寺院格局
青(qing)龍寺(si)坐北向南(nan),沿中軸線的建(jian)筑依次為山門,腰(yao)殿(dian)(dian),同時又(you)分為前院和(he)后院。前院東側有(you)十王殿(dian)(dian)。腰(yao)殿(dian)(dian)兩(liang)面三刀側有(you)祖師殿(dian)(dian)和(he)無名殿(dian)(dian);后院有(you)東西(xi)廂(xiang)房,北殿(dian)(dian)兩(liang)側的伽(jia)藍殿(dian)(dian)和(he)護(hu)法(fa)殿(dian)(dian)。該(gai)寺(si)的面積(ji)東西(xi)長(chang)97米,南(nan)北寬70.7米共(gong)計6857.9平方米,約占10.39畝。
該(gai)現存(cun)建筑系元(yuan)、明遺物,占(zhan)地(di)約6000余平(ping)方米,分(fen)前后兩(liang)進(jin)院落,大小殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)宇8座。前院南有(you)(you)四大天王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(現改為(wei)(wei)山門(men)(men)),東為(wei)(wei)十王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian),西為(wei)(wei)羅漢殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)。后院以中殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及東西兩(liang)廂為(wei)(wei)主,中殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)左(zuo)右(you)(you)垛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)各一(yi),左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)祖(zu)師殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),右(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)青(qing)龍門(men)(men)。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(jian),左(zuo)右(you)(you)垛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)各一(yi),左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)護法殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),右(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)伽藍殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)塑(su)像雖皆不存(cun),但大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、中殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)伽藍殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內保存(cun)有(you)(you)壁畫196.38平(ping)方米,十分(fen)珍貴(gui),制(zhi)作跨元(yuan)、明兩(liang)個時期(qi)。
主要壁畫
大殿(dian)壁畫(hua)(hua)據南(nan)壁窗檻畫(hua)(hua)工題記為明洪武十(shi)八年(1385)補(bu)繪或(huo)重裝。唯只西南(nan)隅少(shao)部(bu)分粉墨為元(yuan)代(dai)印跡(ji)。中(zhong)(zhong)殿(dian)四(si)壁為“水陸(lu)畫(hua)(hua)”,是青龍寺壁畫(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)精華所(suo)在。該(gai)殿(dian)全部(bu)構(gou)圖共有(you)人物(wu)300余眾,分畫(hua)(hua)在130平方米的(de)墻面(mian)上(shang)(shang)。 西壁上(shang)(shang)為三世佛和禮(li)(li)佛圖,下為道(dao)教(jiao)萬(wan)神圖;北壁上(shang)(shang)為十(shi)八羅漢,下為十(shi)殿(dian)閻君、六道(dao)輪回等,另有(you)陰(yin)曹地府行刑(xing)場面(mian);東墻壁畫(hua)(hua)因日曬雨淋(lin),眉(mei)目難辨(bian)。以上(shang)(shang)壁畫(hua)(hua)雖是宣傳(chuan)封建(jian)禮(li)(li)儀和宗教(jiao)迷信,但畫(hua)(hua)面(mian)結構(gou)嚴謹(jin),筆(bi)力遒勁流暢,色彩柔和協調(diao),人物(wu)繁而不(bu)亂,人體比(bi)例適(shi)度,造型優美,形象生動(dong),衣飾飄(piao)然(ran),栩(xu)栩(xu)如生。它繼承了我國唐(tang)宋以來(lai)的(de)繪畫(hua)(hua)表現技巧,被(bei)視為元(yuan)、明兩代(dai)繪畫(hua)(hua)之杰作。
青龍寺的壁畫(hua)主要分布(bu)在大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)腰殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也稱大雄寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),腰殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也稱立(li)佛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)腰殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系五(wu)架(jia)三間,進(jin)深8米單(dan)檐懸山頂(ding),單(dan)昂五(wu)鋪(pu)作,筒瓦覆頂(ding),內均(jun)繪水陸畫(hua)。
青龍(long)寺磊(lei)雄寶殿的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)畫(hua),主(zhu)要畫(hua)于東(dong)壁(bi)和西(xi)壁(bi)之(zhi)上(shang)。東(dong)壁(bi)是《佛(fo)(fo)說法(fa)圖》,在東(dong)山墻上(shang),釋迦牟尼慈(ci)祥端莊,穩坐(zuo)中央,文殊,普賢二菩薩分坐(zuo)左右(you),前站阿難,迦葉二弟子(zi),左右(you)排列(lie)古大(da)護法(fa)金(jin)剛,上(shang)有人首(shou)烏身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)天,后有聽(ting)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)天帝及(ji)飛(fei)天凌空,瓊(qiong)樓(lou)玉(yu)閣,氣勢宏偉,甚為壯觀。西(xi)壁(bi)是《彌(mi)勒變(bian)》,在西(xi)壁(bi)上(shang),正(zheng)中為彌(mi)勒佛(fo)(fo),左右(you)為觀音和地藏菩薩,南側畫(hua)有剃度(du)圖。正(zheng)彌(mi)勒佛(fo)(fo)的(de)(de)(de)下部(bu),畫(hua)有善財和龍(long)女(nv),上(shang)部(bu)畫(hua)有人首(shou)鳥翅(chi)的(de)(de)(de)伽樓(lou)羅護侍,手捧果盤,乘(cheng)瑞云飛(fei)翔(xiang)。
