平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)(Site of Pingcheng City),主要指北魏都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi),中國北魏中期都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi),位于(yu)山西(xi)省大同市城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)及其附近。1987年被(bei)列(lie)為全國文(wen)物保護單位。由(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內遺(yi)址(zhi)(宮(gong)殿群、明(ming)堂(tang))、白(bai)登山遺(yi)址(zhi)、房(fang)山永固陵遺(yi)址(zhi)三部(bu)分組成。
洛陽平城門是孝文帝遷都前(qian)正對皇宮(gong)的正南城門,相當于北京天(tian)安門 。
在日本奈良市(shi)有古都(dou)平城(cheng)京(jing)遺址,是日本世(shi)界(jie)文(wen)化遺產。
拓(tuo)跋(ba)硅戲(xi)于天興元年(398)七(qi)月遷(qian)(qian)都平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng),至(zhi)太和十(shi)(shi)八年(494)孝(xiao)文帝(di)(di)遷(qian)(qian)都洛陽,在平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)建都97年,歷經(jing)六帝(di)(di)七(qi)世,一直成為(wei)我國北(bei)(bei)方政治(zhi)、經(jing)濟、文化的中心,擁有百萬人口。當時平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)皇城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)、郭城(cheng)(cheng)。外城(cheng)(cheng)方二十(shi)(shi)里,外郭周圍(wei)三十(shi)(shi)二里,有門十(shi)(shi)二,“其(qi)郭城(cheng)(cheng)繞宮城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan),悉筑為(wei)坊(fang)。坊(fang)開巷,大者容四五百家(jia),小者六七(qi)十(shi)(shi)家(jia)”。京畿范圍(wei)東(dong)至(zhi)代郡(河(he)北(bei)(bei)蔚縣(xian)暖泉鎮西),西及善(shan)無(右玉(yu)縣(xian)南(nan)(nan)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)村),南(nan)(nan)及陰館(朔縣(xian)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)夏官(guan)村),北(bei)(bei)盡參合(陽高縣(xian)東(dong)北(bei)(bei))。其(qi)京甸“東(dong)至(zhi)上谷(gu)軍都關(昌(chang)平(ping)(ping)縣(xian)北(bei)(bei)),西至(zhi)黃河(he),南(nan)(nan)至(zhi)中山隘門塞(靈丘縣(xian)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)),北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)五原(包頭市西)”。
其(qi)外又設四(si)方四(si)維,置八部帥統兵鎮守。北魏在平城建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都(dou)后(hou)“始營宮(gong)(gong)室,建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)宗廟,立社(she)(she)稷”,進行了一系(xi)列的首(shou)都(dou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設,先(xian)后(hou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)天文(wen)、天華(hua)、中天軍殿24座;建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)西宮(gong)(gong)、北宮(gong)(gong)、南宮(gong)(gong)、東(dong)宮(gong)(gong)、寧宮(gong)(gong)等宮(gong)(gong)15處(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)東(dong)苑(yuan)(yuan)、西苑(yuan)(yuan)、北苑(yuan)(yuan)、鹿苑(yuan)(yuan)四(si)處(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)華(hua)林、永林、永興等國3處(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鴻雁、天淵等池6處(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)云母、金華(hua)等堂(tang)6處(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓬臺(tai)、白臺(tai)等臺(tai)7處(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)玄武、無(wu)武等樓(lou)3處(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)涼風(feng)、臨望(wang)、東(dong)明(ming)等觀(guan)3處(chu);還建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)郊壇(tan)、方壇(tan)、五精帝(di)壇(tan)三(san)處(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)太廟、太社(she)(she)、太稷帝(di)社(she)(she)、孔子廟、虎圈、圓丘、方澤、明(ming)堂(tang)、靈臺(tai)、辟雍(yong)等。其(qi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)規模(mo)、數目之繁多、布局之道嚴、規劃完整。 北魏佛教鼎盛,神圖(tu)妙塔,對峙相望(wang),京(jing)都(dou)內寺廟上百所,僧尼三(san)千余,除“冠于(yu)一世”的云岡外,“京(jing)華(hua)壯(zhuang)觀(guan)”的天宮(gong)(gong)寺及五級大寺等。
