平城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(Site of Pingcheng City),主要(yao)指(zhi)北魏都城(cheng)(cheng)平城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi),中(zhong)國(guo)北魏中(zhong)期(qi)都城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi),位(wei)于山西省大同(tong)市城(cheng)(cheng)區及其附近。1987年被列為全國(guo)文物保(bao)護單位(wei)。由(you)城(cheng)(cheng)墻及城(cheng)(cheng)內遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(宮殿群、明堂)、白(bai)登山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、房(fang)山永固陵遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)三部分組(zu)成。
洛陽平城(cheng)門(men)是孝(xiao)文帝遷(qian)都前正對皇宮的正南城(cheng)門(men),相當于北京天安門(men) 。
在日本奈良市有(you)古都(dou)平城京遺址,是日本世界文化(hua)遺產。
拓跋(ba)硅戲(xi)于(yu)天(tian)興元年(398)七月遷都(dou)平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),至(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)和十(shi)八年(494)孝文帝遷都(dou)洛陽(yang),在(zai)平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)都(dou)97年,歷(li)經(jing)(jing)六帝七世,一(yi)直成為我(wo)國北(bei)方(fang)政治、經(jing)(jing)濟、文化的中(zhong)心,擁(yong)有百萬人口。當時平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)二十(shi)里,外郭周圍三(san)十(shi)二里,有門(men)十(shi)二,“其郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)繞宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan),悉筑(zhu)為坊。坊開巷,大者容四五百家,小者六七十(shi)家”。京畿范(fan)圍東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)代郡(jun)(河(he)北(bei)蔚縣(xian)暖泉鎮西(xi)),西(xi)及(ji)善無(右玉(yu)縣(xian)南(nan)(nan)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村),南(nan)(nan)及(ji)陰館(朔(shuo)縣(xian)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)夏官(guan)村),北(bei)盡參合(he)(陽(yang)高縣(xian)東(dong)北(bei))。其京甸(dian)“東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)谷(gu)軍都(dou)關(昌平縣(xian)北(bei)),西(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)黃河(he),南(nan)(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)山隘門(men)塞(靈丘(qiu)縣(xian)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)),北(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)五原(包(bao)頭市西(xi))”。
其(qi)外(wai)又設(she)四方(fang)(fang)四維(wei),置八(ba)部帥統兵鎮守。北魏(wei)在平城建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都(dou)后(hou)“始營(ying)宮(gong)室,建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)宗廟,立社(she)稷”,進行了一(yi)系列的首(shou)都(dou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she),先后(hou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)天文(wen)、天華(hua)、中天軍(jun)殿24座;建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)西宮(gong)、北宮(gong)、南宮(gong)、東(dong)宮(gong)、寧宮(gong)等(deng)宮(gong)15處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)東(dong)苑、西苑、北苑、鹿苑四處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)華(hua)林(lin)、永(yong)林(lin)、永(yong)興等(deng)國3處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鴻(hong)雁、天淵等(deng)池(chi)6處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)云母、金華(hua)等(deng)堂(tang)(tang)6處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓬臺、白臺等(deng)臺7處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)玄武、無武等(deng)樓(lou)3處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)涼風(feng)、臨望、東(dong)明等(deng)觀3處(chu)(chu)(chu);還建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)郊壇、方(fang)(fang)壇、五精帝壇三處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)太(tai)廟、太(tai)社(she)、太(tai)稷帝社(she)、孔子廟、虎(hu)圈、圓(yuan)丘、方(fang)(fang)澤、明堂(tang)(tang)、靈臺、辟雍等(deng)。其(qi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑規(gui)(gui)模、數(shu)目之繁多、布局之道嚴、規(gui)(gui)劃完整。 北魏(wei)佛教鼎盛,神圖妙(miao)塔,對(dui)峙相望,京(jing)都(dou)內寺(si)廟上百所(suo),僧尼(ni)三千余,除“冠于一(yi)世”的云岡外(wai),“京(jing)華(hua)壯觀”的天宮(gong)寺(si)及五級大寺(si)等(deng)。
