景點介紹
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)門寺(si)創(chuang)始于北齊天保年間,地處山(shan)(shan)巒聳峙、峭壁懸崖的龍(long)(long)(long)(long)門山(shan)(shan)上(shang),山(shan)(shan)因谷內夾(jia)石(shi)凸起(qi),形如龍(long)(long)(long)(long)首而得名,寺(si)因龍(long)(long)(long)(long)門山(shan)(shan)得名龍(long)(long)(long)(long)門寺(si)。寺(si)四周三山(shan)(shan)一(yi)水環繞,景(jing)致幽(you)雅(ya)。有龍(long)(long)(long)(long)口吐水、石(shi)谷龍(long)(long)(long)(long)門、金燈流油、幡桿圣(sheng)腦、五檀鬧(nao)槐、透靈石(shi)碑、菩薩迎賓、峭壁石(shi)佛等景(jing)點(dian),素有“八寶龍(long)(long)(long)(long)門”之美稱。
據載,南(nan)北朝北齊天保年(nian)(nian)間法聰和尚,經五臺山(shan)云游至此,在這里建(jian)“法華(hua)寺”,于北宋乾(qian)德年(nian)(nian)間更名為“龍門寺”。現存殿堂(tang)廊廡,布局嚴(yan)謹。中軸線三(san)進院落(luo),東西(xi)禪堂(tang),經舍等各成一區(qu)。其中前院西(xi)配殿為五代后(hou)唐(tang)同光(guang)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(925年(nian)(nian))所建(jian),三(san)開(kai)間懸山(shan)式,殿內無柱,梁枋簡潔規整,猶存唐(tang)風。
大雄寶殿(dian)北宋(song)紹圣(sheng)五年(1098年)建,廣深各三(san)間,平面(mian)近方形(xing)(xing),單檐九脊頂,殿(dian)頂琉(liu)璃(li)脊獸(shou),形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)古老,色澤純樸,為元(yuan)代燒(shao)造(zao)。天王(wang)殿(dian)構(gou)造(zao)靈活,梁枋(fang)斷面(mian)互不一致,顯系(xi)金構(gou),后殿(dian)三(san)間,懸山式(shi),元(yuan)代形(xing)(xing)制(zhi),其他殿(dian)堂均(jun)為明(ming)清重建。
歷史記載
據史料記(ji)(ji)載,南北(bei)(bei)朝北(bei)(bei)齊天保年間(jian)(jian)(jian)法聰和尚,經(jing)五臺(tai)山云(yun)游至此,頓覺此地(di)(di)清靜幽雅,靈氣飄(piao)逸,遂稟呈圣上(shang),傳旨建寺,初名“法華(hua)寺”。后唐時有50余間(jian)(jian)(jian)殿宇(yu),宋時增(zeng)至百余間(jian)(jian)(jian)。宋太祖(zu)趙匡胤敕賜寺額為“龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)山惠(hui)日(ri)(ri)院”,又名惠(hui)日(ri)(ri)院。因龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)山形如(ru)龍(long)(long)首,于(yu)北(bei)(bei)宋乾(qian)德年間(jian)(jian)(jian)更名為“龍(long)(long)門(men)(men)寺”,寺內僧侶已增(zeng)至300多人。到了元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai),寺院方圓七里山上(shang)山下地(di)(di)廟皆屬本(ben)寺,無俗家地(di)(di)宅。元(yuan)(yuan)末(mo)遭(zao)兵(bing)燹,多數建筑廢記(ji)(ji),明(ming)清兩代(dai)予(yu)以重葺和增(zeng)建。
特點
龍門寺在(zai)山西(xi)平(ping)順縣城(cheng)西(xi)北(bei)65公里龍門山腰。創始于(yu)北(bei)齊(qi)天保年間(jian)(jian),北(bei)宋(song)乾德(de)年間(jian)(jian)(963—968)改(gai)今(jin)名(ming),明(ming)清又(you)局部修葺。現存(cun)(cun)殿(dian)(dian)堂廊廡,布局嚴謹。中(zhong)軸線三(san)進院(yuan)(yuan)落,東西(xi)禪(chan)堂,經(jing)舍等(deng)各(ge)(ge)成一區(qu)。其(qi)中(zhong)前院(yuan)(yuan)西(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)為五代(dai)(dai)后唐(tang)同光三(san)年(925年)所建,三(san)開間(jian)(jian)懸山式(shi),殿(dian)(dian)內無柱,梁(liang)枋簡潔規(gui)整(zheng),猶存(cun)(cun)唐(tang)風(feng)。五代(dai)(dai)木構建筑懸山式(shi)殿(dian)(dian)宇(yu)僅此一例(li)。大雄(xiong)寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)北(bei)宋(song)紹圣五年(1098年)建,廣(guang)深各(ge)(ge)三(san)間(jian)(jian),平(ping)面近方形(xing),單檐九脊頂(ding),斗(dou)拱五鋪作單抄單下昂(ang),斗(dou)拱與梁(liang)架(jia)結構在(zai)一起,共承屋(wu)頂(ding)負荷。殿(dian)(dian)頂(ding)琉璃(li)脊獸,形(xing)制古老,色澤純樸,為元代(dai)(dai)燒造(zao)。天王殿(dian)(dian)構造(zao)靈活,梁(liang)枋斷面互不一致,顯系金構,后殿(dian)(dian)三(san)間(jian)(jian),懸山式(shi),元代(dai)(dai)形(xing)制,其(qi)他殿(dian)(dian)堂均(jun)為明(ming)清重建。集后唐(tang)、宋(song)、金、元、明(ming)、清六代(dai)(dai)木構建筑于(yu)一寺,為中(zhong)國現存(cun)(cun)文物中(zhong)所僅見(jian)。
