介紹
文昌閣屬于中國道教建筑。所祀文昌帝君又名“文曲星”、“文星”,是中國古代神話中主宰功名祿位的神靈,后來為道教所承襲。舊時多為知識分子所崇祀,以為可以保功名。元仁宗延祐三年(公元1316年),將梓橦帝君加封為“輔元開化文昌司祿宏仁帝君”以后,兩者遂合而為一。由于這些緣故,歷代封建文人對其頂禮膜拜。在中國傳統文化中,文昌與關帝一道被尊稱為“文武二圣”,祭祀文昌帝君的禮儀猶如祭祀關圣帝君,每年春秋兩季進行隆重的祭禮。屆時縣官們率領僚屬、鄉宦、生員,穿朝服、設儀仗行九拜之禮,供奉五案祭品,有“帛一、牛一、羊一、豬一、果品五籩、豆各十”。青城鎮歷史悠久,唐代稱青平鎮,金天興二年(公元1233年)始置青平縣,后改青城縣。元代元統元年(公元(yuan)1333年(nian)(nian))筑圓周形青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池,周長(chang)(chang)3華里(li),高(gao)2丈余(yu),護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河深一(yi)丈余(yu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有4門(men)(men),東為(wei)望海門(men)(men),西為(wei)通濟門(men)(men),南(nan)為(wei)仰岱門(men)(men),北為(wei)拱辰門(men)(men)。后(hou)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)東北角建小北門(men)(men),稱(cheng)“迎恩門(men)(men)”,在東南(nan)角建小南(nan)門(men)(men),稱(cheng)“詔文門(men)(men)”。明萬歷二十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1595年(nian)(nian))增設甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。經過元(yuan)、明、清三(san)代(dai)多次整修,青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)逐(zhu)步成為(wei)一(yi)座功能(neng)完善、整齊劃(hua)一(yi)的古代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池。清光緒二十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(1896年(nian)(nian))春,在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)筑起寬5米、周長(chang)(chang)3411米的防洪大堤,堤上(shang)遍植桃樹(shu)、杏樹(shu)。每(mei)到春季,環城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)里(li)花香(xiang)濃郁,美不勝收。后(hou)因戰(zhan)亂失修,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣逐(zhu)漸(jian)殘(can)破。1939年(nian)(nian)3月,日本侵略軍(jun)占領(ling)青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)上(shang)修筑炮(pao)樓,拉(la)鐵絲網,縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遭受嚴重破壞(huai)。建國(guo)后(hou)青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾(ceng)為(wei)高(gao)青(qing)(qing)縣(xian)委(wei)、縣(xian)政(zheng)府駐地,后(hou)為(wei)青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區、公(gong)社、鎮政(zheng)府駐地。慶(云)淄(川)路縱(zong)貫南(nan)北,是廣(北農場(chang))青(qing)(qing)(城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))路的終點。
文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)是一(yi)座過街(jie)樓(lou)(lou)式(shi)建(jian)筑,就跨建(jian)在古青(qing)城(cheng)縣(xian)城(cheng)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)十字(zi)大街(jie)上(shang)(shang)。基(ji)座為正方形(xing),高(gao)2.1丈(zhang),邊長3.25丈(zhang),用大青(qing)磚(zhuan)砌成。基(ji)座下(xia)部開(kai)有(you)(you)寬1.2丈(zhang)、高(gao)1.6丈(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)十字(zi)形(xing)券(quan)拱(gong)門洞,銜接著(zhu)通(tong)向東西(xi)南(nan)北(bei)城(cheng)門的(de)(de)(de)四條大街(jie)。南(nan)面券(quan)拱(gong)門兩側有(you)(you)臺階,轉折(zhe)而上(shang)(shang)。基(ji)座上(shang)(shang)是三(san)層木構(gou)樓(lou)(lou)閣(ge),第一(yi)層以圓柱支撐飛檐,二層為暗層,中(zhong)間以磚(zhuan)砌四壁直達(da)三(san)層。每(mei)層四角(jiao)攢頂(ding),裝飾斗拱(gong),釉瓦覆(fu)頂(ding),四脊有(you)(you)栩栩如生的(de)(de)(de)石獸。檐下(xia)掛有(you)(you)銅鈴,微風吹來(lai),發出清脆悅耳的(de)(de)(de)鈴聲。頂(ding)端(duan)冠(guan)一(yi)木質鉛灰色(se)大圓寶頂(ding)。整個樓(lou)(lou)閣(ge)高(gao)約4.7丈(zhang),結構(gou)嚴密精(jing)巧,造型宏偉壯觀。對于做夢也想金榜題名的(de)(de)(de)學子們來(lai)說,閣(ge)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)君是他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)命運之神。相傳有(you)(you)位學子蟾宮(gong)折(zhe)桂后衣錦還鄉,在祭祖的(de)(de)(de)路上(shang)(shang)經過文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge),遂將文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)更名為魁(kui)星樓(lou)(lou),從此青(qing)城(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)閣(ge)又有(you)(you)了一(yi)個好(hao)聽的(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)。