為了改(gai)善城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)環(huan)境,從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)引(yin)如渾水(shui)(shui)(shui),從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)引(yin)武(wu)州川(chuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),使魏都大(da)(da)(da)街西(xi)岸有(you)(you)潺潺流水(shui)(shui)(shui),東西(xi)魚(yu)(yu)池有(you)(you)游魚(yu)(yu)嬉(xi)戲(xi),水(shui)(shui)(shui)旁(pang)弱柳、絲楊、雜樹(shu)交蔭,利用水(shui)(shui)(shui)和樹(shu)把城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)打扮得清新雅致,配上(shang)巍峨的宮(gong)殿(dian)樓閣,真是花(hua)團錦簇(cu)一(yi)般。確實是“靈(ling)臺山立(li),壁水(shui)(shui)(shui)池園(yuan),雙(shuang)闕(que)萬(wan)仞,九衢四(si)達(da),羽(yu)旌林森,堂殿(dian)膠葛”。 平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址在今大(da)(da)(da)同(tong)(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)、大(da)(da)(da)同(tong)(tong)火車站以西(xi)到陳莊一(yi)帶(dai),北(bei)(bei)(bei)依方(fang)山,外靠長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。今大(da)(da)(da)同(tong)(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)皇莊之東和白馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村北(bei)(bei)(bei)的板筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基,當即郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的北(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)遺跡。大(da)(da)(da)同(tong)(tong)車站附(fu)近曾(ceng)發現(xian)有(you)(you)排列整齊的大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)石(shi)礎、磚瓦(wa)殘片、“富(fu)貴萬(wan)歲”隸書瓦(wa)當等。在南門(men)外工(gong)農路(lu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)側,曾(ceng)出土(tu)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)石(shi)柱礎、筒瓦(wa)和臼等。可推測這是一(yi)座北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)建筑遺址。其東部曾(ceng)出土(tu)石(shi)雕方(fang)硯一(yi)方(fang),硯首雕有(you)(you)耳環(huan)形水(shui)(shui)(shui)池及騎獸、角(jiao)抵、舞蹈(dao)、沐猴圖案四(si)組(zu)。
硯側云龍、朱雀、水禽、銜魚的紋(wen)飾和(he)下(xia)部壺門保(bao)存方形樣(yang)等(deng),為北(bei)魏石雕藝術的孤(gu)品。遺址還(huan)出土八曲銀(yin)流、刻花銀(yin)碗(wan)和(he)鎏金(jin)高足鋼杯等(deng)文物(wu),具有伊朗薩桑王(wang)朝(chao)金(jin)銀(yin)器(qi)特征。是(shi)北(bei)魏時(shi)與西(xi)域交往的實物(wu)見證(zheng),平城遺址為國家文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單位。
據《魏書(shu)·莫(mo)含傳附(fu)孫(sun)題傳》記載(zai):“太(tai)祖(zu)欲廣(guang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi),規度平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)四(si)方數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li),將模鄴、洛、長(chang)安之(zhi)制。運材數百(bai)萬根,以(yi)題機巧,征令(ling)監之(zhi)。”由此可見,當時道(dao)武皇帝心(xin)目中之(zhi)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規劃(hua)是(shi)仿照中原的安陽,洛陽和長(chang)安為(wei)藍圖的。據《魏書(shu)·太(tai)祖(zu)紀》記載(zai):“天(tian)興元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)件(jian)398年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))秋七(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue),遷(qian)都(dou)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)。始營宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi),建(jian)(jian)宗廟,立社稷……二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增啟(qi)京(jing)師十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)門……冬十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)太(tai)廟成。“天(tian)興元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)”詔(zhao)有(you)(you)(you)司正(zheng)封畿(御定京(jing)畿轄區),制效(xiao)甸(規劃(hua)郊區建(jian)(jian)設),端經術(shu)(開(kai)辟各地(di)通道(dao)),標(biao)道(dao)里(li)(li)(標(biao)號各地(di)里(li)(li)程碑)。