建筑規模
龍門寺(si)(si)(si)龍門寺(si)(si)(si)寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)座(zuo)北向(xiang)南(nan),總體布局共分三(san)(san)條軸(zhou)線(xian),即中、東、西(xi)線(xian)。每條軸(zhou)線(xian)上又分前后(hou)數進院(yuan)落,沿寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)東南(nan)彎延曲折的山間石階(jie)山道(dao)攀踏而上,可(ke)直(zhi)達寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)。中線(xian)可(ke)分四進院(yuan)落,由(you)南(nan)向(xiang)北依次有(you)金剛(gang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、天王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、大雄寶殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、燃燈(deng)佛(fo)(fo)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、千(qian)佛(fo)(fo)閣。東西(xi)兩側(ce)配以(yi)碑亭(ting)、廊廡、觀(guan)音殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、地藏殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)廂房(fang)(fang)僧舍等(deng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。其中金剛(gang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、碑亭(ting)、千(qian)佛(fo)(fo)閣早已(yi)殘(can)毀僅存(cun)(cun)遺址,其余殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)保存(cun)(cun)基本完(wan)整。西(xi)線(xian)可(ke)分為(wei)五組院(yuan)落。后(hou)三(san)(san)院(yuan)均(jun)為(wei)四合院(yuan)形式,多為(wei)清代的僧舍和庫房(fang)(fang)等(deng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。東線(xian)分為(wei)三(san)(san)進院(yuan)落,主(zhu)要(yao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)圣僧堂(tang)、水(shui)陸殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、神堂(tang)、僧舍等(deng)附屬建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),多為(wei)明末清初(chu)所建(jian)(jian)(jian)。 寺(si)(si)(si)內(nei)保存(cun)(cun)最(zui)早的木結構殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)為(wei)中軸(zhou)線(xian)西(xi)側(ce)的觀(guan)音殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(西(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)),始建(jian)(jian)(jian)于五代十國時期的后(hou)唐同光三(san)(san)年(925),三(san)(san)開間懸(xuan)山頂建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)無(wu)金柱,梁枋簡(jian)潔規整,柱頭鋪作出華拱一(yi)跳,無(wu)補間鋪作,呈唐代建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)。
風格特色
五(wu)代后唐的(de)(de)懸(xuan)(xuan)山(shan)式木結構(gou)建(jian)筑(zhu),在我國現存同一時期的(de)(de)古建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)是獨此一例,絕無僅有。位于中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)的(de)(de)大雄寶(bao)殿(dian)(正殿(dian)),建(jian)于北宋紹圣(sheng)五(wu)年(nian)(1098),是寺內(nei)等級最高的(de)(de)一座單體建(jian)筑(zhu)。該殿(dian)臺(tai)基高峙(zhi),廣(guang)深各(ge)三間,平(ping)面(mian)近(jin)方形,斗(dou)拱五(wu)鋪作單抄單下昂。單檐九脊頂,殿(dian)頂琉(liu)璃脊獸,形制(zhi)古樸(pu),色澤渾厚,為元代燒(shao)制(zhi)。天王殿(dian)(山(shan)門)構(gou)造靈活,外形秀(xiu)美和諧,各(ge)部構(gou)件比例適度,梁枋斷(duan)面(mian)不(bu)盡一致,懸(xuan)(xuan)山(shan)式屋頂,尤其明間補間出45°斜拱,顯(xian)(xian)系(xi)金(jin)代建(jian)筑(zhu)風格。中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)上的(de)(de)后殿(dian)為燃燈佛殿(dian),面(mian)闊三間,單檐懸(xuan)(xuan)山(shan)式。梁架用原始(shi)材料稍加砍制(zhi)使用,富有自然的(de)(de)流線(xian)形,斗(dou)拱疏朗,肥厚墩實,無補間鋪作。主要構(gou)件構(gou)造純樸(pu),有顯(xian)(xian)著的(de)(de)元代建(jian)筑(zhu)特(te)征。其余殿(dian)堂均(jun)為明清兩代重建(jian)。