文昌閣(ge)是古青(qing)城縣(xian)的(de)“八景(jing)”之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),謂之(zhi)(zhi)“高(gao)閣(ge)晴(qing)霞”。它坐落于城垣環繞(rao)的(de)城區(qu)正中(zhong),凌駕于綠樹掩映(ying)(ying)下的(de)建筑群之(zhi)(zhi)上,抬眼望去,高(gao)閣(ge)在云霞燦爛(lan)的(de)蒼(cang)穹映(ying)(ying)照下,更顯得(de)挺拔壯(zhuang)麗,氣勢不(bu)凡。游人登上高(gao)閣(ge),憑(ping)欄(lan)遠眺(tiao),“高(gao)閣(ge)晴(qing)霞”之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)妙,盡(jin)在不(bu)言中(zhong)。暮春時(shi)節,村舍里炊(chui)煙裊(niao)裊(niao)升起(qi),千(qian)里沃野上男耕女(nv)種,呈現一(yi)派(pai)勃勃生(sheng)機;仲(zhong)秋時(shi)分,農民(min)們收獲著黃澄澄的(de)莊(zhuang)稼,豐收美(mei)景(jing)盡(jin)收眼底。風清日麗之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),南眺(tiao)可見鄒(zou)平縣(xian)境(jing)的(de)黃山和青(qing)龍山,北望可數浩瀚黃河(he)中(zhong)的(de)離離船帆。
青城文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣經(jing)過長期(qi)風(feng)雨剝蝕、地震撼搖和戰爭造成(cheng)的(de)破壞,到20世紀(ji)40年(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi),已是(shi)壁裂(lie)瓦殘、漆畫斑駁,呈遙遙欲(yu)傾(qing)之狀。抗日戰爭勝(sheng)利后,為褒獎革命(ming)烈(lie)(lie)(lie)士(shi)(shi),經(jing)山東(dong)省政府批準,青城縣(xian)(xian)民主政府撥(bo)款12萬(wan)元(yuan)北海幣,將文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣改(gai)建為烈(lie)(lie)(lie)士(shi)(shi)紀(ji)念祠,1946年(nian)(nian)完工。第三層(ceng)正中(zhong)(zhong)懸掛著“烈(lie)(lie)(lie)士(shi)(shi)祠”匾(bian)額(e),第一層(ceng)的(de)西北東(dong)南四面分別(bie)懸有“為國捐(juan)軀”、“氣壯山河”、“碧血千秋”、“保(bao)國為民”匾(bian)額(e),均為木刻(ke)。烈(lie)(lie)(lie)士(shi)(shi)祠內鑲嵌著刻(ke)有250名烈(lie)(lie)(lie)士(shi)(shi)姓名和青城縣(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)政府、縣(xian)(xian)大隊、各界建國聯合(he)會(hui)暨全體(ti)人(ren)民合(he)致碑文(wen)(wen)的(de)石碑。在(zai)(zai)“文(wen)(wen)化大革命(ming)”中(zhong)(zhong),文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣又遭受破壞。中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)十一界三中(zhong)(zhong)全會(hui)以來,隨著農(nong)村經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)發展,文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣也獲(huo)得了(le)(le)新生。1979年(nian)(nian),高青縣(xian)(xian)公布了(le)(le)青城文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣等8處縣(xian)(xian)級重點文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護單位。1981年(nian)(nian)8月,省撥(bo)款1萬(wan)元(yuan)對青城文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣進行維修。1992年(nian)(nian)高城鎮人(ren)民政府又組織修整。這一工程(cheng)引起(qi)海外(wai)僑胞(bao)的(de)關注,捐(juan)來錢物予以支持。在(zai)(zai)海外(wai)游子的(de)心(xin)目中(zhong)(zhong),文(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣不(bu)僅是(shi)青城的(de)象(xiang)(xiang)征,也是(shi)祖國的(de)象(xiang)(xiang)征。不(bu)管走(zou)得有多遠,不(bu)管離家(jia)多少年(nian)(nian),他們的(de)根永遠留在(zai)(zai)了(le)(le)這片土地上。
如(ru)今,已經(jing)成(cheng)為山東(dong)省重(zhong)點文(wen)物保(bao)護單位的(de)(de)文(wen)昌(chang)閣修葺一(yi)(yi)新,光彩(cai)照人,已經(jing)成(cheng)為黃河南岸、魯(lu)北平原(yuan)上一(yi)(yi)道亮(liang)麗的(de)(de)風景(jing)。到青(qing)城文(wen)昌(chang)閣一(yi)(yi)游,仰(yang)視(shi)凌(ling)空高閣的(de)(de)壯觀,俯瞰魯(lu)北平原(yuan)的(de)(de)美(mei)景(jing),定會有(you)一(yi)(yi)番全新的(de)(de)感受。