為(wei)了改(gai)善城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市環(huan)境,從城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)引如渾水,從城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)引武州川水入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),使魏(wei)都大街西(xi)(xi)岸(an)有(you)(you)(you)潺(chan)潺(chan)流水,東西(xi)(xi)魚(yu)池(chi)有(you)(you)(you)游魚(yu)嬉戲(xi),水旁弱柳、絲楊、雜樹交蔭,利用水和樹把城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市打扮(ban)得清新雅(ya)致,配上巍峨(e)的(de)宮殿(dian)樓閣,真是(shi)花團錦簇(cu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)。確(que)實是(shi)“靈臺(tai)山立,壁水池(chi)園,雙闕(que)萬仞,九衢四達,羽旌林森,堂殿(dian)膠葛”。 平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址在今大同(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)、大同(tong)火車站(zhan)以西(xi)(xi)到陳莊一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶,北(bei)依方(fang)山,外(wai)靠長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。今大同(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)上皇莊之東和白馬(ma)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村北(bei)的(de)板(ban)筑(zhu)(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基,當即郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)北(bei)墻遺跡。大同(tong)車站(zhan)附近曾發現有(you)(you)(you)排列整齊的(de)大型(xing)石(shi)礎、磚瓦(wa)(wa)殘片、“富貴萬歲”隸書瓦(wa)(wa)當等。在南(nan)門外(wai)工(gong)農路北(bei)側,曾出土大型(xing)石(shi)柱礎、筒瓦(wa)(wa)和臼等。可推(tui)測這是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座北(bei)魏(wei)大型(xing)建筑(zhu)(zhu)遺址。其東部曾出土石(shi)雕方(fang)硯(yan)(yan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang),硯(yan)(yan)首雕有(you)(you)(you)耳環(huan)形水池(chi)及騎獸、角抵、舞(wu)蹈、沐猴圖案四組。
硯側(ce)云龍、朱雀、水(shui)禽、銜魚的(de)紋飾和下部壺門保(bao)存方形樣(yang)等,為北魏石雕(diao)藝(yi)術的(de)孤品。遺址還出(chu)土八(ba)曲銀(yin)流、刻花銀(yin)碗和鎏金(jin)高足鋼杯(bei)等文(wen)物,具有伊朗薩桑王朝(chao)金(jin)銀(yin)器特征。是(shi)北魏時與西域交往的(de)實物見證,平城遺址為國家文(wen)物保(bao)護單位。
據(ju)《魏書·莫含傳(chuan)附孫題傳(chuan)》記載(zai):“太(tai)祖欲廣宮(gong)(gong)室,規度平城(cheng)四(si)方數(shu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li),將模鄴、洛(luo)(luo)、長安(an)之制。運材數(shu)百(bai)萬根,以題機(ji)巧,征令監(jian)之。”由此可見,當(dang)時道武皇(huang)帝(di)心目中之平城(cheng)建筑(zhu)規劃是仿照中原的(de)安(an)陽,洛(luo)(luo)陽和(he)(he)長安(an)為(wei)藍(lan)圖的(de)。據(ju)《魏書·太(tai)祖紀》記載(zai):“天興元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元件398年(nian)(nian)(nian))秋七(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),遷都平城(cheng)。始營(ying)宮(gong)(gong)室,建宗廟,立社稷……二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)啟京師十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)門(men)……冬十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)太(tai)廟成。