寺(si)(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)各殿(dian)的(de)塑像、壁畫(hua)(hua)、典籍和供器等附屬文(wen)(wen)物(wu)大(da)多已經(jing)損毀流(liu)散(san),僅(jin)剩3尊后(hou)(hou)唐(tang)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)石(shi)佛(fo)身、佛(fo)座(zuo)(zuo)和元明時(shi)期(qi)殘(can)存的(de)壁畫(hua)(hua)。但值(zhi)(zhi)得慶幸的(de)是(shi),在寺(si)(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)內還(huan)保留著(zhu)五(wu)代(dai)后(hou)(hou)漢隱帝乾(qian)佑(you)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(955)的(de)經(jing)幢1通(tong)和北宋(song)乾(qian)德五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(967)立(li)的(de)“故大(da)師(shi)塔(ta)記(ji)”等歷(li)代(dai)碑碣20通(tong),在寺(si)(si)(si)(si)外(wai)西溝(gou)有(you)(you)祖師(shi)墳塋1處(chu),寺(si)(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)東南坡有(you)(you)和尚墳10余座(zuo)(zuo)和宋(song)明等歷(li)代(dai)墓(mu)塔(ta)4座(zuo)(zuo)。寺(si)(si)(si)(si)內還(huan)保存著(zhu)明成化年(nian)(nian)間鑄造的(de)大(da)鐵鐘1口和歷(li)代(dai)題記(ji)。這些珍貴的(de)附屬文(wen)(wen)物(wu)已成為研(yan)究該寺(si)(si)(si)(si)創建、增建等歷(li)史沿革及規(gui)模、建制、寺(si)(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)經(jing)濟、佛(fo)教文(wen)(wen)化等方面(mian)(mian)的(de)有(you)(you)力佐證。 龍門寺(si)(si)(si)(si)以(yi)其優(you)越的(de)環境風(feng)(feng)貌,獨(du)特的(de)自然景觀(guan)(guan)和人文(wen)(wen)景觀(guan)(guan),久遠的(de)歷(li)史記(ji)載(zai),宏(hong)闊的(de)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)模和樸實的(de)地方建筑風(feng)(feng)格(ge),吸引著(zhu)四面(mian)(mian)八(ba)(ba)方的(de)游人與(yu)香客信(xin)士到此(ci)游覽(lan)朝拜(bai),更(geng)以(yi)其現(xian)存建筑年(nian)(nian)代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)廣,屋頂(ding)形制之(zhi)(zhi)多,集后(hou)(hou)唐(tang)、宋(song)、金、元、明、清六(liu)朝建筑于一處(chu)而(er)著(zhu)稱于世,為全國僅(jin)有(you)(you),具有(you)(you)極(ji)為珍貴的(de)歷(li)史研(yan)究價值(zhi)(zhi)和文(wen)(wen)物(wu)游覽(lan)價值(zhi)(zhi)。寺(si)(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)周(zhou)圍的(de)八(ba)(ba)大(da)自然景觀(guan)(guan),仍可供人觀(guan)(guan)賞游樂。
結構
西配殿
西(xi)配殿(dian)位于中線前院西(xi)側,為寺內(nei)最(zui)古(gu)老(lao)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。創建(jian)(jian)于五代唐同(tong)光三(san)年(925年)至清(qing)泰二年(935年)之間(jian)。面寬(kuan)三(san)間(jian),進深四(si)椽,單(dan)檐懸(xuan)山頂。明間(jian)設(she)板(ban)門(men),兩次間(jian)設(she)直欞窗,殿(dian)內(nei)無柱(zhu),四(si)椽栿通(tong)達內(nei)外。柱(zhu)頭(tou)不施(shi)普拍枋(fang),闌額(e)不出(chu)(chu)頭(tou),櫨斗(dou)直接(jie)座(zuo)于柱(zhu)頭(tou)之上承小栱,出(chu)(chu)斗(dou)口(kou)跳,跳頭(tou)由四(si)椽栿兩端砍制而(er)成(cheng)。斗(dou)栱四(si)鋪作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)單(dan)抄,無補(bu)間(jian)鋪作(zuo),補(bu)間(jian)僅(jin)設(she)隱栱。梁架簡潔,四(si)椽栿直通(tong)前后檐。殿(dian)頂舉折(zhe)平緩,檐頭(tou)僅(jin)施(shi)圓椽,無飛椽。構(gou)造簡潔,具(ju)有唐代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)遺(yi)風,是我國(guo)現存(cun)已知唯(wei)一(yi)的(de)(de)五代時期懸(xuan)山式(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。