“天(tian)錫三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)八(ba)部人,自五(wu)百(bai)里(li)(li)內繕修都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng),魏于(yu)是(shi)始有(you)(you)(you)邑居之(zhi)制度。”“規立外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)方二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li),分置市里(li)(li),經涂洞達。”以(yi)后才(cai)陸續建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿和陵苑(yuan)(yuan),正(zheng)如有(you)(you)(you)關象料所載(zai):“神(shen)瑞(rui)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)乙卯起(qi)豐(feng)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)東北。”豐(feng)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)即為(wei)道(dao)武皇帝、華(hua)陰公主等建(jian)(jian)立之(zhi)別廟。“泰(tai)常(chang)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一月(yue)(yue)(yue)筑(zhu)(zhu)蓬臺(tai)于(yu)北苑(yuan)(yuan)。“泰(tai)常(chang)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋七(qi)(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)作(zuo)白臺(tai)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan),高二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丈。”“泰(tai)常(chang)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)發(fa)京(jing)師六(liu)千人筑(zhu)(zhu)苑(yuan)(yuan)。起(qi)自舊苑(yuan)(yuan),東包白登,周(zhou)(zhou)加三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)余(yu)里(li)(li)。”“泰(tai)常(chang)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋九月(yue)(yue)(yue)筑(zhu)(zhu)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)郭(guo)周(zhou)(zhou)回(hui)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)里(li)(li)”“泰(tai)常(chang)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue),廣(guang)西宮(gong)(gong)(gong),起(qi)外(wai)垣墻,周(zhou)(zhou)回(hui)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)。”“其(qi)郭(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)繞宮(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan),悉筑(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)坊(fang)。坊(fang)開(kai)巷,大者容四(si)五(wu)百(bai)家,小者六(liu)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家。每南(nan)(nan)坊(fang)搜檢,以(yi)備奸巧。”“又有(you)(you)(you)懸(xuan)食(shi)瓦屋數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間,置尚方,作(zuo)鐵及木(mu)。”和平(ping)初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)西開(kai)始建(jian)(jian)造(zao)云崗石(shi)窟;皇興元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)起(qi)永寧(ning)寺,構七(qi)(qi)級(ji)佛圖,太(tai)和五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)造(zao)永固陵。
北魏王朝自(zi)(zi)道武帝(di)天(tian)興元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)398年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))在平(ping)城(cheng)定(ding)都(dou)(dou)(dou)開始,到孝文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)太和(he)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)494年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))遷都(dou)(dou)(dou)洛陽為(wei)止(zhi)的96年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)時間里,前后(hou)(hou)經歷道武帝(di)、明元(yuan)帝(di)、太武帝(di)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)成(cheng)帝(di)、獻文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)、孝文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)共六位皇帝(di),他(ta)們(men)都(dou)(dou)(dou)對京(jing)都(dou)(dou)(dou)平(ping)城(cheng)進行了不同程(cheng)度(du)的建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she),主要抓了六項工程(cheng):一、建(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)宮(gong)城(cheng)、外城(cheng)和(he)城(cheng)廓;二、建(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)太和(he)殿(dian)、安昌殿(dian),坤德六合(he)(he)殿(dian)、乾象六合(he)(he)殿(dian)等(deng)十(shi)余座宮(gong)殿(dian);三(san)、開鑿了云岡、方(fang)山(shan)(shan)鹿野苑(yuan)等(deng)處石(shi)窟和(he)豐(feng)宮(gong)太廟(miao)等(deng)寺(si)廟(miao);四(si)、修筑了西(xi)起雷(lei)公(gong)山(shan)(shan),東至采涼山(shan)(shan)和(he)白(bai)登(deng)山(shan)(shan)的皇家(jia)園林;五、營造了永固陵、萬(wan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)堂等(deng)規模(mo)龐大的皇家(jia)陵墓;六、為(wei)一百(bai)(bai)(bai)多萬(wan)的城(cheng)市居民興建(jian)(jian)(jian)了里坊式住宅。