“天興元年(nian)(nian)(nian)八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)”詔(zhao)有司正(zheng)(zheng)封(feng)畿(御定京畿轄(xia)區(qu)),制效甸(規劃郊區(qu)建設(she)),端經(jing)術(開辟各地通道),標道里(li)(li)(li)(標號各地里(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)碑)。“天錫(xi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)八(ba)部人(ren),自(zi)(zi)五(wu)百(bai)里(li)(li)(li)內繕修(xiu)都城(cheng),魏于(yu)是始有邑居之制度。”“規立外城(cheng)方二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li),分置(zhi)市里(li)(li)(li),經(jing)涂洞達。”以后(hou)才陸續(xu)建筑(zhu)宮(gong)(gong)殿和(he)(he)陵苑,正(zheng)(zheng)如有關(guan)象料所載(zai):“神瑞元年(nian)(nian)(nian)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)乙卯起豐(feng)宮(gong)(gong)于(yu)平城(cheng)東(dong)北(bei)。”豐(feng)宮(gong)(gong)即為(wei)道武皇(huang)帝(di)、華陰公主(zhu)等建立之別廟。“泰常元年(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)筑(zhu)蓬臺于(yu)北(bei)苑。“泰常二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)秋七(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)作白(bai)臺于(yu)城(cheng)南(nan),高二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)丈。”“泰常六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)春正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)發(fa)京師六(liu)(liu)千人(ren)筑(zhu)苑。起自(zi)(zi)舊苑,東(dong)包白(bai)登,周加三十(shi)(shi)(shi)余里(li)(li)(li)。”“泰常七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)秋九(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)筑(zhu)平城(cheng)外郭(guo)周回三十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)里(li)(li)(li)”“泰常八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),廣西(xi)宮(gong)(gong),起外垣墻(qiang),周回二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)。”“其(qi)郭(guo)城(cheng)繞宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)南(nan),悉筑(zhu)為(wei)坊(fang)。坊(fang)開巷,大者容四(si)五(wu)百(bai)家,小者六(liu)(liu)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)家。每南(nan)坊(fang)搜檢,以備奸巧。”“又(you)有懸食瓦屋(wu)數(shu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),置(zhi)尚方,作鐵及木。”和(he)(he)平初年(nian)(nian)(nian)于(yu)城(cheng)西(xi)開始建造(zao)云崗(gang)石(shi)窟;皇(huang)興元年(nian)(nian)(nian)起永寧寺,構七(qi)級佛圖,太(tai)和(he)(he)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)造(zao)永固陵。
北魏(wei)(wei)(wei)王朝(chao)自道(dao)武(wu)帝(di)(di)天興(xing)元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)398年(nian))在(zai)平(ping)城定都開(kai)始(shi),到孝文帝(di)(di)太(tai)和(he)十八年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)494年(nian))遷(qian)都洛陽為(wei)(wei)止的96年(nian)時間里,前后(hou)經(jing)(jing)歷道(dao)武(wu)帝(di)(di)、明元(yuan)帝(di)(di)、太(tai)武(wu)帝(di)(di)、文成帝(di)(di)、獻文帝(di)(di)、孝文帝(di)(di)共(gong)六(liu)位(wei)皇帝(di)(di),他(ta)們都對(dui)京都平(ping)城進行了(le)不(bu)同程(cheng)度的建(jian)設,主要抓了(le)六(liu)項工(gong)程(cheng):一、建(jian)有(you)宮城、外城和(he)城廓;二、建(jian)有(you)太(tai)和(he)殿(dian)、安昌殿(dian),坤德六(liu)合(he)殿(dian)、乾象(xiang)六(liu)合(he)殿(dian)等十余座宮殿(dian);三、開(kai)鑿了(le)云岡、方山鹿野苑等處石窟和(he)豐宮太(tai)廟等寺廟;四、修筑(zhu)了(le)西(xi)起雷公(gong)山,東至采(cai)涼山和(he)白(bai)登山的皇家園林;五(wu)、營造了(le)永固(gu)陵(ling)、萬(wan)(wan)年(nian)堂等規模(mo)龐大的皇家陵(ling)墓;六(liu)、為(wei)(wei)一百(bai)(bai)多萬(wan)(wan)的城市居(ju)民(min)興(xing)建(jian)了(le)里坊式住宅(zhai)。