寺院格局
青龍寺(si)坐北向(xiang)南(nan),沿中軸線(xian)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑依次為山門,腰(yao)殿,同時(shi)又分為前(qian)院(yuan)和(he)(he)后(hou)(hou)院(yuan)。前(qian)院(yuan)東(dong)側(ce)有十王殿。腰(yao)殿兩面(mian)三刀側(ce)有祖師殿和(he)(he)無名(ming)殿;后(hou)(hou)院(yuan)有東(dong)西廂房,北殿兩側(ce)的(de)(de)伽藍殿和(he)(he)護法殿。該寺(si)的(de)(de)面(mian)積(ji)東(dong)西長97米,南(nan)北寬70.7米共計6857.9平方米,約(yue)占10.39畝(mu)。
該(gai)現存(cun)建(jian)筑系元(yuan)、明(ming)遺物,占地約6000余平方米(mi),分(fen)前后(hou)兩進院(yuan)落,大(da)(da)小殿(dian)(dian)宇8座。前院(yuan)南有(you)四大(da)(da)天王殿(dian)(dian)三間(jian)(jian)(現改(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)山門(men)),東為(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)王殿(dian)(dian)三間(jian)(jian),西為(wei)(wei)(wei)羅漢殿(dian)(dian)三間(jian)(jian)。后(hou)院(yuan)以中殿(dian)(dian)和大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)及東西兩廂為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),中殿(dian)(dian)三間(jian)(jian)左(zuo)右垛(duo)(duo)殿(dian)(dian)各一(yi),左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)祖(zu)師殿(dian)(dian),右為(wei)(wei)(wei)青龍門(men)。大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)三間(jian)(jian),左(zuo)右垛(duo)(duo)殿(dian)(dian)各一(yi),左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)護法(fa)殿(dian)(dian),右為(wei)(wei)(wei)伽(jia)藍殿(dian)(dian)。各殿(dian)(dian)塑像雖皆不存(cun),但大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)、中殿(dian)(dian)和伽(jia)藍殿(dian)(dian)內保存(cun)有(you)壁畫196.38平方米(mi),十(shi)(shi)分(fen)珍貴(gui),制作跨(kua)元(yuan)、明(ming)兩個(ge)時(shi)期。
主要壁畫
大殿(dian)壁畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)據南壁窗檻(jian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工題記為(wei)明(ming)洪武十(shi)(shi)八年(1385)補繪或重裝。唯只西(xi)南隅少(shao)部分粉墨(mo)為(wei)元(yuan)代(dai)印跡。中(zhong)殿(dian)四(si)壁為(wei)“水(shui)陸畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,是青龍寺壁畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)的(de)精華所在。該殿(dian)全部構(gou)圖共(gong)有(you)人(ren)物(wu)300余眾(zhong),分畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在130平(ping)方米的(de)墻面(mian)(mian)上。 西(xi)壁上為(wei)三世佛(fo)(fo)和(he)禮佛(fo)(fo)圖,下(xia)為(wei)道(dao)教萬神圖;北壁上為(wei)十(shi)(shi)八羅漢,下(xia)為(wei)十(shi)(shi)殿(dian)閻君(jun)、六道(dao)輪回等,另有(you)陰曹地府行刑場面(mian)(mian);東墻壁畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)因(yin)日曬(shai)雨淋,眉目難辨。以(yi)上壁畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)雖是宣傳封建禮儀(yi)和(he)宗教迷(mi)信,但畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)(mian)結構(gou)嚴(yan)謹,筆力遒勁流暢,色彩柔和(he)協調,人(ren)物(wu)繁而不亂,人(ren)體比例適度(du),造型(xing)優美,形象(xiang)生(sheng)動(dong),衣(yi)飾飄然,栩栩如生(sheng)。它繼(ji)承了我國唐(tang)宋以(yi)來的(de)繪畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)表現技巧,被視為(wei)元(yuan)、明(ming)兩代(dai)繪畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)杰作。
青龍寺(si)的(de)壁畫主要分布在大(da)殿(dian)(dian)和腰殿(dian)(dian)系。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)也稱大(da)雄寶殿(dian)(dian),腰殿(dian)(dian)也稱立佛殿(dian)(dian),大(da)殿(dian)(dian)和腰殿(dian)(dian)系五(wu)架三間,進深(shen)8米單檐(yan)懸山頂,單昂五(wu)鋪作(zuo),筒瓦覆頂,內(nei)均繪水陸畫。
青龍(long)寺磊雄(xiong)寶殿的(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua),主要畫(hua)于東(dong)(dong)壁(bi)(bi)和西壁(bi)(bi)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。東(dong)(dong)壁(bi)(bi)是《佛說(shuo)法圖(tu)》,在東(dong)(dong)山墻(qiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang),釋迦牟尼(ni)慈(ci)祥(xiang)端莊(zhuang),穩坐(zuo)中央,文殊(shu),普賢二菩(pu)薩(sa)分坐(zuo)左(zuo)右,前站(zhan)阿難(nan),迦葉二弟子,左(zuo)右排(pai)列古大護(hu)法金(jin)剛,上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)人首烏身的(de)飛天(tian),后有(you)(you)聽法的(de)天(tian)帝(di)及(ji)飛天(tian)凌空,瓊樓玉(yu)閣,氣勢(shi)宏偉,甚為(wei)壯(zhuang)觀。西壁(bi)(bi)是《彌勒變》,在西壁(bi)(bi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),正中為(wei)彌勒佛,左(zuo)右為(wei)觀音(yin)和地藏菩(pu)薩(sa),南側畫(hua)有(you)(you)剃度圖(tu)。正彌勒佛的(de)下部,畫(hua)有(you)(you)善(shan)財和龍(long)女,上(shang)(shang)(shang)部畫(hua)有(you)(you)人首鳥翅的(de)伽樓羅護(hu)侍(shi),手捧果盤,乘瑞云飛翔。