通過(guo)以上(shang)六項工程(cheng),使平(ping)城(cheng)發展為(wei)擁有(you)百(bai)(bai)(bai)萬(wan)人口的宏大帝(di)都(dou)(dou)(dou),堪當(dang)中(zhong)國(guo)北方(fang)政治、軍事、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、經濟(ji)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)和(he)佛(fo)教(jiao)中(zhong)心。后(hou)(hou)來(lai),經歷代風(feng)云變幻(huan),時過(guo)境遷,平(ping)城(cheng)淪為(wei)廢(fei)墟一片(pian),僅(jin)存土臺(tai)東西(xi)對峙,后(hou)(hou)來(lai)此自(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)天(tian)王寺(si),來(lai)往行人無不瞻仰,吊古(gu)憑(ping)今感慨萬(wan)千。明朝代王朱桂次子廣靈王來(lai)此游覽,賦詩名曰(yue)“魏陵煙雨”,曾被譽為(wei)古(gu)云中(zhong)郡八景之一:“ 魏陵兀兀倚(yi)郊圻,草樹蓊森(sen)過(guo)客稀。 疏雨淡煙春色里,清(qing)風(feng)明月(yue)夜闌時。 兩朝事業三(san)更夢,百(bai)(bai)(bai)代興亡一局棋。 吊古(gu)漫勞回(hui)首(shou)處,不堪駐(zhu)馬讀殘碑。 ”
北魏平(ping)城(cheng)是在(zai)(zai)漢(han)朝平(ping)城(cheng)縣之基礎擴建而成,它包括宮城(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)和(he)城(cheng)廓三個組成部分。根據考(kao)古調查發現(xian),今城(cheng)北上(shang)皇(huang)莊、白(bai)馬城(cheng)和(he)安家小(xiao)村(cun)一(yi)帶有(you)斷斷續續板筑夯打(da)的土墻(qiang)遺(yi)址,高處五米多(duo),低處一(yi)二米,底部約(yue)十幾米,這(zhe)正是外(wai)城(cheng)之北墻(qiang),東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)墻(qiang)則在(zai)(zai)御河(he)之西,南城(cheng)墻(qiang)在(zai)(zai)大同城(cheng)北操場(chang)城(cheng)一(yi)帶,西城(cheng)墻(qiang)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)皇(huang)莊以南,此區面積約(yue)有(you)60多(duo)平(ping)方里。火車站(zhan)東(dong)(dong)北處曾(ceng)經出土有(you)排列整齊的覆盆礎石,這(zhe)些遺(yi)跡可(ke)以說明北魏宮城(cheng)和(he)官(guan)府衙署之范圍(wei)。
新中國成立以后,黨和政(zheng)府十分重視(shi)文物(wu)保(bao)護,平城遺址于1987年(nian)被(bei)列(lie)入全國文物(wu)保(bao)護單(dan)位,其平城當時原貌,還(huan)有(you)等專家(jia)學者進一步考(kao)察(cha)發(fa)現。
大(da)同(tong)市地(di)(di)處(chu)黃(huang)土高原,地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌復雜多(duo)樣(yang),基本上屬溫帶大(da)陸性季(ji)風氣候,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫只有6.8度。大(da)同(tong)冬季(ji)非常寒冷,夏(xia)季(ji)天氣較涼(liang)爽,是避(bi)暑的好去(qu)處(chu)。每年(nian)的春夏(xia)兩季(ji)是旅游的最佳時間(jian)。
平城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)最顯著的特點(dian)是晝夜溫差很大,注意多(duo)穿衣服,以抵御早晚的寒(han)氣。
平城遺址位于山西(xi)省大(da)同(tong)市(shi)城區東馬路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。周圍(wei)交(jiao)通便利,有多個(ge)公交(jiao)站(zhan)點,最近的公交(jiao)站(zhan)是北(bei)苑路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)操(cao)場城街(jie)(jie)口,此外(wai)附近還有嘉(jia)鑫園小區、北(bei)環路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)武(wu)定(ding)北(bei)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)口、公交(jiao)三公司(嘉(jia)鑫園小區)北(bei)環路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)武(wu)定(ding)北(bei)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)口、武(wu)定(ding)北(bei)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)安益(yi)街(jie)(jie)前街(jie)(jie)口等。
自駕:大(da)同市走魏都大(da)道—清遠西街—云中路—擁(yong)(yong)軍東路—擁(yong)(yong)軍西路—北(bei)環路—平城遺址。
和山西的其它(ta)地方相似(si),大(da)同的飲(yin)食特色(se)仍以(yi)各種面食為主,這里飯菜質量非常(chang)不錯,而(er)且價(jia)格低 廉,你可以(yi)去市內(nei)的紅(hong)旗美食城,裝潢、服(fu)務(wu)、菜品俱佳,只需幾十(shi)元(yuan)就可以(yi)大(da)快朵(duo)頤。大(da)同市有名的風味小吃(chi)有大(da)同刀削面、豌豆面、羊雜(za)粉湯、莜(you)面、蕎(qiao)面圪(ge)坨(tuo)、陽(yang)高杏脯、廣靈豆腐干、大(da)同黃糕(gao)、渾(hun)源炒酥大(da)豆等(deng),頗值得一嘗。