通過以上六(liu)項工(gong)程(cheng),使(shi)平(ping)城發展為(wei)(wei)擁有(you)百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)(wan)人口的宏大帝(di)(di)都,堪當中(zhong)國北方政治、軍事(shi)、文化、經(jing)(jing)濟、文化和(he)佛教中(zhong)心。后(hou)來,經(jing)(jing)歷代風(feng)云變幻,時過境(jing)遷(qian),平(ping)城淪為(wei)(wei)廢墟一片(pian),僅存(cun)土臺東西(xi)對(dui)峙,后(hou)來此自建(jian)有(you)天王寺,來往行人無(wu)不(bu)瞻仰,吊古(gu)憑今(jin)感慨萬(wan)(wan)千。明朝(chao)代王朱桂(gui)次子廣靈(ling)王來此游覽,賦詩名(ming)曰“魏(wei)(wei)(wei)陵(ling)煙雨”,曾被譽為(wei)(wei)古(gu)云中(zhong)郡八景之一:“ 魏(wei)(wei)(wei)陵(ling)兀兀倚郊(jiao)圻,草樹蓊森過客稀(xi)。 疏雨淡煙春(chun)色里,清(qing)風(feng)明月夜(ye)闌時。 兩朝(chao)事(shi)業三更夢(meng),百(bai)(bai)代興(xing)亡一局棋(qi)。 吊古(gu)漫勞回(hui)首處,不(bu)堪駐馬讀殘(can)碑。 ”
北魏平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是在(zai)漢朝平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)之基(ji)礎擴建而成(cheng),它包括宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)廓三(san)個組成(cheng)部分。根(gen)據考古調查發現,今城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北上皇莊、白馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和安家小村一(yi)帶(dai)有斷(duan)斷(duan)續續板筑夯打的土墻遺址,高處(chu)五米(mi)多,低(di)處(chu)一(yi)二米(mi),底部約(yue)十幾米(mi),這正(zheng)是外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之北墻,東城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻則(ze)在(zai)御河之西,南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻在(zai)大同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北操(cao)場城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)帶(dai),西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻在(zai)上皇莊以南,此區面積約(yue)有60多平方里。火車站東北處(chu)曾經出土有排列整齊的覆盆礎石(shi),這些遺跡可(ke)以說明北魏宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和官府衙署之范(fan)圍。
新中國(guo)成立以后,黨和政府十分重視文(wen)物保護(hu),平(ping)城(cheng)遺址于1987年被(bei)列(lie)入全國(guo)文(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei),其平(ping)城(cheng)當時原貌,還(huan)有等專(zhuan)家學(xue)者(zhe)進一步考察發現。
大(da)(da)同(tong)市地處(chu)黃土高原,地形地貌復雜多樣(yang),基(ji)本上(shang)屬溫帶大(da)(da)陸性季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)候,年(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫只有6.8度。大(da)(da)同(tong)冬季(ji)非常寒冷,夏季(ji)天氣(qi)(qi)較涼爽,是(shi)避暑的好去處(chu)。每年(nian)的春夏兩季(ji)是(shi)旅游(you)的最佳(jia)時間(jian)。
平城(cheng)遺址最顯著(zhu)的特(te)點是晝夜溫(wen)差很(hen)大,注意(yi)多穿衣服,以(yi)抵御早晚的寒(han)氣(qi)。
平城遺址位于山西省(sheng)大(da)同市城區東(dong)馬(ma)路(lu)。周圍交(jiao)通便利,有多(duo)個(ge)公(gong)交(jiao)站(zhan)(zhan)點,最近的公(gong)交(jiao)站(zhan)(zhan)是北(bei)苑路(lu)操場(chang)城街口,此外附近還有嘉(jia)鑫園(yuan)小區、北(bei)環(huan)路(lu)武(wu)定(ding)北(bei)路(lu)口、公(gong)交(jiao)三公(gong)司(嘉(jia)鑫園(yuan)小區)北(bei)環(huan)路(lu)武(wu)定(ding)北(bei)路(lu)口、武(wu)定(ding)北(bei)路(lu)安(an)益街前街口等。
自駕:大同市走魏都大道(dao)—清遠西街—云中路—擁(yong)軍(jun)東路—擁(yong)軍(jun)西路—北(bei)環路—平(ping)城遺(yi)址(zhi)。
和山西的(de)其它(ta)地方相似,大(da)同(tong)(tong)的(de)飲(yin)食特色仍以各種面食為(wei)主,這里飯菜質量非常(chang)不錯,而且價格低 廉,你(ni)可(ke)以去市內的(de)紅旗(qi)美食城(cheng),裝潢、服務、菜品俱(ju)佳,只(zhi)需幾十元就可(ke)以大(da)快朵頤。大(da)同(tong)(tong)市有名的(de)風(feng)味小吃有大(da)同(tong)(tong)刀削面、豌豆面、羊(yang)雜粉湯、莜面、蕎面圪坨、陽高杏脯、廣靈豆腐干(gan)、大(da)同(tong)(tong)黃糕(gao)、渾源炒酥大(da)豆等,頗(po)值(zhi)得一(yi)嘗。