中殿
中(zhong)殿(dian)(dian)即大雄(xiong)寶殿(dian)(dian),位于中(zhong)軸線的(de)(de)正中(zhong)。創(chuang)建(jian)于北宋(song)(song)紹圣五年(nian)(1098)。面(mian)寬(kuan)進深各三(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),平面(mian)近方形(xing),單檐歇山(shan)頂。臺(tai)基(ji)高(gao)達1.40米,基(ji)前不設(she)月(yue)臺(tai)。明間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)門(men),兩次間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)窗(chuang),背面(mian)僅(jin)明間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)門(men),可前后(hou)穿通。外檐和山(shan)面(mian)共用l0柱,內檐僅(jin)設(she)二(er)柱。前檐四(si)根檐柱及后(hou)檐二(er)角(jiao)柱均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)抹角(jiao)石柱,柱上刻有創(chuang)修及施(shi)主姓(xing)名題記(ji)。柱頭斗(dou)栱為(wei)(wei)(wei)六鋪作單抄雙(shuang)下(xia)昂(ang)重栱計(ji)心造,里轉為(wei)(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)抄偷心造。無補間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪作。殿(dian)(dian)內梁架(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)椽栿(fa)(fa)后(hou)接(jie)乳栿(fa)(fa)。殿(dian)(dian)頂脊獸(shou)皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)黃綠(lv)琉璃瓦燒(shao)制(zhi)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)化年(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)制(zhi)品。殿(dian)(dian)宇雖經明、清時期裝飾翻修,但從其開間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)比例到構件(jian)的(de)(de)細部做法,均(jun)保留了(le)宋(song)(song)代建(jian)筑的(de)(de)特征。
山門(men)(men),即(ji)天王殿,位居中(zhong)軸線前端。面寬三間(jian),進深四椽,單檐懸山頂(ding)。斗(dou)栱(gong)五鋪作雙下昂(ang)(ang)重栱(gong)計(ji)心造,昂(ang)(ang)為(wei)假昂(ang)(ang),昂(ang)(ang)下刻假華(hua)頭子。門(men)(men)內設中(zhong)柱一(yi)列,但門(men)(men)窗均(jun)設在(zai)前后檐柱上。山門(men)(men)兩側的廊房,其柱額斗(dou)栱(gong),梁枋制作手法,與山門(men)(men)類似,具有宋、金(jin)時期的建筑風格。
后殿
后殿,即(ji)燃燈佛殿,位(wei)于中軸線最后。面寬三間,進深四椽,單檐(yan)懸山頂。梁架構件(jian)均為自然(ran)材料稍(shao)加砍制使用,斷面極不規整(zheng),元(yuan)代特征顯著。
東配殿
東配(pei)殿位居前院東廂(xiang),與西配(pei)殿相(xiang)對(dui)而建。面寬三(san)間,進深四椽,單檐硬山頂。前后(hou)插廊,明間設板(ban)門,兩次間置直(zhi)欞(ling)窗。重建于(yu)明弘治十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)至(zhi)三(san)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(1478~1504年(nian))。
東線建筑有(you)水陸殿、天宮殿等;西線為(wei)兩進院落,多(duo)為(wei)僧舍、庫房等,大多(duo)為(wei)清代晚期(qi)或民國年間所(suo)建。
歷史意義
龍門(men)寺(si)寺(si)史(shi)久遠,規模宏大(da)。在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)現存的(de)古代建(jian)(jian)筑中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)僅存的(de)集五代、宋、金、元、明、清(qing)建(jian)(jian)筑于(yu)一寺(si)的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑群,具有(you)很(hen)高的(de)歷史(shi)、科學、藝術價值。寺(si)內(nei)西配殿懸山式木構建(jian)(jian)筑中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)僅此(ci)一處,堪稱(cheng)“中(zhong)(zhong)華之(zhi)最(zui)”。
1996年11月20日,被(bei)國務(wu)院(yuan)公布為(wei)第四(si)批(pi)全(quan)國重點文物保護單位。