腰殿的(de)(de)壁畫,是青(qing)龍寺壁畫的(de)(de)精華部(bu)分(fen)。它是佛、道(dao)(dao)、儒三(san)(san)教(jiao)組成的(de)(de)水陸道(dao)(dao)場畫的(de)(de)精華部(bu)分(fen),其(qi)主旨是宣揚六道(dao)(dao)貌岸然輪回。因果報就,超度亡(wang)魂,祈求(qiu)冥(ming)神(shen)速等。在西(xi)壁上部(bu)畫有(you)豎三(san)(san)世佛,在三(san)(san)世佛的(de)(de)下(xia)部(bu),畫有(you)禮(li)(li)佛圖(tu)。在禮(li)(li)佛圖(tu)中,刻畫出(chu)了(le)頭戴各(ge)種冠冕的(de)(de)帝(di)王(wang)、太子、諸(zhu)王(wang)、文武大臣和侍(shi)從像以及皇后(hou)、女(nv)官、侍(shi)女(nv)、命婦等像。在禮(li)(li)佛圖(tu)的(de)(de)下(xia)部(bu),畫有(you)左右護法善神(shen)眾(zhong)、鬼子母眾(zhong)、普天列耀星眾(zhong),諸(zhu)大羅(luo)剎將(jiang)眾(zhong)、五方五帝(di)神(shen)眾(zhong)、五道(dao)(dao)仙人眾(zhong)等。
在(zai)(zai)腰殿(dian)南(nan)壁(bi)殿(dian)門兩側(ce)上部(bu),畫有(you)十大(da)(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)像。明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang),按照佛教教義的(de)說法是(shi)佛、菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)的(de)忿(fen)怒像,一般是(shi)多(duo)面多(duo)臂(bei)、身騎怪售、手拿法器。十大(da)(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang),是(shi)八大(da)(da)(da)菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)外加(jia)二佛所(suo)變(bian)。這十大(da)(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)是(shi):大(da)(da)(da)力明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)釋(shi)迦牟尼佛;大(da)(da)(da)輪明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)彌勒(le)菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa);甘露軍咤明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)阿彌陀佛;大(da)(da)(da)威德明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)文殊菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa);馬(ma)首明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)觀音菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa);步擲明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)普賢菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa);無能勝(sheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)地藏(zang)菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa);大(da)(da)(da)笑(xiao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)虛空藏(zang)菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa);降三(san)世明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)金剛首菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa);不動明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)除蓋障菩(pu)薩(sa)(sa)。在(zai)(zai)十大(da)(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)的(de)下側(ce),畫有(you)年(nian)、月、日(ri)、時(shi)四值(zhi)使者(zhe),這是(shi)源于道教中(zhong)執掌年(nian)、月、日(ri)、時(shi)的(de)四位值(zhi)日(ri)神(shen)。在(zai)(zai)四值(zhi)使者(zhe)的(de)下部(bu),歷史人物相象較多(duo),表(biao)現(xian)的(de)有(you)儒家的(de)始祖(zu)——孔子(zi),唐(tang)太宗李世民(min),唐(tang)貴(gui)妃楊玉環,宋祖(zu)趙匡胤,漢名臣蘇武,三(san)國名臣諸(zhu)葛亮(liang),三(san)國名將關羽,張飛等。
在腰殿北壁西側(ce),繪有佛(fo)教中的九橫死生像(xiang),以及(ji)阿難和(he)焰口(kou)。這組壁畫(hua)生動(dong)地再現了(le)九橫死眾生像(xiang),同(tong)時體現了(le)身形焦枯,口(kou)內燃(ran)火,咽(yan)如(ru)針,肚大如(ru)鼓(gu)的面然(ran)鬼(gui)王(wang)的餓(e)鬼(gui)形象。
青(qing)龍(long)寺(si)的(de)(de)壁(bi)畫(hua)共(gong)有(you)一百(bai)九十(shi)余平方米,其中腰殿四壁(bi)的(de)(de)壁(bi)最為精彩,共(gong)畫(hua)有(you)五(wu)百(bai)余尊(zun)大小不(bu)同的(de)(de)神像(xiang)人物,上下三(san)層交錯,大小依次排列(lie),錯落(luo)有(you)致,這對研(yan)究(jiu)中國的(de)(de)宗教美(mei)術和(he)(he)宗教發(fa)展史都是(shi)極(ji)其寶(bao)貴的(de)(de)資(zi)料。青(qing)龍(long)寺(si)壁(bi)畫(hua),內容(rong)豐富(fu),形象(xiang)突出(chu),情節生動,層次分明,千姿百(bai)態,栩(xu)栩(xu)如生,結構嚴謹,筆力剛(gang)健,表現出(chu)了(le)古(gu)代繪畫(hua)藝(yi)術的(de)(de)高超技術和(he)(he)技能。維修后的(de)(de)青(qing)龍(long)寺(si)古(gu)建(jian)筑肅穆莊(zhuang)嚴,中央是(shi)整(zheng)潔的(de)(de)磚砌(qi)通(tong)(tong)道(dao),各式古(gu)碑(bei)排列(lie)有(you)序,通(tong)(tong)道(dao)兩邊,花木(mu)爭芳,柏參天,是(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)古(gu)建(jian)壁(bi)畫(hua)藝(yi)術和(he)(he)佛教文化(hua)圣地。