田(tian)乞(qi)(qi)、田(tian)常(chang)留下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)筆(bi)墨較多，就中可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出他(ta)(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)顯著(zhu)(zhu)特點：胸懷大志、深(shen)謀遠慮。他(ta)(ta)(ta)們代(dai)表(biao)著(zhu)(zhu)當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)股新興勢力，有著(zhu)(zhu)強(qiang)烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)取心(xin)，甚(shen)至(zhi)圖謀篡權(quan)竊國(guo)。齊(qi)景公(gong)算是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)有作(zuo)為的(de)(de)(de)(de)人物(wu)，但他(ta)(ta)(ta)“喜(xi)奢而(er)忘儉”，“好治宮室(shi)聚狗(gou)馬”。臨淄景公(gong)墓的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)殉馬坑，埋(mai)葬馬匹總(zong)數約在600頭之(zhi)多，其人奢靡可(ke)見一(yi)斑！田(tian)乞(qi)(qi)從這種(zhong)表(biao)面繁榮中看到了姜氏(shi)(shi)統治者的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒落(luo)之(zhi)象(xiang)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)像(xiang)賢相(xiang)(xiang)晏(yan)嬰那樣屢屢規諫，而(er)是(shi)乘機以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)斗受(shou)、以(yi)(yi)大斗予的(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)法(fa)“行陰德于民”，使“民思田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)”。數世后(hou)孟(meng)嘗君田(tian)文在薛地焚契銷債，以(yi)(yi)營(ying)狡兔三(san)窟，真是(shi)頗得(de)乃(nai)祖(zu)真傳(chuan)。 但田(tian)乞(qi)(qi)們前進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路(lu)又是(shi)殺機四伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)。姜氏(shi)(shi)統治者乃(nai)數百(bai)年之(zhi)基業，樹大根深(shen)，是(shi)周王(wang)朝分封的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)統。當時(shi)周室(shi)雖然王(wang)權(quan)衰(shuai)落(luo)，但列國(guo)諸侯(hou)依然奉為一(yi)塊金(jin)字(zi)招牌。齊(qi)國(guo)田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)欲得(de)逞異志，諸侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)也是(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)腹之(zhi)憂。至(zhi)田(tian)常(chang)時(shi)，齊(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)政(zheng)盡歸田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)，殺簡公(gong)，立平公(gong)，為相(xiang)(xiang)。在齊(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)內(nei)可(ke)謂一(yi)手(shou)遮天。但對(dui)列國(guo)諸侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)還是(shi)心(xin)存顧忌(ji)。田(tian)常(chang)“懼(ju)諸侯(hou)共(gong)誅(zhu)己(ji)，乃(nai)盡歸魯、衛侵地，西(xi)約晉(jin)韓、魏、趙氏(shi)(shi)、南通(tong)吳、越之(zhi)使，修功行賞，親于百(bai)姓，以(yi)(yi)故齊(qi)復定。”在這種(zhong)外部環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)脅迫(po)下(xia)，田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)奪取政(zheng)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每一(yi)步都需小(xiao)心(xin)行事，不(bu)(bu)能肆(si)無忌(ji)憚。

當(dang)(dang)然(ran)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治對手還(huan)是(shi)來自國內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)宗大(da)族(zu)，他們(men)才是(shi)其(qi)崛起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真正障礙。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)擅齊(qi)(qi)政的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要斗(dou)爭(zheng)(zheng)都(dou)發(fa)生在(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)兩代。當(dang)(dang)其(qi)時，齊(qi)(qi)國政壇上不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)但有(you)崔(cui)杼、慶(qing)封、監(jian)(jian)止(zhi)一(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擅權風云人(ren)物，而(er)(er)且更有(you)高氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、國氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、欒(luan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、鮑(bao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、晏(yan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)等大(da)批公(gong)族(zu)世(shi)家。面對這些強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政敵，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)“欲為(wei)亂”，稍稍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)慎，便會落得(de)身死、家破、族(zu)滅(mie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)怕(pa)下場(chang)(chang)。對這一(yi)點，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)等是(shi)有(you)充分估計與準備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。“景(jing)公(gong)卒，兩相(xiang)高、國立荼(tu)，是(shi)為(wei)晏(yan)孺子(zi)，而(er)(er)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)說(shuo)。”田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)此時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)高、國二氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。景(jing)公(gong)死后(hou)，在(zai)(zai)私宅中，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)改立悼公(gong)，這是(shi)一(yi)場(chang)(chang)賭博似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍事(shi)政變，險些被(bei)鮑(bao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(鮑(bao)牧)當(dang)(dang)場(chang)(chang)砸鍋(guo)。說(shuo)明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)乞(qi)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具有(you)壟(long)斷政局(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位與勢(shi)力(li)。對于(yu)權勢(shi)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卿相(xiang)，他則以“尺蠖之(zhi)(zhi)屈以求伸也”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度，“偽事(shi)高、國者(zhe)(zhe)”，最終(zhong)將高、國二氏(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)殺一(yi)逐，取(qu)得(de)了勝利(li)。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)時，齊(qi)(qi)國田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)族(zu)勢(shi)力(li)已大(da)大(da)削(xue)弱(ruo)了，但仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)獨家專政的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)(ju)面。齊(qi)(qi)簡公(gong)時，“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)成(cheng)子(zi)與監(jian)(jian)止(zhi)俱(ju)為(wei)左右相(xiang)……監(jian)(jian)止(zhi)幸于(yu)簡公(gong)”。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)唯(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)專政，而(er)(er)且是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)失勢(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)。“于(yu)是(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)復(fu)修@子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)政，以大(da)斗(dou)出(chu)貸(dai)，以小斗(dou)收(shou)。齊(qi)(qi)人(ren)歌(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)：‘嫗乎采(cai)@，歸乎田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)成(cheng)子(zi)。”這表(biao)明田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)在(zai)(zai)宮廷斗(dou)爭(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情勢(shi)下所做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略(lve)轉移，其(qi)目標所向，是(shi)撼(han)動姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立國根基。一(yi)段齊(qi)(qi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)，無異姜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)貴族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚歌(ge)。齊(qi)(qi)國有(you)識(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)士均知“田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、監(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)并也”。終(zhong)于(yu)被(bei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)(chang)“盡誅鮑(bao)、晏(yan)、監(jian)(jian)止(zhi)及(ji)公(gong)族(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)者(zhe)(zhe)”。齊(qi)(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)內，能(neng)與田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)抗衡匹敵者(zhe)(zhe)終(zhong)被(bei)翦滅(mie)殆盡。