腰(yao)殿的壁畫(hua),是(shi)青龍寺壁畫(hua)的精華部(bu)(bu)分。它是(shi)佛、道、儒(ru)三(san)(san)教(jiao)組成的水陸道場畫(hua)的精華部(bu)(bu)分,其(qi)主旨是(shi)宣揚六(liu)道貌岸然輪回(hui)。因果報就(jiu),超度(du)亡(wang)魂,祈求冥神(shen)速(su)等(deng)(deng)。在(zai)西壁上部(bu)(bu)畫(hua)有豎三(san)(san)世佛,在(zai)三(san)(san)世佛的下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu),畫(hua)有禮(li)(li)佛圖(tu)。在(zai)禮(li)(li)佛圖(tu)中(zhong),刻畫(hua)出了頭(tou)戴各(ge)種冠冕的帝(di)(di)王、太(tai)子(zi)、諸王、文武大(da)臣和侍從像以及皇后、女官、侍女、命婦等(deng)(deng)像。在(zai)禮(li)(li)佛圖(tu)的下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu),畫(hua)有左右護法善神(shen)眾(zhong)、鬼子(zi)母(mu)眾(zhong)、普天列耀星眾(zhong),諸大(da)羅剎將眾(zhong)、五方五帝(di)(di)神(shen)眾(zhong)、五道仙人眾(zhong)等(deng)(deng)。
在腰(yao)殿南(nan)壁殿門兩(liang)側上部(bu)(bu),畫(hua)有(you)十(shi)大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)王像。明(ming)(ming)王,按照佛教教義的(de)(de)說法(fa)是(shi)佛、菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa)的(de)(de)忿怒像,一般是(shi)多面多臂、身(shen)騎(qi)怪售、手拿法(fa)器(qi)。十(shi)大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)王,是(shi)八大(da)(da)菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa)外加二(er)佛所變。這十(shi)大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)王是(shi):大(da)(da)力明(ming)(ming)王釋迦牟尼佛;大(da)(da)輪(lun)明(ming)(ming)王彌勒菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);甘露軍咤明(ming)(ming)王阿彌陀佛;大(da)(da)威德明(ming)(ming)王文殊菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);馬首明(ming)(ming)王觀音菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);步擲明(ming)(ming)王普賢菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);無能(neng)勝明(ming)(ming)王地藏菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);大(da)(da)笑(xiao)明(ming)(ming)王虛空藏菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);降三世明(ming)(ming)王金剛首菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa);不動明(ming)(ming)王除蓋障菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)(sa)。在十(shi)大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)王的(de)(de)下側,畫(hua)有(you)年(nian)、月、日(ri)、時(shi)四(si)(si)值使者,這是(shi)源于道教中執掌年(nian)、月、日(ri)、時(shi)的(de)(de)四(si)(si)位(wei)值日(ri)神。在四(si)(si)值使者的(de)(de)下部(bu)(bu),歷史人物相象較多,表現的(de)(de)有(you)儒家的(de)(de)始祖(zu)——孔子,唐(tang)太(tai)宗李(li)世民,唐(tang)貴(gui)妃楊(yang)玉環,宋祖(zu)趙(zhao)匡胤,漢(han)名臣(chen)蘇武,三國名臣(chen)諸葛(ge)亮,三國名將關羽,張飛等。
在腰殿北壁西側,繪有佛教(jiao)中的九橫死(si)生(sheng)像,以(yi)及阿難和焰口(kou)。這組(zu)壁畫(hua)生(sheng)動地(di)再(zai)現了(le)九橫死(si)眾(zhong)生(sheng)像,同時體現了(le)身形焦枯,口(kou)內燃火,咽(yan)如(ru)針,肚(du)大如(ru)鼓的面然鬼王(wang)的餓鬼形象。
青(qing)龍(long)寺(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)畫共有(you)(you)(you)一百九十(shi)余平方米,其(qi)中(zhong)腰殿四壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)最為精彩(cai),共畫有(you)(you)(you)五(wu)百余尊大小不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)神像人(ren)物,上(shang)下(xia)三層交錯(cuo),大小依次排列,錯(cuo)落有(you)(you)(you)致,這對研究中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)教(jiao)美術(shu)(shu)和(he)宗(zong)教(jiao)發展史都是(shi)(shi)極其(qi)寶貴的(de)(de)(de)資料。青(qing)龍(long)寺(si)(si)(si)壁(bi)畫,內容豐富,形象(xiang)突出,情節生動,層次分明(ming),千姿百態,栩栩如生,結(jie)構(gou)嚴(yan)謹(jin),筆(bi)力剛(gang)健,表現出了古(gu)代繪畫藝術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)超技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)技(ji)能。維修后的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)龍(long)寺(si)(si)(si)古(gu)建筑(zhu)肅穆莊嚴(yan),中(zhong)央(yang)是(shi)(shi)整潔的(de)(de)(de)磚砌通道,各(ge)式古(gu)碑排列有(you)(you)(you)序,通道兩邊(bian),花木(mu)爭芳,柏(bo)參天(tian),是(shi)(shi)研究古(gu)建壁(bi)畫藝術(shu)(shu)和(he)佛教(jiao)文化圣地(di)。