在這(zhe)(zhe)一場(chang)生(sheng)死角逐(zhu)中(zhong)，田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)對相反的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果當也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)有(you)所準備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。尤(you)其田(tian)(tian)乞，他(ta)(ta)當時所處環境尤(you)為(wei)險惡，幾乎(hu)是(shi)(shi)在逆境中(zhong)節節搏殺(sha)。鑒(jian)于此，他(ta)(ta)把自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)邑(yi)(yi)和族墓(mu)選擇在遠離(li)齊都(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)方海隅，也(ye)(ye)就可以理解了。這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)畢竟天高皇帝遠，如(ru)果自(zi)己在都(dou)城的(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)格殺(sha)中(zhong)落敗(bai)，或(huo)是(shi)(shi)據(ju)有(you)膠東(dong)(dong)偏安一隅，或(huo)是(shi)(shi)蓄勢待(dai)機日后卷土重(zhong)來也(ye)(ye)未可知(zhi)。田(tian)(tian)乞既以膠東(dong)(dong)半島為(wei)后方根據(ju)地，必然有(you)所經營。他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸多恩惠陰德，肯(ken)定也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)施予他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)方封(feng)邑(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)此，狡(jiao)兔三窟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發明者(zhe)，便是(shi)(shi)孟嘗(chang)君(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)位祖先了。在田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)方封(feng)邑(yi)(yi)中(zhong)，不但“民思田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)”，而(er)且情愿追隨田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)與姜齊國(guo)君(jun)(jun)作對。景(jing)公將死，“逐(zhu)群(qun)公子，遷之(zhi)(zhi)萊(lai)。景(jing)公卒……群(qun)公子畏(wei)誅皆出亡……萊(lai)人歌之(zhi)(zhi)曰：‘景(jing)公死乎(hu)弗與埋(mai)，三軍(jun)事乎(hu)弗與謀，師乎(hu)師乎(hu)，胡(hu)黨之(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)？’”萊(lai)，多認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)齊東(dong)(dong)鄙(bi)邑(yi)(yi)，可能正是(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)“施陰德”的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)方封(feng)邑(yi)(yi)。這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)萊(lai)人敢于譏刺國(guo)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)政唱出憤懣之(zhi)(zhi)聲———田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)在東(dong)(dong)方狡(jiao)兔三窟的(de)(de)(de)(de)經營至(zhi)此收(shou)到了投桃報(bao)李之(zhi)(zhi)效。

總結

以(yi)上所述，是對(dui)(dui)嘴子前墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)的(de)(de)特殊地理位置(zhi)、墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)規格的(de)(de)不(bu)尋常情形結合齊、陳等國與墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)年代相當時(shi)期的(de)(de)史(shi)實做(zuo)了(le)一些(xie)比較分析，從(cong)而(er)做(zuo)出了(le)該墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)是屬于(yu)田氏(shi)族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)這樣(yang)一個結論。至于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)中某(mou)座墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)與田氏(shi)族(zu)中某(mou)個特定人物的(de)(de)關系，還只是一種(zhong)初步(bu)推測，有待于(yu)今后更新的(de)(de)發現來檢驗(yan)印證。尤是M4甗(yan)銘中的(de)(de)作器者(zhe)，至今尚未有更深認(ren)(ren)識(shi)。此人的(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)定考(kao)察，或許會對(dui)(dui)嘴子前墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)的(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)識(shi)判斷，產(chan)生(sheng)舉足(zu)輕(qing)重(zhong)的(de)(de)作用。對(dui)(dui)此，謹希望專家(jia)學者(zhe)不(bu)吝賜教。